H. Kamp. Events, instants and temporal reference. In R. Bauerle, U. Egli, and A. von Stechov, editors, Semantics from Di#erent Points of View, pages 376--417. Springer, 1979.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....analysis of the ways in which discourse participants process the information with which the discourse provides them. Among these phenomena there are some which concern reference to time. 8, p. 381] This citation of Hans Kamp from his article Events, Instants and Temporal Reference, [8], is a good starting point as it resumes quite clearly what our concern will be for the following pages, i.e. the treatment of temporal reference and more particularly in this chapter, the concept of time. In the article mentioned above Kamp develops a new framework (opening the way for what will ....

....we ve seen in the previous section. Our attention will go to the work of Hans Kamp, Henriette de Swart et al. and Laurent Gosselin. 3. 1 Kamp s method Kamp s approach is based on the study of narrative text and especially the e#ect of the PS and Imp on the representation of a segment of text [8]. His analysis of the tenses is then used to make a Discourse Representation Structure (DRS) of a sentence (or text) It was initiated by the remark about the PS and Imp in [8, p. 400] that what distinguishes the Imp and the PS does not lie in the contribution they make to the truth condition of ....

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Hans Kamp. Events, instants and temporal reference. In Rainer Bauerle, Urs Egli, and Arnim von Stechow, editors, Semantics from Di#erent Points of View, pages 376--417. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1979.

....we want are related to the assumptions already made about those entities: they are extended in a primitive space time so that temporal relations actually bear on the spatio temporal entities themselves, and not on time extents. Thus our temporal relations are close to event logics (see e.g. Kamp [Kamp, 1979] ) which are quite similar to interval based temporal logics (see vanBenthem [van Benthem, 1995] or Galton [Galton, 1995] for a general presentation) with the difference that two objects can be different and still be contemporaneous. However these logics are often based on two primitives, ....

....illustration of the temporal relations between spatio temporal entities. y w z x y w o y z y x x z y w y z Space Time Figure 3: Temporal Relations Illustrated We can derive all the axioms of other systems based on and ( or ) cf. van Benthem, 1995, Aurnague and Vieu, 1993, Kamp, 1979] from the previous axioms, which are much inspired by [Aurnague and Vieu, 1993] We can also define a notion of temporal connectedness: 6 6 0 We can moreover impose the linearity of the underlying temporal order by stating that there must ....

H. Kamp. Events, instants and temporal reference. In Von Stechow Bauerle, Egli, editor, Meaning, use and interpretation of language, pages 376--417. de Gruyter, Berlin, 1979.

....are extended in a primitive space time so that temporal relations actually bear on the spatiotemporal regions themselves, and not on time extents. Most first order temporal logics take as a primitive relation (besides a relation of partial order) a temporal inclusion or a temporal overlap [40, 23, 4]. But for the same reasons that mereology alone cannot account for topological concepts (as is shown in [42] we cannot rely on those notions alone to distinguish between open and closed entities at the temporal level, a distinction that needs to be kept if connection and overlap must remain ....

....(temporal overlap) temporal equivalence) The transitivity of can be derived from A4.2 and A4.5 and its irreflexivity from A4.3 and A4.2. The relation is therefore a strict (partial) order. We can derive all the axioms of other systems based on and ([41, 4, 23]) from the previous axioms, which have been mostly inspired by [4] thus giving the intended properties for the temporal relations: # # 0#1 2 3 . 4 2 . 5 6 7 8 9# 9# 8 : ....

H. Kamp. Events, instants and temporal reference. In Von Stechow Bauerle, Egli, editor, Meaning, use and interpretation of language, pages 376--417. de Gruyter, Berlin, 1979.

....and Allen and Hayes (1985, 1989) Relational theories of time, on the other hand, hold that our concept of time is derived (abstracted) from our experiences of events and thus regard events as more fundamental than time. Exponents of such theories include Whitehead (1920) Russell (1926, 1956) Kamp (1979, 1980) Bach (1981) Turner (1984) and Thomason (1984, 1989) In this paper I take the relational view of time, not only because it is psychologically plausible (Zward 1976, O Connor and Hermelin 1978, Piaget 1954, Michon 1989) but also because it is practically useful (Bach 1981, Davidson 1967, ....

