Grueninger, M. and Fox, M. (1994). The role of competency questions in enterprise engineering. In IFIP WG 5.7, Workshop Benchmarking. Theory and Practice, Trondheim/Norway.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....though not, until recently, have they been applied to measuring the internal knowledge representations within autonomous vehicular systems. Gruninger and Fox have applied the concept of competency questions to formal ontologies to test their ability to answer the questions they were designed for [8]. McGuinness et al. have also explored approaches to testing the content of ontologies after multiple ontologies are merged by using a tool called Chimaera [9] More recently work has been done to develop tests for text retrieval systems [11] and autonomous vehicle systems [12] Research has also ....

Gruninger, M., and Fox, M.S., "The Role of Competency Questions in Enterprise Engineering" in the Proceedings of the IFIP WG5. 7 Workshop on Benchmarking - Theory and Practice, Trondheim, Norway. June 1994.

....specifically in Artificial Intelligence) Since then, ontologies have been employed in areas such as computational linguistics, knowledge engineering, information integration and multi agent systems. In addition to that, ontologies have been used in application areas such as enterprise modeling [20] and GIS [19] among several other examples. In the software engineering realm, domain ontologies have been used to model the foundation over which meta environments can be constructed [5] Moreover, they contribute to the domain engineering phase, promoting a reuse based practice in the ....

M. Gruninger, M.S. Fox. "The Role of Competency Questions in Enterprise Engineering", Proceedings of the IFIP WG5.7 Workshop on Benchmarking - Theory and Practice, Trondheim, Norway, 1994.

....specifically in Artificial Intelligence) Since then, ontologies have been employed in areas such as computational linguistics, knowledge engineering, information integration and multi agent systems. In addition to that, ontologies have been used in application areas such as enterprise modeling [21] and GIS [19] among several other examples. In the software engineering realm, domain ontologies have been used to model the foundation over which meta enviroments can be constructed [6] Moreover, they contribute to the domain engineering phase, promoting a reuse based practice in the ....

Gruninger, M., and Fox, M.S., "The Role of Competency Questions in Enterprise Engineering", Proceedings of the IFIP WG5.7 Workshop on Benchmarking - Theory and Practice, Trondheim, Norway, 1994.

....are sophisticated design, analysis, and management methods and tools, but methods for customising processes in the design and even execution phase are sparse. With our approach, we aim at creating generic, reusable representations of process construction knowledge in terms of an ontology (cf. [6,8]) that can be applied across a variety of future process cases by means of a process construction kit. 3.1 Conceptual Framework 3.1.1 Process Individualisation Due to the non repetitive project character of complex system engineering processes, process planning can be performed at the modelling ....

Gruninger, M., Fox, M.S.: The Role of Competency Questions in Enterprise Engineering. In: Proc. IFIP WG5.7 Workshop on Benchmarking - Theory and Practice, Trondheim, Norway (1994)

....community and is supported as the basis for defining a process specification language. In fact, related projects are already using the preliminary results of this phase to enhance their research. For example, the PSL requirements were used by the Toronto Virtual Enterprise (TOVE) project (Fox and Gruninger 1994, Gruninger and Fox 1994) to ensure that they had a complete characterization of classes of activities in their activity ontology. The PSL requirements helped them to realize that the definitions of certain classes of activities that were necessary for the ontology were indeed missing, and the ....

....supported as the basis for defining a process specification language. In fact, related projects are already using the preliminary results of this phase to enhance their research. For example, the PSL requirements were used by the Toronto Virtual Enterprise (TOVE) project (Fox and Gruninger 1994, Gruninger and Fox 1994) to ensure that they had a complete characterization of classes of activities in their activity ontology. The PSL requirements helped them to realize that the definitions of certain classes of activities that were necessary for the ontology were indeed missing, and the activity ontology was ....

GRUNINGER, M., AND FOX, M.S, 1994, The Role of Competency Questions in Enterprise Engineering, Benchmarking - Theory and Practice (Chapman).

.... et al. 96] and planning (Shared Planning and Activity Representation (SPAR) During the various stages of design, development, deployment, extension and maintenance of these languages (and their underlying ontologies) it can be very helpful to engage in some form of scenario analysis [Grninger Fox, 1994; Hsia et al. 94; Kazman et al. 96] Scenario analysis has been defined in a software engineering context as the process of understanding, analysing, and describing system behaviour in terms of particular ways the system is expected to be used. Hsia et al. 94] In the case of shared ....

