F. Tompa and D. Raymond, 'Hypertext and the Oxford English Dictionary', Communications of ACM, Vol. 31, No. 7, 1988.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....approach to the online presentation of large corpora of information. Examples of large paper documents converted to hypertext include a 500 page manual of medical therapeutics [1] an eight thousand page set of manuals for a software product [2] and the twelve volume Oxford English Dictionary [3]. Nielsen [4] reviews the commercially available hypertext versions of an interactive fiction, an encyclopedia, and the Whole Earth Catalog. These products are classified as mediumsized hypertexts since each contains fewer than ten thousand nodes. In this article we explore the strengths and ....

D. R. Raymond and F. W. Tompa, `Hypertext and the Oxford English Dictionary', Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery, 31 (7), 871--879 (1988).

....schematic structures with these information items. To alleviate the hypermedia creation problems, a few automatic hyperlinking methods have been proposed to create the hyperlink structure which is merged with the original information structure. Most of the current creation methods [5] 7] 8] 10][12][13] 14] 15] are based on text recognition for identifying hotspots. Link types are limited to one type of association (cross references to the associated information) and the migration path is limited to textbased information sources. These methods have limitations in automatically creating ....

....can be taken for applications having a well defined information structure, which can have standard templates. There is still manual oriented work for indicating hotspot placements. This approach is not adequate for handling a large volume of information items. The recognition approach [5] 7] 8][12][13] 14] 15] is based on text analysis to identify keywords for hotspots and hyperlinks in the forms of keyword indices or cross references. It can have a fully automatic creation process for hypertext. But it has limitations in the automatic creation of hotspots and links on non textual ....

D.R. Raymond and F.W. Tompa, Hypertext and the Oxford English Dictionary, Communications of the ACM 31, 7 (July), 1988.

....together in a retrieval model. 14 7. 1 Semantic Similarity There are many di erent techniques for estimating semantic similarity between terms (henceforth indicated with SSim) Semantic similarity may be estimated from external knowledge, like for example a thesaurus [20] or a dictionary [19]. It can also be estimated from the document collection itself, given a large enough corpus. Most of these techniques are based on statistical analysis of the patterns of occurrence of terms in the documents [22, 17, 15, 6] One of the most often used measure of semantic similarity is the ....

D.R. Raymond and F.Wm. Tomps. Hypertext and the Oxford English dictionary. Communications of the ACM, 31(7):871-879, 1988.

....consideration. The benefits of generalized markup (as exemplified by SGML) for representing document structure are increasingly appreciated, especially in commercial and military organizations which have to deal with large volumes of information. Projects such as the Oxford English Dictionary [13,14] illustrate the benefits of this approach both for the production of different versions of the dictionary in printed form and for the production of a CD ROM based version with advanced searching capabilities. The next wave of development in electronic document handling will be in the field of ....

D. Raymond and F. Tompa, `Hypertext and the Oxford English Dictionary', Communications of the ACM, 31(7), 67--83, (1988).

....by special symbols, but most of the structure of the definition is indicated implicitly by position and by subtle use of different typefaces and sizes. In the New Oxford Dictionary, all this structure is captured in the form of SGML tags, as illustrated in Figure 3 (taken from Raymond and Tompa [34]. Once the text has been tagged in this way, all sorts of possibilities emerge. Different physical formats can be generated. Abridged versions of the dictionary can be generated # WHY USE SGML 17 entry hwgp hwelm abbreviate hwelm pron id=000041884 a breve.br i i mac. i ....

D. R. Raymond and F.W. Tompa, `Hypertext and the Oxford English Dictionary', Communications of the ACM, 31 (7), 871--879 (1988).

....functions [11] These approaches have promise but are restricted by poor complex object modelling with the relational approach DATABASE SUPPORT FOR VERY LARGE HYPERTEXTS 145 and a complex user interface compared to those in contemporary hypertext systems for PANORAMA. Work by Raymond and Tompa [12] has indicated the need for an accurate representation of the fine structure of documents to allow fragments of documents to be referenced and treated as objects of data in their own right. Tompa s model [4] satisfactorily treats some aspects of the hypermedia such as multiple readership and ....