.... 1980) Bach (1981) Turner (1984) and Thomason (1984, 1989) In this paper I take the relational view of time, not only because it is psychologically plausible (Zward 1976, O Connor and Hermelin 1978, Piaget 1954, Michon 1989) but also because it is practically useful (Bach 1981, Davidson 1967, Kamp 1979, 1980, Parsons 1990) Nordic Journal of Philosophical Logic, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 3 24. 2000 Taylor Francis. 4 francis y. lin Most formal theories of time, such as the ones presented in Lin (1991, 1994) presume an infinite number of events. But in this paper I concentrate on the ....

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Kamp, J. A. W. 1979. Events, instants and temporal reference. In A. Von Stechow (ed.), Semantics from DiVerent Points of View, pp. 378--417. Springer-Verlag.

....of texts, 4) account for the pragmatic context of the situation in which the texts are uttered. The literature has known an extensive list of theoretical accounts about how to formalise and compute these components for various applications like text representation, interpretation, generation ([Kamp, 1979], Kamp, 1981] Kamp and Reyle, 1993] Lascarides and Asher, 1993] Lascarides and Oberlander, 1993] Hobbs, 1985] The most prominent approaches all assume the presence of logical semantic representations, derived from the syntactic structures of single sentences which are to be connected ....

.... with rigid edges (begin, continuation, termination) which can be conceptually decomposed ( Pustejovsky, 1991] Grimshaw, 1990] Bach, 1986] Moens and Steedman, 1988] The second view associates change with the flowing time in terms of conditions that hold or do not hold at particular times ([Kamp, 1979], Kamp and Reyle, 1993] This approach regards events as mirroring the common understanding of the nature 3 of time as a discrete sequence of points in each of which either something obtains or something occurs. It distinguishes between events and states on the basis of whether the eventuality ....

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Hans Kamp. Events, Instants and Temporal Reference. SpringerVerlag, 1979.

....model theory. The #rst option is to derive the notion of event from a more fundamental notion of time. They reject this option in favour of the second option of de#ning time in terms of events and in so doing they make use of the so called Russell Wiener construction, which also was discussed in Kamp 1979 and Kamp 1980. Later on, however, they turn to a third option, on which no reduction is necessary because both events and time are #out there . But in this option they maintain the spirit of Russell and Wiener concerning the relation between event structure and time 1 I distinguish here between ....

....P3. e # e Re#exivity P4. e 1 # e 2 # e 2 # e 1 Symmetry P5. e 1 # e 2 #:e 2 # e 1 P6. e 1 # e 2 e 2 # e 3 e 3 # e 4 # e 1 # e 4 P7. e 1 # e 2 e 1 # e 2 e 2 # e 1 Linearity #1# K R do not bother to explain the notion of # at the intuitive level: they rely on #1#. As a matter of fact, Kamp 1979 de#nes overlap as in #2#, given a temporal instant structure T = hT;#i. e 1 # e 2 = df 9t#t 2 e 1 t 2 e 2 # #2# Here the notion of event is made time dependentby the very de#nition of overlap in terms of the time axis. It follows that the primitive notion of event is not primitive after all. ....

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Kamp, Hans. 1979. Events, Instants and Temporal Reference. In Semantics from Di#erent Points of View, ed. Rainer Ba#uerle, Uwe Egli, and Arnim von Stechow. 376#416. Berlin: Springer.

....system is connected to this subsystem by an homomorphism mapping events into processes. Bach also introduces a temporal part of ( and an overlapping (O) relation, the former being a strict partial order (i.e. transitive, irreflexive and asymmetric) and the latter reflexive and symmetric (cf. [Kamp, 1979]) For the purposes of this work, we borrow from Bach the temporal part of and the overlapping relations and use a mereological approach [Simons, 1987] independently developed for the objectual domain [Franconi, 1993] The features of this approach relevant to our work are: a) the possibility of ....

....i.e. denote events that would have to be somehow durationless in order to comply with this view (in the present tense) More generally, if the speech time is without duration then there are events, e.g. speech events, which do not have duration, a fact that contrasts with our intuition. We follow Kamp [Kamp, 1979] in defining punctuality directly on the eventive domain to overcome these problems. A qualification is added to avoid 4 Actually, the only part of relation may not suffice for characterizing verbal classes but other concepts (e.g. drawn from topology) may be needed (cf. Pianesi and Varzi, ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Kamp, H., Events, Instants and Temporal Reference. In Buerle, R., Egli, U., von Stechow, A., (eds.), Semantics from Different Points of View, Springer, Berlin, 1979.

