J. Dinsmore. Partitioned Representations. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....all contextual, subjective, and social aspects of knowledge can be eliminated in favor of a unique, objective, and general codification. Despite of this approach, a lot of theories of knowledge consider subjectivity and sociality as intrinsic dimensions of knowledge (see [20] 9] 16] 15] [14], 25] They argue that knowledge is the result of different perspective and partial interpretations of world portions or domains, generated by individuals and groups through social interactions. Therefore, it is proposed that knowledge, rather than being viewed as an absolute monolithic matter, ....

J. Dinsmore. Partitioned Representations. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.

....(described in An integrated approach to Arti cial Intelligence by L. Stringa, IRST technical report No 9012 11) 1 1 Introduction and motivations It has been argued that knowledge should be structured into sets of facts or theories (often called contexts ) some of the many examples are [11, 21, 10, 45, 7, 32, 29, 48, 5]. In [10, 13] the authors take a further step and introduce a new general kind of formal systems allowing multiple distinct languages and call them MultiLanguage systems (ML systems) In [11] it is argued, in fact, that providing each theory with its own language allows us to give a natural and ....

J. Dinsmore. Partitioned Representations. Kluwer Academic Publisher, 1991.

....in size, we found it necessary to introduce an explicit context mechanism. That is, we divided the KB up into a lattice of hundreds of contexts, placing each Cyc assertion in whichever context(s) it belonged. A further illustration of this idea is Dismore s book on partitioned representation [17]. He sees partitioned representations as the functional counterpart of the notion of mental space as de ned by Gilles Fauconnier [20] and de nes them as context dependent representations of the world: Functionally, partitioned representations illustrate the principle of divide and conquer ....

....between contexts in LoC. This relationship, which is part of the logic itself, is the mechanism that allows transcending a context. As we already said, this corresponds to moving one step outward in Figure 1. Very brie y, we present also Dinsmore s theory of partitioned representations (PR) [17], a logic strictly related to Fauconnier s work on mental spaces [20] As we will show, PR can be viewed as another instance of a divide andconquer theory. Despite some terminological di erences, LoC and PR share most of their structure. However, there is an important di erence: while in LoC the ....

J. Dinsmore. Partitioned Representations. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.

.... (see [7] for a conceptual and formal analysis of this shift) Interestingly enough, this shift is supported by important theories in cognitive science, linguistics, and philosophy, where the notion of context as a subjective viewpoint has been recognized and studied from di erent perspectives [5, 4, 16, 12]. This cognitive approach is very clearly described in the following quote from Sperber and Wilson s well known book on relevance [16] t]he set of premises used in interpreting an utterance [ constitutes what is generally known as the context. A context is a psychological construct, a ....

J. Dinsmore. Partitioned Representations. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.

....a point of view which is external (above, meta) of both i and j. The definition of a domain relation among languages allows us great flexibility in specifying the different kinds of relations between domains associated to different languages. To clar 1 Similar notations have been introduced by [10, 17, 7, 14] 5 ify things let us consider the following example. Suppose that two observers, Chiara and Luciano, represent a piece of world at two different approximation levels, namely suppose that Chiara describes the people living in a village called Poggio Rusco, whereas Luciano describes the habit of ....

J. Dinsmore. Partitioned Representations. Kluwer Academic Publisher, 1991.

....J. Barwise and others [3, 30] Recently, R. Thomason has started working on a type theoretic foundation of context [31] In cognitive science, many authors have proposed theories of mental representation where mental contents are thought of as partitioned into multiple contexts (also called spaces [16], mental spaces [17] etc. We only need to mention here that the notion of context is very important for other disciplines such as pragmatics, linguistics, formal ontology (see [10] for a recent collection of interdisciplinary papers on context) 2 solve) McCarthy s and Guha s works were the ....

J. Dinsmore. Partitioned Representations. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.

.... represents the beliefs of an agent as seen by the theory above them) For instance Wilks [WB79] in his work on belief ascription, speech acts and so on, advocates the use of distinct sets of beliefs; Fauconnier [Fau85] has a mental space theory which uses environment like entities; Dinsmore in [Din91] formalizes agents beliefs by belief spaces, each of which can contain further belief spaces for the formalization of the agents nested beliefs. Konolige formalizes agents nested beliefs using introspective machines [Kon84, Kon85] which are very similar to theories. Kim and Kowalski in [KK90] ....

J. Dinsmore. Partitioned Representations. Kluwer Academic Publisher, 1991.

....have been studied in di erent disciplines, though with di erent goals. A very partial list includes:re ection and metareasoning [22, 14] entering and exiting context, lifting, transcending context [16, 20, 5] local reasoning, switch context [12, 4] parochial reasoning and context climbing [7], changing viewpoint [1] focused reasoning [17] As a matter of fact, it is very dicult to see the relationship between these di erent works. We try to put some order in this situation by addressing the problem of identifying the general patterns of contextual reasoning, namely the general ....