D. R. Raymond and F. W. Tompa (1988), Hypertext and the Oxford English Dictionary, CACM 31(7) 871--879.

....that when more links are permitted path lengths tend to shrink as related documents become closely connected. In our corpus, the greatest path length shrinkage occurred between graphs with outdegree three and four. Shorter maximal paths will permit more browsing as suggested by Raymond and Tompa [9]. As part of our future investigation, we want to perform a more rigorous analysis that will allow us to evaluate differences caused by the weightings used and the discretization caused by the conversion to a graph. There is interest in hypertext versions of Usenet articles although they are ....

Darrell R. Raymond and Frank Wm. Tompa. Hypertext and the Oxford English Dictionary. Communications of the ACM, 31(7):pp. 877 -- 878, July 1988. 6

....similarities 9 between entries that shared key terms. The author did not specify how they were chosen but suggest that they were selected with the aim of helping readers to answer reference questions. The interpretation of structural markup is an excellent way to make correct structural links [RT88, FPS89b, FPS89a] With organizations like the Text Encoding Initiative [TEI95] supporting the generation of highly marked up text, projects to make hypertext links by interpreting structural and semantic markup [FB90, Dra94] are becoming more feasible all the time. In the case of the Oxford ....

....like the Text Encoding Initiative [TEI95] supporting the generation of highly marked up text, projects to make hypertext links by interpreting structural and semantic markup [FB90, Dra94] are becoming more feasible all the time. In the case of the Oxford English Dictionary Project (OEDP) RT87, RT88] typefaces and abbreviations made some of the connections, that would be represented as links, explicit in the original text. Many other links were generated between words based on their occurrence in the body of the definitions. The OEDP researchers employed a semantic parser to distinguish ....

Darrell R. Raymond and Frank Wm. Tompa. Hypertext and the Oxford English Dictionary. Communications of the ACM, 31(7):871 -- 879, July 1988.

....discuss some issues involved in inexact text matching and of dealing with patterns that consist of several words. A transformation of the Oxford English Dictionary into hypertext raised many related problems involved in automatic link generation in such a dictionary, but also Raymond and Tompa [28] do not provide solutions to our problem. In summary, none of these approaches really addresses or even solves the problem that we had in requirements engineering practice. DeRose [12] discusses a taxonomy of links, and mentions the complexities involved in automatically finding implicit links for ....

D. R. Raymond and F. WM. Tompa. Hypertext and the Oxford English Dictionary. Communications of the ACM, 31(7):871--879, July 1988.

....based on the concept of hypermedia. 2. Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, Manuals, Handbooks, and Online Documents A hypertext form of a voluminous dictionary such as the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) will not only help find meanings for words but also help us manage our daily knowledge work better [Raymond Tompa, 1988]. In addition to browsing, complex queries can be built and intelligent searches can be performed. That is, users typically refer to dictionaries as part of more extended tasks. Improved navigation and IR mechanisms will greatly assist the information gathering process. Since much of the OED is ....

. Raymond, Darrell, R., and Tompa, Frank Wm. Hypertext and The Oxford English Dictionary, Communications of the ACM, July 1988.

....linear organization of information is sufficient. It is the basic notion of hypertext to allow more complex organization of information [86] Hyperlinks allow direct reference from one part of the document to another [43, 39, 108] and thus provides the basis for efficient information retrieval [127, 143]. In a hypermedia document, these pieces of information are not restricted to text only, but include other media such as images, audio and video [76, 103] The structure of the document, i.e. the relationships between various components, enables the content of the document to be more easily ....

Raymond, D. R., and Tompa, F. W. Hypertext and the Oxford English Dictionary. Communications of the ACM 31, 7 (1988), 871--879.

....re arranged to suit the individual needs of various kinds of users. 5. Information is spread over a number of volumes and after some time information retrieval becomes tedious. 1. 2 Advantages of Hypertext Format Enhancing encyclopedic information into hypertext format has many advantages [Raymond Tompa, 1988], Cook, 1988] 1. Hypertext form can support good browsing capability. 2. Electronic media can store large amounts of information. 3. It can provide better visual prominence and more rapid navigation through huge number of entries a key mechanism to be employed in dynamic formatting of ....

