Steve Glassman, Mark Manasse, Martn Abadi, Paul Gauthier, and Patrick Sobalvarro. The Millicent Protocol for Inexpensive Electronic Commerce. In Fourth International World Wide Web Conference, 1995.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....on a link in the delivered page, the user typically loads the selected web page in a standard web browser window and can use all functionality available from web sites, including support for electronic payment. Most current electronic micro payment and macropayment systems, such as Millicent [54] or SET [151, 152, 153, 154] are targeted at web sites. Thus feasible infrastructures are already available and await large scale deployment with web servers. Another security related problem described in Section 3.2.1 is alleviated by this setting: Forging the sender s email address has less ....

....is complicated and not always possible. Thus Minstrel is designed to support e commerce from its initial stage and to provide support for various payment methods and business models. As a proof of concept, Minstrel supports a pay per view business model using the Millicent micro payment protocol [54] (see Section 6.2) as the payment method. Executable content. Minstrel supports the dissemination of executable content that is intended for execution at the receiver (pushlets) Pushlets are Java [4] applications that run inside a secure execution environment to protect the receiver from ....

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S. Glassman, M. Manasse, M. Abadi, P. Gauthier, and P. Sobalvarro. The Millicent Protocol for Inexpensive Electronic Commerce. Fourth International World Wide Web Conference (Boston, Massachusetts, USA). Published as World Wide Web Journal, 1(1). O'Reilly & Associates, Incorporated, November 1995. http://www.w3.org/Conferences/WWW4/ Papers/246/.

....from one proxy server or gatekeeper to another, with the aggregate record presented for billing or collection at call completion by one of the servers, e.g. the caller s proxy server. As an alternative, electronic payment protocols suited for low value transactions, such as the Millicent protocol [22], may be more appropriate for telephone services. Information for these protocols can be carried as part of a multipart sip id MIME type in SIP [23] legacy database PSTN AAA policy server SIP server policy client IT gateway SIP cgi AAA and policy msg. SIP Figure 4: Billing in a ....

S. Glassman, M. Manasse, M. Abadi, P. Gauthier, and P. Sobalvarro, "The millicent protocol for inexpensive electronic commerce," World Wide Web Journal, pp. 603--618, Dec. 1995. Fourth International World Wide Web Conference Proceedings.

....hold an account with the node provider; this account would be debited directly with any usage charges. A credit card account (or some equivalent) could be supplied at session creation time the node provider could make charges to this account. A digital payment scheme such as Millicent [Glassman95] could be employed. In such a scheme, cryptographically signed money certificates may be issued to end users through the services of a broker, and presented to the node provider as payment for resource consumption. For the reasons to be outlined in Section 5.7.2.2, digital cash that can be traced ....

Steve Glassman, Mark Manasse, Martin Abadi, Paul Gauthier, and Patrick Sobalvarro. The Millicent protocol for inexpensive electronic commerce. World Wide Web Journal, 1(1), December 1995. (p 89)

....informally, and motivated, below; they would be formalized via an LGI law in Section 4. The Cash Handling (CH) Policy: Given the possibly small size of payments for services, the use of traditional kind of e cash certificates is not practical. Because, as has been pointed out by Glassman et al. [13], each such certificate would have to be validated by the issuing bank, whenever used, for fear of duplication. This is far too expensive for small payments. We would like, therefore, payments to be carried out just like cash payment in the physical world. This should be possible if the following ....

....taken from one s physical wallet. 4 3. When a payment is obtained by server y, it is to be added to its electronic wallet; and can then be used by orders made by y, or for depositing in y s bank account. This policy would be an improvement over the Millicent protocol devised by Glassman et al. [13] for a similar purpose. Under the Millicent protocol clients use vendor signed scrips for payments. Such scrips are copyable, and thus needs to be validated by the vendor, for every query, which requires a centralized database of valid scrips. Moreover, the vendor has to send a new scrip to the ....

S. Glassman, M. Manasse, M. Abadi, P. Gauthier, and P. Sobalvarro. The Millicent protocol for inexpensive electronic commerce. In Fourth International World Wide Web Conference Proceedings, pages 603--618, December 1995.

