D. Kulkarni and H.A. Simon. The processes of scientific discovery: The strategy of experimentation. Cognitive Science, 12:139--175, 1988.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....is H 2 O, arginine is C 6 H 14 N 4 O 2 , and urea is CH 4 N 2 O. The reader can verify that all steps are balanced. The first pathway shown was a discovery made by Hans Krebs [13] which was studied historically by Holmes [8] and which was the subject of a cognitive model by Kulkarni and Simon [14]. The idealized problem of pathway elucidation is to find the exact set of elementary steps that occur in a given chemical reaction. In current practice it is infeasible to determine the pathway with certainty, for several reasons. The most recalcitrant reason is that, given usual experimental ....

....of pathway hypotheses. A fuller discussion of pertinent chemistry knowledge, and of prior attempts to automate reasoning about chemical reactions, is contained in [29] 2.4. Prior work The only prior work in AI on discovering reaction pathways is that of Soo et al. 24] and Kulkarni and Simon [14]. Soo et al. describe a prototype program that uses published rules to interpret experimental concentrations data represented in a special form (Lineweaver Burk plots) Given a catalogue of reaction pathways, the program tested each pathway against plausibility constraints inferred using the ....

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D. Kulkarni and H.A. Simon. The processes of scientific discovery: The strategy of experimentation. Cognitive Science, 12:139--175, 1988.

.... in this journal [26] Enough machinery was in place to enable the program to systematically find, from historical data, the simplest reaction pathways for urea synthesis in biochemistry, whose discovery in 1932 by Hans Krebs [7] had been modelled by Kulkarni and Simon in their KEKADA program [10]. For the present purposes, a reaction pathway and mechanism will be used synonymously. They have somewhat different connotations in chemical practice. C H H H O H Figure 1: The Molecular Structure of Methanol However, despite the novelty and promise of MECHEM, as demonstrated on the ....

D. Kulkarni and H. Simon. The processes of scientific discovery: The strategy of experimentation. Cognitive Science, 12:139--175, 1988.

....Now, the field of machine discovery is concerned with reconstructing (or constructing de novo) the logic, psychology, or history of scientific discovery by means of computation. Examples of work in this area include more or less psychological reconstructions of historical discoveries [Karp, 1993, Kulkarni and Simon, 1988, Langley et al. 1987, Ledesma et al. 1994, Ledesma et al. 1993] analysis of the computational and heuristic logic of some discovery task [Fischer and Zytkow, 1990, Lindsay et al. 1980, Valdes, 1992, Valdes, in press] conceptual generalizations of distinct discovery systems [Langley and ....

Kulkarni, D. and Simon, H. (1988). The processes of scientific discovery: The strategy of experimentation. Cognitive Science, 12:139--175.

....board that Galileo used as his initial states, we varied the angle of the inclined plane. Altogether we used five angles. We followed experiment design and experimentation strategies presented in earlier work on automation of scientific discovery, such as Langley, Simon, Bradshaw, Zytkow1(987) Kulkarni and Simon (1987), Nordhausen and Langley (1993) Rajamoney (1993) and Zytkow (1996) Galileo s operational definition Consider the way in which Galileo measured the velocity reached by the ball at the bottom of the inclined plane. A jumping board mounted at the bottom of the plane changed the direction of ....

....inclined plane experiment. The model yields the computation of velocity, as proportional to the distance PQ. Operational definitions have been studied by physicists and philosophers of science (Bridgman, 1927; Carnap, 1936) Research on automation of scientific discovery includes attempts such as Kulkarni and Simon (1987), Zytkow, Zhu and Zembowicz (1992) Our operational definition for time measurement In our experiment, two touch sensors have been attached to the inclined plane and their wires connected to different pins at the PC s printer port. Sensor signals must trigger a process which measures time by ....

Kulkarni, D., & Simon, H.A. 1987. The Processes of Scientific Discovery: The Strategy of Experimentation, Cognitive Science, 12, 139-175.