Grninger, M., Fox, M.S., The Role of Competency Questions in Enterprise Engineering, IFIP WG 5.7 Workshop on Benchmarking Theory and Practice, Trondheim, Norway, 1994.

.... helps understand the functioning malfunctioning of systems and serves as well as a shared database providing a well defined terminology of an enterprise [Fox et al. 93] A logical framework for enterprise modelling under different perspectives, e.g. for activity based costing can be found in [Gruninger et al. 94] Fox et al. 95] In [Isenberg 90] an organization model for CIM Computer Integrated Manufacturing is derived from an organization theory including a process, product and ressource model which are implemented at shop floor level. There are two main problems to be solved while defining an ....

Gruninger, M., and Fox, M.S., (1994). The Role of Competency Questions in Enterprise Engineering, Proceedings of the IFIP WG5.7 Workshop on Benchmarking - Theory and Practice, Trondheim, Norway

....specifically address the issue of the development and maintenance of ontologies. In this section, we present a (fairly comprehensive) survey. 2.1. TOVE Based on experiences in the development of TOVE (Toronto Virtual Enterprise) the following approach to engineering ontologies is developed ( 15] [16], 17] 30] 1) motivating scenarios: the start point is a set of problems encountered in a particular enterprise, which are often in the form of story problems or examples. 2) informal competency questions: requirements of the ontology, based on the motivating scenario, described as informal ....

....previous stage. 3) terminology specification: the objects, attributes and relations of the ontology are formally specified (usually in first order logic) 4) formal competency questions: the requirements of the ontology are formalised in terms of the formally defined terminology (see especially [16]) 5) axiom specification: axioms that specify the definition of terms and constraints on their interpretations are given in first order logic, guided by the formal competency questions as the axioms must be necessary and sufficient to express the competency questions and their solutions. 6) ....

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GRJNINGER, M. and FOX, M.S. (1994b) "The Role of Competency Questions in Enterprise Engineering", IFIP WG5.7 Workshop on Benchmarking - Theory and Practice, Trondheim, Norway.

....against, we focus on the definition of a set of criteria useful in the evaluation process. Finally, we use some of these criteria in the evaluation of the Bibliographic Data [5] ontology. 1. Introduction Several years ago, the idea of a knowledge factory emerged when several research groups [3, 7, 9] put their efforts in building ontologies in several application domains. As libraries of definitions that can be used for different purposes in different domains, ontologies allow the reuse and sharing of knowledge and reasoning methods among agents. From the point of view of knowledge ....

....ontologies definitions, documentation, and software when they leave the laboratory and are used in organizations or by software agents in operation. What to evaluate against Evaluation of the ontologies should be performed against a frame of reference. It can be a set of competency questions [7], requirements, and the real world. Evaluation of the software environment should be performed against its requirements. When to evaluate Evaluation is an iterative process that should be performed during each phase and between phases of the KST life cycle. The goal is to detect as soon as ....

Gruninger, M.; Fox, M.S. The role of Competency Questions in Enterprise Engineering. IFIP WG5.7 Workshop on Benchmarking. Theory and Practice. Trondheim, Norway, 1994.

....as Procedural Methods A central issue when considering using an ontology from a repository in an application system is whether the candidate ontology supports the computations that are to performed by the application. That is, the potential user needs to assess the competency of the ontology (Gruninger and Fox 1994). An important way in which to characterize the competency of an ontology is in terms of the computations that it supports. In particular, one would like an ontology to be accompanied by a set of procedures analogous to object oriented methods that compute instances of the relations and functions ....

M. Gruninger and M. S. Fox (1994); The Role of Competency Questions in Enterprise Engineering; Proceedings of the IFIP WG5.7 Workshop on Benchmarking -- Theory and Practice; Trondheim, Norway; Jan. 94.

....the preceding situation, or the state was already committed and an enable action did not occur. s,a,e, s) holds(status(s,a, committed) do(e, s) e= commit(s,a) holds(status(s,a,possible) s) e=enable(s,a) holds(status(s,a, committed) s) A more complete specification can be found in [Gruninger Fox 94] 5.0 Organization Terminology Axioms In this section we introduce the basic terminology, i.e. ground terms, and axioms of our organization ontology. Figure 1 shows the basic elements of our organization ontology. FIGURE 2. Organizational object taxonomy We consider an organization to be a ....

Gruninger, M., and Fox, M.S., (1994), "The Role of Competency Questions in Enterprise Engineering", Proceedings of the IFIP WG5.7 Workshop on Benchmarking - Theory and Practice, Trondheim, Norway. June 94.

