G.L. Friedman, "The trustworthy digital camera: Restoring credibility to the photographic image," IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 905--910, Nov. 1993.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....useful only for establishing the source of the image and detecting manipulations occurring after the signature watermark has been inserted. However, neither technique by itself is capable of certifying that an image represents an original unaltered scene, unless supported by additional mechanisms [6]. Authentication watermarks can be classified as either fragile or semi fragile. Fragile watermarks, as the name implies, are designed to identify any alteration of the pixel values. Semi fragile watermarks, on the other hand, try to differentiate between content preserving (nonmalicious) ....

G. L. Friedman, "The trustworthy digital camera: Restoring credibility to the photographic image," IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. 39, pp. 905--910, Nov. 1993.

....bitstream on which no modification is allowed, then there is not much difference between this problem and other data cryptography problems. Two methods have been suggested toward achieving the authenticity of digital images by having a digital camera either sign the image using a digital signature[1] or embed some secret code to the image[2] The first method uses an encrypted digital signature which is generated in the capturing devices. A digital signature is based on the method of Public Key Encryption[3] 4] A private key is used to encrypt a hashed version of the image. This encrypted ....

....Section 3. Experimental results will be shown in Section 4. Finally, in Section 5, we will present conclusions and propose future work. 2 AUTHENTICATION SYSTEM The proposed method is shown in Figure 1. Our method uses a similar concept to that of the digital signature method proposed by Friedman[1], but their technique doesn t survive lossy compression. A signature and an image are generated at the same time. The signature is an encrypted form of the feature codes or hashes of this image, and it is stored as a file. Once a user needs to authenticate the image he receives, he should decrypt ....

Gary L. Friedman, "The Trustworthy Digital Camera: Restoring Credibility to the Photographic image, " IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, Vol.39, No.4, pp.905-910, November 1993.

....various manipulations. The experimental results show that this is a very promising approach. Our future work is to come up with a reliable volume authentication tech nique which can be incorporated into all types of scanners (like CT Scanners and MRI devices) in order to make them trustworthy [8]. The research was partly supported by NUS R 252 000 090 112. We also thank the EGMM 2001 reviewers for the helpful comments. ....

G.L. Friedman. The Trustworthy Digital Camera: Restoring Credibility to the Photographic Image. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics. Vol. 39, No. 4, 905-910, November 1993.

....of this type can be used to facilitate authenticating scientific data, photographic images, and voice recordings in forensic and other contexts. Researchers have proposed a variety of approaches to such problems based on digital water marking, cryptography, and content classification [2] 3] 4] [5] [6] 7] 8] 9] 10] 11] 12] 13] 14] 15] 16] 17] Ultimately, the methods developed to date implicitly or explicitly attempt to balance the competing goals of robustness to benign perturbations, security against tampering attacks, and encoding distortion. Some researchers [6] 13] 4] ....

G. L. Friedman, "The trustworthy digital camera: Restoring credibility to the photographic image," IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, vol. 39, pp. 905-910, Nov. 1993.

.... a suitable algorithm to generate image identifiers, or an image hash function, one may use standard algorithms that search and sort n binary strings in time proportional to log n rather than to n [4] Other applications of image hashing lie in the area of image authentication and watermarking [3, 8, 5, 1]. Given a suitable keyed image hash function h(K, I) that authenticates an image I using a secret key K, one can proceed as in standard cryptographic methods [6] by appending a tag of the form Encrypt(h(K, I) In watermarking, hash functions help to secure against some known attacks that use many ....

G. L. Friedman, "The trustworthy digital camera: restoring credibility to the photographic image," IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 39 no.4, pp. 905-910, Nov. 1993.

....multimedia data must be credible. By credible we mean that the signal source is authentic and that the information content in the signal has not been modified in transit to its destination. In this paper, we present a technique for signal tamper proofing. Previously proposed methods for images [1] [5] place the watermark in the spatial domain of the signal; they provide information on the spatial location of the changes but fail to give a more general characterization of the type of distortion applied to the signal. In contrast, our scheme places the watermark in the discrete wavelet ....

....be directly embedded imperceptibly into the signal [2] These data are extracted from the signal itself in the second stage to check for tampering. Fig. 1 gives an overview of the tamper proofing problem. Several approaches have been recently proposed to address the issue of tamper proofing. In [1], Friedman describes a trustworthy digital camera in which a digital camera image is passed through a hash function and then is encrypted using the photographer s private key to produce a piece of authentication data separate from the image. These data are used in conjunction with the image to ....

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G. L. Friedman, "The trustworthy digital camera: Restoring credibility to the photographic image," IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. 39, pp. 905--910, Oct. 1993.

....as proof in front of a court of law, since doubts would always exist about the possibility that it had been tampered to intentionally incriminate or exculpate the defendant. Digital watermarking has been proposed as mean to guarantee the reliability of digital data such as images or audio files [1, 2]. Of course, according to the particular application scenario watermarking is used in, different requirements have to be fulfilled in terms of perceptual invisibility, robustness, decoding mechanism and so on [3] It is the purpose of this work to discuss the possibility of using watermarking to ....

