A. State, M.A. Livingston, G. Hirota, W.F. Garrett, M.C. Whitton, H. Fuchs, and E.D. Pisano. Technologies for Augmented-Reality Systems: Realizing Ultrasound-Guided Needle Biopsies. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 96, pages 439--446, August 1996.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....ways by different people, without what could reasonably be considered a consistent definition. Augmented reality shows great promises in fields where a simulation in situ would be either impossible, not realistic enough or too expensive. Of particular interest are applications in medical imaging [1, 25], urban design for instance for visually assessing the incidence of a future building in an already existing urban environment [7] and manufacturing [5] Also, this type of integration is gaining importance in the film industry. However, this area has up to now been largely under explored and ....

State, A., Livingstone, M., Garett, W., Hirota, G., Whitton, M., and Pisan, E. (1996). Technologies for Augmented Reality Systems: Realizing Ultrasound Guided Needle Biopsies. Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, 30:439--446. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH'96.

....that will work reliably in an uncontrolled environment full of interference sources. The most immediately promising applications for AR seem to be wearable or mobile computers to assist workers in assembly or maintenance of complex machinery from aircraft [18,19] to buildings [6] to human patients [21]. In the case of assembling wire bundles for aircraft, the workpiece may be over 100 feet long, and the AR tracking system must operate over this span with undiminished performance. Likewise, in the virtual studio it is necessary to track a camera which is being carried about freely in a very ....

A. State, M. A. Livingston, W. F. Garrett, G. Hirota, M. C. Whitton, E. D. Pisano, and H. Fuchs. Technologies for Augmented Reality Systems: Realizing Ultrasound-Guided Needle Biopsies. In SIGGRAPH 96 Conference Proceedings, ACM Annual Conference Series, pages 439-446.

....General Terms Design, Theory Keywords: Virtual reality, user interface software, design model, design methodology 1. INTRODUCTION Virtual Reality (VR) is seen as a promising platform for development of new applications in many domains such as medicine, entertainment, science and business [1, 17, 29, 31]. Despite their potential advantages, however, we do not yet see widespread development and use of VR applications in practice. The lack of proliferation of VR applications can be attributed partly to the challenges of building VR applications [2, 8] In particular, interfaces of VR applications ....

....an example, which runs throughout the paper, to illustrate how the VRID model and methodology are applied in developing a VR interface design. The example, which is described in Table 4, is a hypothet ical virtual surgery system inspired by and adapted from the descriptions given in prior studies [29, 31]. 5.1 High level (HL) design phase High level design phase consists of three major steps: HL1. Identifying data elements HL2. Identifying objects HL3. Modeling the objects o HL3.1. Graphics o HL3.2. Behaviors o HL3.3. Interactions o HL3.4. Internal communications (mediator) o ....

A. State, M. A. Livingston, G. Hirota, W. F. Garrett, M. C. Whitton, H. Fuchs, and E. D. Pisano, "Technologies for Augmented-Reality Systems: realizing UltrasoundGuided Needle Biopsies," presented at ACM Conference on Computer Graphics, SIGGRAPH'96, 1996.

....to extend the use of GPS with an augmented reality user interface. A key objective of our work is extending augmented reality systems from room size areas to outdoor environments [1] 2 Related Work Augment reality has been used for Heads Up Displays for aviation, assistance for surgery [8] and maintenance work [4] This augmented reality work can be characterised as requiring precise tracking in small operating regions. The work presented in this paper breaks from the requirement of precise tracking in small operating In ISWC1998, 2nd International Symposium on Wearable Computers ....

A. State, M. Livingston, W. Garrett, G. Hirota, M. Whitton, E. Pisano, and H. Fuchs. Technologies for augmented reality systems: Realizing ultrasound-guided needle biopes. In Proc. SIGGRAPH `96, pages 439--446, August 1996.