....general, expansion and contraction are used to adjust a particular representation to a problem or to a given goal. The way problem solving contexts are built in CYC (using the strategy of lift and solve [16] the mechanism of building appropriate mental spaces [8] or partitioned representations [7], and the process Contract Expand precond(hasticket,fly) precond(at airport,fly) precond(hasticket,fly) precond(at airport,fly) precond(clothed,fly) P1=V1 . Pn=Vn P1=V1 . Pn=Vn Fig. 2. Expand Contract. of selecting the relevant facts to interpret an utterance [21] are typical ....

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J. Dinsmore. Partitioned Representations. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.

....levels. Suppose that the vendor is interested in dealing with lemons, red apples, green apples, and pineapples, whereas the buyer deals with lemons and apples. From the point of view of the buyer, lemons in the domain of the vendor and lemons in its own 1 Similar notations have been introduced by [8, 16, 5, 13]. domain represent the same object of the real world, both red apples and green apples in the domain of the vendor represent the real world object it represents with the object apples, and nally pineapples in the domain of the vendor doesn t correspond to any object in its own domain. This is ....

J. Dinsmore. Partitioned Representations. Kluwer Academic Publisher, 1991.

....standard practice in software specification, we 1 This notion will be made precise below. 2 As a matter of fact, our proposed framework formalizes ideas which have been exploited in many complex applications developed in various areas of Artificial Intelligence, e.g. computational linguistics [7,27,28], the formalization of opacity and transparency in belief contexts [1] the integration of information coming from heterogeneous data bases [24] planning[20] and multiagent systems [17,19,26,4,5] For the sake of completeness, it must also be said that our approach shares some intuitions with ....

....let MBK be the smallest MBK system. K and MBK are equivalent. The above theorem (similar to Theorem 5:1 in [15] is proved as a corollary of Theorem 29 (see Section 5. 2) The effect of unrestricting reflection down is to allow a very interesting form of reasoning called simulative reasoning in [7], and also implemented in many applications (see, e.g. 7,17] Intuitively, in any MBK system it is possible to (i) make assumptions in C 0 about C 1 s beliefs (e.g. assume C 0 : B( A 1 ) C 0 : B( A n ) ii) evaluate in C 1 the consequences of these assumptions (e.g. infer by ....

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J. Dinsmore. Partitioned Representations. Kluwer Academic Publisher, 1991.

.... in philosophy of language (e.g. 2, 15, 19] In Artificial Intelligence (AI) McCarthy was the first to argue that formalizing context was a necessary step toward the designing of more general computer programs ( 23] but see also [14, 28, 11, 24] Other work comes from cognitive science (e.g. [7, 29, 6, 16]) where context is viewed as a way of structuring knowledge and its usage in problem solving tasks. The motivations and the approaches to the problem of context are very different, and one might even wonder whether there is something as the problem of context, or rather a multiplicity of ....

....[ In other words, the context object can be thought of as the reification of the context dependencies of the sentences associated with the context. 14] p. 6] 2.2. 4 Contexts and (mental) spaces Fauconnier s book on Mental Spaces [7] and Dinsmore s book on Partitioned representations [6] provide a differently motivated approach to context. Fauconnier s work is an investigation on human knowledge representation and linguistic processing; it is meant to explain problems like referential opacity and transparency, specificity of reference, definite reference in discourse, the ....

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J. Dinsmore. Partitioned Representations. Kluwer Academic Publisher, 1991.

....222B) described in An integrated approach to Artificial Intelligence by L. Stringa, IRST technical report No 9012 11) 1 Introduction and motivations It has been argued that knowledge should be structured into sets of facts or theories (often called contexts ) some of the many examples are [12, 21, 10, 45, 7, 32, 29, 48, 5]. In [10, 13] the authors take a further step and introduce a new general kind of formal systems allowing multiple distinct languages and call them MultiLanguage systems (ML systems) In [12] it is argued, in fact, that providing each theory with its own language allows us to give a natural and ....

J. Dinsmore. Partitioned Representations. Kluwer Academic Publisher, 1991.

....B( A ) if and only if it believes A in the view that it has of itself. Relaxing the restrictions, from, e.g. Rdwr to Rdw, amounts to allowing the application of bridge rules to formulas which are not theorems. This kind of reasoning is very similar to the reasoning informally described in [Haa86, Din91] and implemented in many applications. These considerations can be trivially generalized to consider a hierarchy of theories of any depth. Remark 2.1 The effect of adding Rdw to Rupr is to obtain an HMB system, called MBK, where the theory of a is theorem equivalent with the minimal normal modal ....

J. Dinsmore. Partitioned Representations. Kluwer Academic Publisher, 1991.

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J. Dinsmore. Partitioned Representations. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.

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J. Dinsmore. Partitioned Representations. Kluwer Academic Publisher, 1991.

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J. Dinsmore. Partitioned Representations. Kluwer Academic Publisher, 1991.

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J. Dinsmore. Partitioned Representations. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.

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J. Dinsmore. Partitioned Representations. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.

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J. Dinsmore. Partitioned Representations. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.

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J.Dinsmore. Partitioned Representations. Kluwer Academic Publisher, 1991.

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J. Dinsmore. Partitioned Representations. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.

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J. Dinsmore. Partitioned Representations. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.

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J. Dinsmore. Partitioned Representations. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.

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J. Dinsmore. Partitioned Representations. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.

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J. Dinsmore. Partitioned Representations. Kluwer Academic Publisher, 1991.

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