.... her his credit card information which is then transmitted to the vendor s site via Secure Socket Layer (SSL) 8] Only very few sites o#er electronic payment via a payment protocol such as Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) 40] Even fewer sites employ micro payment protocols such as Millicent [14]. However, electronic payment is important for e commerce applications because it enables highly relevant new business models. For example, pay per view business models are only possible with electronic payment instruments. Assuming that electronic payment will be employed on a large scale in the ....

....model and the cryptographic mechanisms used are discussed in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 analysis the Minstrel push system which is used as case study for the application of our generalized payment model. The prototype implementation, which covers the Minstrel payment framework and the Millicent [14] micro payment protocol is documented in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 documents several general purpose Java packages which were introduced during implementation of this thesis to facilitate decomposition and reuse. Topics covered are: HTTP client and server, semi automatic user interface generation ....

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S. Glassman, M. Manasse, M. Abadi, P. Gauthier, and P. Sobalvarro. The millicent protocol for inexpensive electronic commerce. volume 1. OREIL., 1995. http://www. w3.org/Conferences/WWW4/Papers/246/.

....Other protocols, called digital cash protocols, are tailored to small purchases in microcommerce applications. Thus, they are useful in facilitating the selling of content, such as web pages, over the Internet. Examples of digital cash protocols are PayWord and MicroMint [12] Compaq s Millicent [2][9] and IBM s Micropayments [5] These protocols need to be regarded as secure before they can win the approval of customers and vendors alike. In spite of this, none of these protocols have been formally specified and verified. In this paper, we address this issue by formally specifying ....

....to the above definitions, every protocol satisfies the closure condition. Thus, to prove that a protocol is secure, it is sufficient to show that the protocol satisfies both the convergence and protection conditions. See sections 5, 7, and 9 below. 4 4 Specification of Millicent In Millicent [2][9] there are two types of parties, customers and vendors. Each customer has a scrip from each vendor and can use this scrip over a period of time to purchase content from that vendor. Thus, each scrip is both customer specific and vendor specific, and has the following fields: identity of the ....

S. Glassman, M. S. Manasse, M. Abadi, P. Gauthier, P. Sobalvarro, "The MilliCent Protocol for Inexpensive Electronic Commerce", Fourth International World Wide Web Conference, Dec. 1995.

....in any previous clearing of the same value instruction. Freshness is ensured by the timestamp t in the ticket. The bank will not accept a re used value instruction unless it is linked to a fresh ticket. The reader will notice that a re used value instruction plus its ticket resemble a Millicent [7] piece of scrip and require a similar amount of processing. The advantage of our scheme over Millicent is that tickets are only required for reused value instructions, which are typically a (small) fraction of the total number of instructions. Note 8 (On clearing tickets) Clearing tickets one by ....

S. Glassman, M. Manasse, M. Abadi, P. Gauthier and P. Sobalvarro, \The Millicent protocol for inexpensive electronic commerce", in World Wide Web Journal, Fourth International World Wide Web Conference Proceedings, O'Reilly, 1995, pp. 603-618.

....scenarios The payment authorization core of the ZiP implementation is formed by the 2KP and 3KP protocols described in the previous section. Additional functionality was added during the implementation phase following the requests of 5Note that most other micro payment protocols such as Millicent [23] and NetBill [24] gain their efficiency through the use of shared key cryptosystems and therefore require complete trust in the payment system provider. the target user community. The actual ZiP protocol suite includes four protocol scenarios: 1. Payment Authorization (2KP and 3KP augmented with ....

Steve Glassman, Mark Manasse, Martin Abadi, Paul Gauthier, and Patrick Sobalvarro, "The millicent protocol for inexpensive electronic commerce," in Fourth International Conference on the World-Wide Web, MIT, Boston, Dec. 1995.

....the value of the relationship. The possible savings in computation time may become smaller than the added risks and operational costs due to dispute resolution and customer support. Proposals for micropayment systems using MAC instead of digital signatures include NetBill [CTS95] and MilliCent [M95, GM 95]. Use public key signature algorithm that is substantially more efficient than [RSA] or [DSA] There were several proposals of significantly more efficient public key signature schemes, e.g. S93] However, none of these schemes has yet gained sufficient adoption, and the amount of ....