....we want are related to the assumptions already made about those entities: they are extended in a primitive space time so that temporal relations actually bear on the spatio temporal entities themselves, and not on time extents. Thus our temporal relations are close to event logics (see e.g. Kamp [Kamp, 1979] ) which are quite similar to interval based temporal logics (see vanBenthem [van Benthem, 1995] or Galton [Galton, 1995] for a general presentation) with the difference that two objects can be different and still be contemporaneous. However these logics are often based on two primitives, for ....

....3 gives an illustration of the temporal relations between spatio temporal entities. y w z x y w o y z y x x z y w y z Space Time Figure 3: Temporal Relations Illustrated We can derive all the axioms of other systems based on and ( t or oe) cf. van Benthem, 1995, Aurnague and Vieu, 1993, Kamp, 1979] from the previous axioms, which are much inspired by [Aurnague and Vieu, 1993] We can also define a notion of temporal connectedness: D 3.4 CON t x 4 = 9x 1 9x 2 (x = x 1 x 2 : cx 1 cx 2 ) We can moreover impose the linearity of the underlying temporal order by stating that ....

H. Kamp. Events, instants and temporal reference. In Von Stechow Bauerle, Egli, editor, Meaning, use and interpretation of language, pages 376--417. de Gruyter, Berlin, 1979.

....For an hour Martha was in her office. We can account for the ambiguity in the simple past tense by refining the constraint P so that not only does it constrain the relative positions of E and R, but so that it also forces R to be taken from the temporal context created as the narrative progresses. Kamp [1979], Hinrichs [1981] and Partee [1984] note that in two consecutive eventive sentences such as (17) the second event is understood as occurring (just) after the first: 17) Martha went to her office. She sat down at the desk. A simple view of this narrative progression phenomenon is that the first ....

Kamp, H. (1979). Events, instant and temporal reference. In R. Bauerle, U. Egli, and A. von Stechow, editors, Semantics from Different Points of View, pages 376--417. Springer-Verlag.

.... domain independent properties for the truth value of fluents and events throughout time (e.g. if a fluent is true during a period it must be true during the instants within that period) Time and temporal incidence are issues that traditionally attracted the interest of areas such as philosophy [55, 42, 19, 27, 39], physics and linguistics [28, 50, 10, 24, 37, 12, 2, 7] But, why are time and temporal incidence theories important for automated temporal reasoning They have impact on major properties of the system for answering queries with some temporal component such as Was the light open when the ....

....A B A During B B Contains A A B A Finishes B B Finished by A A B A Equal B B Equal A A B Figure 3: The 13 relations between temporal intervals. Then defining time is a question about the actual relations between these events and processes. This approach mostly interested philosophers such as [42, 55, 27] and a few AI people [47] See appendix C for results on event based theories. Since periodbased theories are based on the intuition that periods are the stretches of time occupied by events, the properties of periods and events are very similar. However, event based theories are conceptually ....

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H. Kamp. Events, instants and temporal reference. In R. Bauerle, U. Egli, and A. von Stechow, editors, Semantics from Different Points of View, pages 376--417. Springer-Verlag, 1979.

....In this case we let the reference point be the location time of the most recent past tense state sentence. Otherwise we set the reference point equal to some new arbitrary time (represented by a new discourse referent) The reference times for future tense are chosen similarly. I will follow Kamp (1979), Hinrichs (1981) and Partee (1984) in assuming that a new event is interpreted as following the current Rpt, while a new state overlaps it. For example, the event of the fox ducking into the foxhole is interpreted as occurring after the fox hears the noise in (4) but the state of the fox being ....

Kamp, H. (1979). Events, instant and temporal reference. In R. Bauerle, U. Egli, and A. von Stechow, editors, Semantics from Different Points of View , pages 376--417. Springer-Verlag.

....of John ran, whereas the event s 4 is in the denotation of John ran home. We have still to clarify which is the relation between E 0 ; W ; v s , the lattice of events, and the lattice I; F ; v t , which we assume to be our temporal structure (cf. van Benthem, 1983, Landman 1991, Kamp, 1979) The point is that we introduced an operation of join between situations as well as a function mapping every situation onto an interval, but we did not explicitly state the relationship between the temporal trace of 6 This obviously happens only when considering perfective forms. When ....

Kamp, H. 1979. Events, instants and temporal reference. In U. E. Rainer Bauerle and A. von Stechow (Eds.), Semantics from Different Points of View. Springer Verlag.

.... construction for inducing point structures from region structures using a primitive relation of connection on regions [Whi79] Our concern is to formulate a spatiotemporal analogue to the construction of temporal periods points from events, and is reminiscent of the temporal constructions of Kamp [Kam79] and van Benthem [vBen83] We compare our interpretation of Whitehead with the Kamp van Benthem Russell constructions and find some unresolved issues of interdefinability. Our goal is an apposite formulation of spatiotemporal locations as suggested for Situation Theory by Barwise and Perry [BP83] ....