....in a set of Prolog axioms that enable TOVE to automatically deduce the answer to many common sense questions about the enterprise, and 4) defines a symbology for depicting a term or the concept constructed thereof in a graphical context. The TOVE ontology currently spans knowledge of activity [Gruninger Fox 94] time, and causality, resources [Fadel 94] Fadel et al. 94] and more enterprise oriented knowledge such as cost [Tham et al. 94] quality [Kim Fox 94] Kim et al. 95] and organization Structure [Fox et al. 95] and agility [Atefi 95] The TOVE Testbed provides an environment for analyzing ....

....the applications. These justify the existence and properties of the objects with the ontology. The process of engineering an ontology that we have developed, starts from scenarios describing the applications which the model is to support. Next, we define a set of informal competency questions [Gruninger Fox 94] that represent the types of the information the model is to provide to each application. Next, an initial terminology composed of objects, attributes and relations is designed. The terminology and questions are then iteratively refined until a precise and unambiguous set of terms are created ....

Gruninger, M., and Fox, M.S., The Role of Competency Questions in Enterprise Engineering ,Proceedings of the IFIP WG5. 7 Workshop on Benchmarking - Theory and Practice, Trondheim, Norway. June 1994.

....situation, or the state was already committed and an enable action did not Occur. V s,a,e, holds(status(s,a, committed) do(e, e= commit(s,a) holds(status(s,a,possible) v = e=enable(s,a) holds(status(s,a, committed) 0 3) A more complete specification can be found in [11]. 5.0 Competency In linking the structure of an organisation with the behaviour of agents within the organisation, we must define how the organisation ontology is integrated with the activity ontology. If we consider organisation to be a set of constraints on the activities performed by agents, ....

Gruninger, M., and Fox, M.S., (1994), "The Role of Competency Questions in Enterprise Engineering" ,Proceedings of the IFIP WG5.7 Workshop on Benchmarking - Theory and Practice, Trondheim, Norway. June 94.

....number of objects 1. Since a GEM is a subset of a DEM it does not contain the axioms we will only refer to DEMs from here on in. i.e. terms or vocabulary) necessary [Gruber 93] The problem is: how are these criteria operationalized We introduce the concept of a ontology s competence [Gruninger Fox 94] Given a properly instantiated model of an enterprise and an accompanying theorem prover (perhaps Prolog or a deductive database) the competence of a ontology is the set of queries that it can answer. Ideally, the competency questions should be defined in a stratified manner, with higher level ....

....the University of Edinburgh [Us chold et al. 97] What is modelled of an enterprise can be divided into categories. The following identifies a subset of these categories and ontologies being developed for them. Process and Activities: including the representation of state, time, and causality [Gruninger Fox 94] Gruninger Pinto 95] Fillion et al. 95] Menzel Mayer 96] Schlenoff et al. 96] Vernadat 96] Note that this area has received the greatest attention from the Artificial Intelligence Knowledge Representation and Planning communities. Resources Inventory: General representation of ....

Gruninger, M., and Fox, M.S., (1994), "The Role of Competency Questions in Enterprise Engineering", Proceedings of the IFIP WG5.7 Workshop on Benchmarking - TheoN and Practice, Trondheim, Norway. http:// www. ie.utoronto.ca/EIL/public/competency. ps

No context found.

Grueninger, M. and Fox, M. (1994). The role of competency questions in enterprise engineering. In IFIP WG 5.7, Workshop Benchmarking. Theory and Practice, Trondheim/Norway.

No context found.

Grninger, M., and Fox, M.S.: The Role of Competency Questions in Enterprise Engineering, Proceedings of the IFIP WG5.7 Workshop on Benchmarking -- Theory and Practice, Trondheim, Norway (1994)

No context found.

Grninger, M., Fox, M.S. The Role of Competency Questions in Enterprise Engineering. In IFIP WG 5.7, Workshop Benchmarking. Theory and Practice, Trondheim/Norway, 1994.

No context found.

Grninger, M., and Fox, M.S.: The Role of Competency Questions in Enterprise Engineering, Proceedings of the IFIP WG5.7 Workshop on Benchmarking -- Theory and Practice, Trondheim, Norway (1994)

No context found.

Gruninger M., and Fox M.S., "The Role of Competency Questions in Enterprise Engineering", Proceedings of the IFIP WG5.7 Workshop on Benchmarking - Theory and Practice, Trondheim, Norway, 1994.

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