.... objects that are registered in a user s three dimensional environment [1] Applications of this powerful visualization technique include guiding trainees through complex 3D manipulation and maintenance tasks [2, 3] overlaying clinical 3D data with live video of patients during surgical planning [4 8], as well as developing three dimensional user interfaces [9, 10] The resulting augmented reality systems allow three dimensional virtual objects to be embedded into a user s environment and raise two issues unique to augmented reality: ffl Establishing 3D geometric relationships between ....

A. State, M. A. Livingston, W. F. Garrett, G. Hirota, M. C. Whitton, E. D. Pisano, and H. Fuchs, "Technologies for augmented reality systems: Realizing ultrasound-guided needle biopsies," in Proc. SIGGRAPH'96, pp. 439--446, 1996.

....More recently, they have replaced direct vision with miniature video cameras in the HMD, displaying merged video and ultrasound images on miniature monitors in the HMD. This second approach permits greater control of the display, although it introduces significant reduction in visual resolution [13 15]. In both cases, the HMD and the ultrasound transducer must be tracked so that an appropriate perspective can be computed for CMU RI TR 00 28 Stetten and Chib November 10, 2000 3 the ultrasound images. Head mounted displays, in general, restrict the operator s peripheral vision and freedom of ....

State A, Livingston M, Garret W, et al. Technologies for Augmented Reality Systems: Realizing Ultrasound-Guided Needle Biopsies. in ACM SIGGRAPH. 1996. New Orleans, LA.

.... virtual object occluding real object real object occluding virtual object back projection screen based (CAVE[CR92] responsive workbench[KR94] impossible inherent semi transparent HMD (Studierstube [SZ98] inherent semi visible software solvable video immersive HMD (UNC [ST96b]) inherent software solvable In screen based augmented environments fishtank scenario or projection based setups like the CAVE occlusion of virtual objects by real ones is simple and straightforward: real objects are always between the display surface and the eye and therefore always occlude ....

....information which enables us to determine which parts of virtual objects to occlude. This yields the following classification by tracking system: Supplies only positional data supplies additionally geometric information Magnetic tracking Mechanical tracking Optical tracking using beacons [ST96b] video tracking delivering depth map from stereo [WL95] video tracking delivering contour data [BE97] video range tracking [RA98] using invisible structured light laser range tracking Tracking systems providing occlusion data A very efficient and self contained approach would be video based ....

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Andrei State, Mark A. Livingston, Gentaro Hirota, William F. Garrett, Mary C. Whitton, Henry Fuchs, and Etta D. Pisano (MD). Technologies for AugmentedReality Systems: realizing Ultrasound-Guided Needle Biopsies. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 96, Annual Conference Series 1996, ACM SIGGRAPH, pp. 439-446.

....objects, creating hybrid objects, or the virtual objects may exist independently of the physical objects but still interact with them through behaviors that can differ from those of physical objects. Several domains are seen as effective applications of augmented reality: medicine and surgery[4, 15, 21], manufacturing and repair[8, 22] and complicated visualization domains that support hand based interaction styles [6] We built the Virtual HandLaboratory (VHL) a desktopaugmented reality environment, to learn more about how people interact with their Contact author s address: Department of ....

Andrei State, Mark A. Livingston, Gentaro Hirota, William F. Garrett, Mary C. Whitton, and Henry Fuchs. Technologies for augmentedreality systems: Realizing ultrasound-guided needle biopsies. In SIGGRAPH 96 Conference Proceedings, pages 439--446, August 1996.

....converged to make the display of a virtual graphical image correctly registered with a view of the 3D environment surrounding the user possible. Researchers working with augmented reality systems have proposed them as a solution in many domains, including military training [90] medical systems [83, 76, 84], engineering and consumer design [2] robotics [24] as well as manufacturing, maintenance and repair [36, 28] 1.2 Origins and Perspectives In the late 1960 s and 1970 s, research on a number of fronts formed the basis of virtual reality as it appears today (e.g. head mounted displays [85, 86] ....