.... that investigating anomalies lies at the heart of scientific innovation (e.g. Knorr, 1980) Within cognitive psychology, response to anomalous data during scientific inquiry has been noted in a variety of studies, including historical reconstructions of actual scientific discoveries (e.g. Kulkarni Simon, 1988), on line studies of scientists (e.g. Dunbar, 1997) laboratory studies in which participants rediscover a scientific phenomenon (Dunbar 1993) and studies of those with little scientific training as they perform abstract scientific reasoning tasks (e.g. Tweney, Dowerty, Mynatt, 1982; Klahr ....

....meetings, the group of scientists tended to focus on a surprising result until they had constructed a plausible hypothesis to account for it. Dunbar concluded that attending to anomalous findings is an important strategy that contributes to successful scientific inquiry (Dunbar 1997) Similarly, Kulkarni and Simon (1988) identified an attend to surprising result heuristic as crucial to Hans Krebs discovery of the urea cycle. Both Chinn and Brewer s and Dunbar s studies have involved participants, whether trained scientists or not, who were evaluating data to test a specific theory. However, there are many ....

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Kulkarni, D., & Simon, H. A. (1988). The processes of scientific discovery: The strategy of experimentation. Cognitive Science, 12(2), 139-175.

.... that investigating anomalies lies at the heart of scientific innovation (e.g. Knorr, 1980) Within cognitive psychology, response to anomalous data during scientific inquiry has been noted in a variety of studies, including historical reconstructions of actual scientific discoveries (e.g. Kulkarni Simon, 1988), on line studies of scientists (e.g. Dunbar, 1995, 1997) laboratory studies in which participants rediscover a scientific phenomenon (Dunbar 1993) and studies of those with little scientific training as they perform abstract scientific reasoning tasks (e.g. Tweney, Dowerty, Mynatt, 1982; ....

....the group of scientists tended to focus on a surprising result until they had constructed a plausible hypothesis to account for it. Dunbar concluded that attending to anomalous findings is an important strategy that contributes to successful scientific inquiry (Dunbar 1995, 1997) Similarly, Kulkarni and Simon (1988) identified an attend to surprising result heuristic as crucial to Hans Krebs discovery of the urea cycle. Both Chinn and Brewer s and Dunbar s studies have involved participants, whether trained scientists or not, who were evaluating data to test a specific theory. However, there are many ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Kulkarni, D., & Simon, H. A. (1988). The processes of scientific discovery: The strategy of experimentation. Cognitive Science, 12(2), 139-175.

....explained the urea synthesis in animal liver 1932 by the urea cycle the first reaction cycle discovered in biochemistry. This discovery was a milestone in the history of the discipline. Hans Krebs later received the Nobel Prize. This case is known to the AI community through an article of Kulkarni Simon [1988]. A more detailed comparison between the two computer models of the case can be found in Grahoff May [1995] Grahoff [1995] focuses on Simon s methodological claims and includes a rejoinder by Herbert Simon. The historical examination is based on the laboratory notebooks of Hans Krebs and Kurt ....

Kulkarni, D., Simon, H., "The Processes of Scientific Discovery: The Strategy of Experimentation", Cognitive Science 12 (1988), 139--175.

.... tasks including: experimental data interpretation (Langley et al. 1987; Zytkow, 1990) hypothesis formation (Karp, 1989) and theory revision (Darden, 1991; Rajamoney, 1990; Falkenhainer, 1990) In order to understand these tasks, researchers have modeled historical cases of scientific reasoning (Kulkarni and Simon, 1988; Darden, 1991; Thagard and Nowak, 1990) One difficulty with such cases is that they rarely show paths of reasoning in which the scientist was unsuccessful, yet it is these paths which make up the majority of the cognitive effort (Nersessian, 1993) So researchers mistakenly place emphasis on the ....

Kulkarni, D. and Simon, H. A. (1988). The processes of scientific discovery: The strategy of experimentation. Cognitive Science, 12:139--175.