. Raymond, Darrell R., and Tompa, Frank WM. Hypertext and the Oxford English Dictionary, Communications of the ACM, July 1988.

....extraction is the automatic constructionof hypertext networks from existing text. While objective links can be derived from the structure of the text, subjective links must be added manually [28, 24] The Oxford English Dictionary is one of the largest texts to be converted to hypertext format [37]. 4.2 Graph Storage and Retrieval A graph server provides two services: it stores a large graph in secondary memory and it retrieves portions of a previously saved graph. We assume that the graphs in question are too large to fit in primary memory and must be retrieved in parts. Graph retrieval ....

D.R. Raymond and F.Wm. Tompa. Hypertext and the Oxford English Dictionary. Communications of the ACM, 31(7):871--879, July 1988.

.... alternative structure, defined over the same text as the 28 Grammars for Modelling Information in Text September 1998 hierarchic structure, but creating non hierarchic networks [44] Such a hypertext structure may exist statically, or it may be created dynamically in response to a user request [45, 54, 56]. Simple properties as defined in Section 4 have been shown to be useful for specifying such hypertext structures [49, 51, 53] Example 6.5: Salminen et al. define a hypertext over the text of the Canadian Patent Reporter, a collection of court case descriptions organized in three series [49] ....

D.R. Raymond and F.W. Tompa. Hypertext and the Oxford English Dictionary. Comm. ACM, 31 (7): 871879 (1988).

....the printed word cannot readily provide, even in a traditional computer file structure. Finally, since electronic media can now store amounts of information which were once unimaginable, hypermedia in many cases provides the only means of accessing data in any manner, timely or otherwise. COOK88][RAYM88] B. PREVIOUS WORK 1. NPSNET The Naval Postgraduate School Networked Vehicle Simulator IV (NPSNET IV) is a low cost, student written, real time networked vehicle simulator that runs on commercial, off the shelf workstations (the Silicon Graphics IRIS family of computers) ZYDA93] The simulation ....

Raymond, Darrell R., and Tompa, Frank W., "Hypertext and the Oxford English Dictionary", Communications of the ACM, July 1988. 58

.... may also be regarded as an alternative structure, defined over the same text as the hierarchic structure, but creating non hierarchic networks (Raymond 1996) The hypertext structure may exist statically as an alternative structure, or it may be created dynamically in response to a user request (Raymond Tompa 1988, Watters Shepherd 1991, Tompa et al. 1993) The modelling facilities of this paper have been used to describe a framework for specifying dynamic hypertext structures by Tague et al. 1991) Salminen and Watters (1992) and Salminen et al. 1995) In those papers, the parts chosen to form the ....

Raymond, D.R. and Tompa, F.W., Hypertext and the Oxford English Dictionary, Comm. ACM 31, 7 (July 1988), 871-879.

....happens to use both words in a single sentence. Is the cross reference itself, then, part of the content or presentation When a cross reference directs a reader to additional information, it should be interpreted as a link to be resolved by the software retrieval system at a user s discretion [Raymond88]. However, when a cross reference is merely a convenient shorthand for saving space, it could be replaced by the target text; this would make it more convenient for users and more efficient for the retrieval software. At least for the present, all cross references in the OED2 have been explicitly ....

Raymond, Darrell R. and Frank Wm. Tompa, "Hypertext and the Oxford English Dictionary," Comm. ACM 31,7 (July 1988), 871-879.

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Raymond, Darrell R. and Frank Wm. Tompa, "Hypertext and the Oxford English Dictionary," Communications of the ACM, 31(7) pp. 871-879 (July 1988).

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F. Tompa and D. Raymond, 'Hypertext and the Oxford English Dictionary', Communications of ACM, Vol. 31, No. 7, 1988.

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D.R. Raymond and F.W. Tompa, `Hypertext and the Oxford English Dictionary', Communications of the ACM, 31:7, 871--878 (1988).

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, 871-879, 1988.

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