G. L. Friedman, "The trustworthy digital camera: restoring credibility to the photographic image," IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, vol. 39, pp. 905--910, November 1993.

....contentmatches the information contained in the digital signature. In other words, we trust the signer as well as her digital signature to verify the data integrity. Machines can be given the role of signer. This approach has been used byt Friedman in his work on the trustworthy camera in 1993 [45]. By embedding an encryption chip in the camera, the camera endorses its captured pictures and generates content dependent digital signatures. We should note that no matter how the authentication algorithm is designed, trustworthiness of the signer will be always of concern. In the traditional ....

....bitstream to embed some codes, i.e. watermarks, without changing the meaning of the content. The embedded watermark may represent either a specific digital producer identification label (PIL) or some content based codes generated 9 Researcher Method Objective Source DS WMK CPA CTA RD CD Friedman[45] X X X X Van Schyndel et al. 127] X X X Walton[130] X X X Wolfgang and Delp[140] X X X X Zhu et al. 149] X X X Schneider and Chang[112] X X X X Yeung and Mintzer[145] X X X Lin and Chang[73,72] X X X X Table 1.1: Previous ResearchWork (DS: Digital Signature, WMK: Watermark, CPA: Complete ....

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G. L. Friedman, "The Trustworthy Digital Camera: Restoring Credibility to the Photographic image," IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics,Vol.39, No.4, pp.905-910, November 1993.

....images may be processed by blurring or equalization operations by users for specific purposes. Thus, an image authentication system should be able to tolerate incidental modifications while detecting malicious updates. A number of researches used digital signatures for image authentication [1, 2, 3, 5]. Bhattacharjee and Kutter [1] extracted salient feature points and store their positions as the digital signature. Because feature points are assumed not to be shifted too much under incidental distortion, the tampered area can be identified as those area where their corresponding feature points ....

G. L. Friedman, "The trustworthy digital camera: Restoring credibility to the photographic image," IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, 1993.

....it is easy to tamper with the digitized data while leaving no hints. This will raise an emergent need of data integrity verification in order to judge whether a data is authentic or fake. Conventionally, content verification can be roughly classified into two categories: digital signature based [1, 2, 4, 7, 6] and watermark based [3, 5, 10, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17] Digital signature represents the characteristic of an image and is stored as an extra file, which is used later for authentication. Watermarking, on the other hand, is a new method which embeds hidden information into an image and the ....

G. L. Friedman. The trustworthy digital camera: Restoring credibility to the photographic image. IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, 39:905--910, 1993.

....such as JPEG compression, sharpening, and or blurring. In this paper, we shall focus our discussion on image authentication. In the literature, image authentication methods can be roughly classi ed as being either digital signature based or watermark based. The digital signature based approach [1, 2, 3, 4] does not modify the content of an image. Instead, it extracts either global features or relational features from media for authentication purposes. For example, Bhattacharjee and Kutter [1] used the positions of a set of feature points as a digital signature. By examining the existence of feature ....

G. L. Friedman, \The trustworthy digital camera: Restoring credibility to the photographic image," IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, vol. 39, pp. 905-910, October 1993.

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G.L. Friedman, "The trustworthy digital camera: Restoring credibility to the photographic image," IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 905--910, Nov. 1993.

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G. L. Friedman, "The Trustworthy Digital Camera : Restoring Credibility to the Photographic Image," IEEE Transanctions on Image Processing, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 905--910, Nov 1993.

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G.L. Friedman. The Trustworthy Digital Camera: Restoring Credibility to the Photographic Image. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics. Vol. 39, No. 4, 905-910, November 1993.

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G.L. Friedman, "The trustworthy digital camera: Restoring credibility to the photographic image," IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 905--910, November 1993.

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G. L. Friedman, "The trustworthy digital camera: restoring credibility to the photographic image," IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, vol. 39, pp. 905-910, April 1993.

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G. L. Friedman, "The trustworthy digital camera: restoring credibility to the photographic image," IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, vol. 39, pp. 905--910, Nov. 1993.

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G. L. Friedman, "The trustworthy digital camera: restoring credibility to the photographic image," IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 39, pp. 905--910, Nov. 1993.

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G. L. Friedman, "The trustworthy digital camera: Restoring credibility to the photographic image," IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 39, pp. 905-910, November 1993.

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G. Friedman, "The trustworthy digital camera: Restoring credibility to the photographic image," IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics 39, pp. 905-910, November 1993.

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G. L. Friedman, "The Trustworthy Digital Camera: Restoring Credibility to the Photographic Image", IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, Vol.39, No.4, Nov. 1993.

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G. L. Friedman, "The trustworthy digital camera: Restoring credibility to the photographic image," IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 39, pp. 905-910, November 1993.

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G. L. Friedman, \The trustworthy digital camera: Restoring credibility to the photographic image," IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 39, pp. 905-910, November 1993.

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G. L. Friedman. The trustworthy digital camera: Restoring credibility to the photographic image. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 39:905-910, November 1993.

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#2# G. L. Friedman: #The Trustworthy Digital Camera: Restoring Credibility to the Photographic Image ", IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics,Nov.

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