Kamp, H. 1979. Events, Instants and Temporal Reference. In Bauerle and Egli and von Stechow (eds.), Semantics from Different Points of View, pages 376--417. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

....intuition: time is no more than the totality of temporal relations between the events and processes which constitute the history of our world. Then defining time is a question about the actual relations between these events and processes. This approach mostly interested philosophers such as [20, 27, 12] and a few AI people [22] Since period based theories are based on the intuition that periods are the stretches of time occupied by events, the properties of periods and events are very similar. However, event based theories are conceptually different in the sense that events are not pure time ....

....between occurrences and their times of occurrence is not established. In a event based theory, time is defined as the structure hE; OE; Oi where E is a non empty set of events, OE is a precedence relation and O is a overlapping relation. The axioms of the theory, called E , are as follows [12]: E 1 e OE e 0 ) e 0 OE e) NO SYM(OE) E 2 e OE e 0 e 0 OE e 00 ) e OE e 00 TRANS(OE) E 3 eOe 0 ) e 0 Oe SYM(O) E 4 eOe REFL(O) E 5 e OE e 0 ) eOe 0 ) SEP E 6 e OE e 0 e 0 Oe 00 e 00 OE e 000 ) e OE e 000 TRANS(OE;O) E 7 e OE e 0 eOe 0 e 0 OE e LIN E ....

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H. Kamp. Events, instants and temporal reference. In R. Bauerle, U. Egli, and A. von Stechow, editors, Semantics from Different Points of View, pages 376--417. Springer-Verlag, 1979.

....3 Related Work In this section we briefly summarize the main criticisms to previous approaches in terms of the issues above. Instant based approaches [17, 20, 4] They have been criticized for not being natural ( our direct experience is with phenomena that take time ) for being counterintuitive [8, 12] and for getting in trouble with the DIP [8, 21, 1] Allen s interval based approach [1] ffl Neither instantaneous holding of fluents nor instantaneous events can be represented, the reason being that there are no instants. ffl Characterizing holding of continuously changing fluents exhibits ....

H. Kamp. Events, instants and temporal reference. In R. Bauerle, U. Egli, and A. von Stechow, editors, Semantics from Different Points of View, pages 376--417. Springer-Verlag, 1979.

....M;g[fhy;aig Kg 13 Examples illustrating the use of these conditions and operations will be given in section 3 Semantic Phenomena below. 1.1.5. 3 Tense and Aspect Temporal and aspectual phenomena in natural language did in fact provide one of the original motivations for the development of DRT [ Kamp, 1979 ] The DRT approach outlined below is inspired by and extends approaches based on [ Davidson, 1967 ] Reichenbach, 1947 ] and [ Vendler, 1967 ] 14 . The vocabulary of the extended DRS language for tense and aspectual phenomena consists of a set Const of individual constants, a set Ref of ....

Kamp, H. 1979. Events, instants and temporal reference. In Bauerle, ; Egli, ; and Stechow, Von, editors 1979, Semantics from Different Points of View. Springer, Berlin.

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H. Kamp. Events, instants and temporal reference. In R. Bauerle, U. Egli, and A. von Stechov, editors, Semantics from Di#erent Points of View, pages 376--417. Springer, 1979.

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H. Kamp. Events, instants and temporal reference. In R. Baeuerle, U. Egli, and A. von Stechow, editors, Semantics from different points of view, pages 27--54. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1979.

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H. Kamp. Events, instants and temporal reference. In R. Baeuerle, U. Egli, and A. von Stechow, editors, Semantics from different points of view, pages 27--54. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1979.

No context found.

H. Kamp. Events, instants and temporal reference. In R. Baeuerle, U. Egli, and A. von Stechow, editors, Semantics from different points of view, pages 27--54. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1979.

No context found.

H. Kamp. Events, instants and temporal reference. In R. Baeuerle, U. Egli, and A. von Stechow, editors, Semantics from different points of view, pages 27--54. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1979.

No context found.

H. Kamp. Events, instants and temporal reference. In R. Baeuerle, U. Egli, and A. von Stechow, editors, Semantics from different points of view, pages 27--54. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1979.

No context found.

Hans Kamp. Events, instants and temporal reference. In R. Bauerle, U. Egli, and A. von Stechow, editors, Semantics from Different Points of View, pages 376--417. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1979.

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