STATE, A., LIVINGSTON, M. A., GARRETT, W. F., AND HI- ROTA, G. Technologies for augmented-reality systems: Realizing ultrasound-guided needle biopsies. Computer Graphics 30, Annual Conference Series (1996), 439--446.

....2 . Another type of SE is an augmented reality (AR) system where a user is presented with images of his natural surroundings which are augmented with computer generated images. For example, these could be 3 D medical data sets of a patient which are anatomically registered [Bajura et al. 1992] State et al. 1996b] or 3 D assembly directions for complex machinery [Feiner et al. 1993] Feiner et al. 1992] AR systems share the same basic technology of VE systems except that the user is able to see through his head mounted display (HMD) into his natural environment with the use of either half silvered ....

.... user s field of view are used to correct various errors in an AR system [Bajura and Neumann, 1995a] Bajura and Neumann, 1995b] Applications of this technique have yielded encouraging results in the 3 D ultrasound visualization research at the University of North Carolina [State et al. 1996a] State et al. 1996b] ffl Chapter 4 describes a method for detecting surface geometry in the user s natural environment to generate proper occlusion cues and to perform collision detection. This more difficult than correcting image registration (as in Chapter 3) because it requires constructing a model of scene ....

State, A., Livingston, M., Garrett, W., Hirota, G., Whitton, M., Pisano, E., and Fuchs, H. (1996b). Technologies for augmented-reality systems: Realizing ultrasound-guided needle biopsies. In Proceedings of ACM Siggraph, Computer Graphics, pages 439--446.

....reasonably be considered a consistent de nition. Augmented reality shows great promises in elds where a simulation in situ would be either impossible, not realistic enough or too expensive. Of particular interest are applications in medi 2 M. O. Berger et al. cal imaging (Bajura et al. 1992) (State et al. 1996), urban design for instance for visually assessing the incidence of a future building in an already existing urban environment (Chevrier et al. 1995) and manufacturing (Caudel and Mizell, 1992) Also, this type of integration is gaining importance in the lm industry. However, this area has ....

State, A., Livingstone, M., Garett, W., Hirota, G., Whitton, M., and Pisan, E. (1996). Technologies for Augmented Reality Systems: Realizing Ultrasound Guided Needle Biopsies.

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A. State, M. A. Livingston, G. Hirota, W. F. Garrett, M. C. Whitton, E. D. Pisano MD, and H. Fuchs. Technologies for augmented reality systems: Realizing ultrasound-guided needle biopsies. In SIGGRAPH 96 Conference Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, pages 439--446. ACM SIGGRAPH, Addison Wesley, Aug. 1996.

....objects must either be static in the world or tracked in real time. Assuming the model is accurate, the rendering engine can rasterize depth and use these values in the z buffer computations that are standard in computer graphics architectures. Several systems have used this approach [Whitaker95, State96b, Breen96] If a real time depth map from the camera s pose is available, then this depth data can be loaded directly into the z buffer for its usual computations during rendering of the synthetic imagery. Acquisition of a real time depth map is a classic computer vision problem which has proven ....

....since the ultrasound imagery is acquired in real time and the target can move, decreasing confidence in previously collected data. Successive implementations have used real time, non reconstructed data [Bajura92] off line reconstruction [State94] and most recently realtime volume visualization [State96b] Images of this most recent system in action are visible in Figure 2.4. The patient in this application is allowed to move; she will breathe and can shift her weight for comfort. This creates a demand for real time depth data to provide proper occlusion. This has not been an significant problem, ....

State, A., Livingston, M. A., Hirota, G., Garrett, W. F., Whitton, M. C., and Fuchs, H. (1996b). Technologies for Augmented-Reality Systems: Realizing Ultrasound-Guided Needle Biopsies.InSIGGRAPH 96 Conference Proceedings, Annual Conference Series, Pages 439--446. ACM SIGGRAPH, Addison Wesley.