....What is the role of social interaction in invention These are some of the issues that a cognitive model of invention must address. Our analysis of Bell s quest for the multiple telegraph and telephone has identified ways in which existing goal processing methods (e.g. Schank Abelson, 1977; Kulkarni Simon 1988; Hammond et al. 1992; Ram Hunter 1992) must be modified or augmented to handle invention. A Critical review We started by analyzing Bell s reasoning in terms of goals, plans and themes, according to Schank and Abelson s (1977) computational model of goal generation and refinement. Using ....

....in the context of story understanding and problem solving. But in addition, inventors (and scientists) have a specific way of addressing such knowledge goals through deliberative experimentation and exploration (Gorman, 1997) Indeed it sometimes seems that experimentation drives invention. KEKADA (Kulkarni Simon, 1988) illustrates this. It proposes a scientific discovery method driven 7 The Wright brothers functionally decomposed the flight of birds and matched it with bicycles; Bell decomposed speech transmission and matched it with telegraphic equipment. by experimentation. But in allowing itself to be ....

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Kulkarni, D. & Simon, H. (1988). The processes of scientific discovery: The strategy of experimentation. Cognitive Science, 12 (pp.139--175).

....5.1) Comparison with two alternative theories: The final method for evaluating our computational theory is a comparison with alternative accounts of scientific systems. The two most prominent classes of scientific discovery systems are the descendants of BACON (Langley et al. 1987) such as KEKADA (Kulkarni Simon 1988), and those built upon the Structure Mapping Engine (SME) Falkenhainer, Forbus Gentner 1989) and Qualitative Process (QP) theory (Forbus et al., 1984) such as PHINEAS (Falkenhainer 1990) I will use Simon Ericsson s (1993) protocol analysis method to create a KEKADA like computational model on ....

Kulkarni, D. & Simon, H.A. (1988) The Processes of Scientific Discovery: The Strategy of Experimentation. Cognitive Science, 12:139-175.

.... of structural models for solutions in the history of chemistry [8] Tweney examined in detail Michael Faraday s notebooks [33] Holmes did likewise for Hans Krebs s discoveries in biochemistry [11] Kulkarni and Simon built a cognitive model of Krebs s urea cycle discovery based on Holmes s work [15], and Thagard and Nowak studied the evolving conceptual structures during the develop of plate tectonics in geology [32] many other similar projects could be cited. More recently, Dunbar has studied the reasoning strategies employed by working molecular biologists after spending many months at ....

Kulkarni, D., and Simon, H. The processes of scientific discovery: The strategy of experimentation. Cognitive Science 12 (1988), 139--175.

....a theorem in one of those sciences would be equivalent to solving a system of linear equations. 7 Related work The main difference between boole2 and other systems dealing with the discovery of historical laws, such as bacon, glauber, stahl and dalton, 24,25] am and eurisko [26 28] kekada [20,33], are [32] or cdp [1, pp.46 57] is that boole2 is exclusively guided by theory, instead of experimentation, i.e. it is not a data driven discovery system. boole2 s input is not experimental data, but an abstract representation of some science. Further, many of its heuristics stem from theory, ....

D. Kulkarni and Herbert A. Simon. The processes of scientific discovery: The strategy of experimentation. Cognitive Science, 12:139--175, 1988.

.... idea is heuristic search in problem spaces, put forward by Simon and Newell [10] Based on their ideas, we now have machines that play chess at the grandmaster level, programs that rediscover mathematics concepts [7, 14] and systems that rediscover laws of nature based on historical data [6, 3]. Attempts have been made to extend heuristic search by relaxing the assumption that a well defined problem space must be given prior to the search. In this paper, we view a discovery as a process of autonomous learning from the environment, which interleaves constructing a suitable problem space ....

Kulkarni, D. and Simon, H.A. 1988. Processes of scientific discovery: The strategy of experimentation, Cognitive Science, 12(2).

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