....integrated into existing work practices and procedures, providing real time, supplemental information to users. For example, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill has developed an augmented reality system which allows surgeons to spatially visualize ultrasound data during breast biopsies [State et al. 1996]. Traditional procedures required doctors to position a needle inside the patient, while viewing the needle s ultrasound image on a CRT placed above the patient. This required excellent hand eye coordination, since surgeons had to look in one direction (at the ultrasound monitor) while working ....

State, A., Livingston, M. A., Garrett, W. F., Hirota, G., Whitton, M. C., Pisano, E. D., and Fuchs, H. (1996). Technologies for augmented reality systems: Realizing ultrasoundguided needle biopsies. In SIGGRAPH '96 Conference Proceedings, pages 439--446.

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A. State, M.A. Livingston, G. Hirota, W.F. Garrett, M.C. Whitton, H. Fuchs, and E.D. Pisano. Technologies for Augmented-Reality Systems: Realizing Ultrasound-Guided Needle Biopsies. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 96, pages 439--446, August 1996.

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STATE A., LIVINGSTON M., HIROTA G., GARRETT W., WHITTON M., FUCHS H., PISANO E.: Technologies for Augmented-Reality Systems: Realizing Ultrasound-Guided Needle Biopsies. In Proc. of ACM SIGGRAPH (August 1996), pp. 439--446.

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A. State, A. Livingston, W. F. Garrett, G. Hirota and H. Fuchs: "Technologies for Augmented Reality Systems: Realizing Ultrasound-Guided Needle Biopsies," Proc. SIGGRAPH '96, pp. 439--446, 1996.

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State A, Livingston MA et al., Technologies for augmented-reality systems: realizing ultrasound-guided needle biopsies. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 1996, New Orleans, LA. ACM, 1996.

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STATE A., LIVINGSTON M., HIROTA G., GARRETT W. , WHITTON M., FUCHS H., PISANO E.: Technologies for AugmentedReality Systems: Realizing Ultrasound-Guided Needle Biopsies. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 96 (August 1996), pp. 439--446.

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A. State, M. A. Livingston, W. F. Garrett, G. Hirota, M. C. Whitton, E. D. Pisano, and H. Fuchs, "Technologies for Augmented-Reality Systems: Realizing Ultrasound-Guided Needle Biopsies," presented at Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 1996.

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A. State, M. Livingston, W. Garrett, G. Hirota, M. Whitton, E. Pisano, and H. Fuchs, "Technologies for augmented reality systems: Realizing ultrasound-guided needle biopsies," in Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series: SIGGRAPH '96 (New Orleans, LA), pp. 439--446, ACM SIGGRAPH, New York, August 1996.

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State A, Livingston MA, Garrett WF, Hirota G, Whitton MC, Pisano ED and Fuchs H. Technologies for Augmented-Reality Systems: Realizing Ultrasound-Guided Needle Biopsies. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 1996, New Orleans, Louisiana. ACM, 1996, p. 429438.

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State, A., Livingston, M.A., Garrett, W.F., Hirota, G., Whitton, M.C., Pisano, E.D., and Fuchs, H. (1996) Technologies for augmented reality systems: realizing ultrasound-guided needle biopsies. In ACM Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Graphics (August 4-9, New Orleans, Louisiana),

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A. State, M. Livingston, W. Garret, et al. Technologies for Augmented Reality Systems: Realizing Ultrasound-Guided Needle Biopsies. in ACM SIGGRAPH. 1996. New Orleans, LA,.

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A. State, M. Livingston, W. Garrett, G. Hirota, M. Whitton, E. Pisano, and H. Fuchs, "Technologies for augmented reality systems: Realizing ultrasound-guided needle biopsies," in Computer Graphics Proceedings, Annual Conference Series: SIGGRAPH '96 (New Orleans, LA), pp. 439--446, ACM SIGGRAPH, New York, August 1996.

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