Steve Glassman, Mark Manasse, Martin Abadi, Paul Gauthier, and Patrick Sobalvarro. The Millicent Protocol for Inexpensive Electronic Commerce. In World Wide Web Journal, Fourth International World Wide Web Conference Proceedings, pages 603-618. O'Reilly, December 1995.

....can make revenue from the low value transactions. To support various business models (pay per view, volume based, time based, etc. in Minstrel we have developed a flexible payment framework. As a proof of concept of this framework we have implemented a pay per view pay model using the Millicent [7, 16] micro payment protocol [29] Millicent targets small value transaction, is scalable, anonymous and secure. For purchases Millicent uses electronic tokens, so called scrip, and it guarantees that scrip cannot be tampered with, stolen or spent multiple times. On the Internet, scrip can represent ....

..... 67 iv CONTENTS List of Figures 3.1 The Millicent payment model [19] 16 3.2 Scrip structure . 17 3. 3 Master Scrip Secret and Certificate [16] . 18 3.4 Re computation and check of certificate [16] 20 3.5 Customer Secret and Master Customer Secret [16] 21 3.6 Secure without encryption [16] ....

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Steve Glassman, Mark Manasse, Martin Abadi, Paul Gauthier, and Patrick Sobalvarro. The Millicent Protocol for inexpensive Electronic Commerce. In Fourth International World Wide Web Proceedings, volume 1, pages 603--618. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1995. http://www.w3.org/Conferences/WWW4/Papers/246/.

....all gain or loss may not offset the advantages. We study a number of optimisations to an electronic payment system, ranging from a provably correct, lossless optimisation to efficient but lossy optimisations. Most micro payment systems involve three parties: brokers, merchants and customers [2, 5, 8]. The role of the broker is to exchange real money for tokens. The broker provides services to the customers and the merchants and as such should be the most trusted party of the system. The merchant delivers services or goods to the customer in exchange for tokens and as such should be trusted ....

....and transmitting a sequence of random numbers can be relatively inefficient. However, this is only done during registration; during payment transactions only a single random number is transferred in clear. Systems that use cryptographic computations during every transaction, such as Millicent [2] and Mini Pay [5] are inherently less efficient than QuickPay but possibly more secure. Micro payment systems raise a number of interesting questions because they differ from normal payment systems. The present paper makes the following contributions to the understanding of micro payment systems ....

S. Glassman, M. Manasse, M. Abadi, P. Gauthier, and P. G. Sobalvarro. The millicent protocol for inexpensive electronic commerce. In 4th International World Wide Web Conf., pages 603--618, Boston, Massachusetts, Dec 1995. World Wide Web Journal. www.research.digital.com/ SRC/ staff/ msm/ bio.html.

....the example simple we do not describe here the case when the vendor declines a PO If the client cancelled in time then, by Rule L12 the virtual agent is removed. 13 enterprises. What is new about this concept of virtual agent, relative to the conventional concept of a trusted intermediary [4, 6, 10], is (a) its dynamic and ephemeral nature, which contributes to scalability; and (b) while operating under the contract law, a virtual agent interoperates with agents operating under the laws of the individual enterprises. Due to lack of space we were not able to deal in this paper with a ....

S. Glassman, M. Manasse, M. Abadi, P. Gauthier, and P. Sobalvarro. The Millicent protocol for inexpensive electronic commerce. In Fourth International World Wide Web Conference Proceedings, pages 603--618, December 1995.

.... digital money scheme debit based or credit based Is it designed for large payments or small payments Is framing problem (the act of having the bank cheat) prevented and if so how Is the scheme an online or o ine scheme In literature di erent proposals to implement digital money are presented [1, 6, 9, 12, 13, 15, 18, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33]. They di er in the way they handle the problem of divisibility, and in the way they assure privacy. But the main problem of digital money is double spending. Digital nature of money makes it easy to copy and use again. That is why unless cumbersome and costly online checking systems are used, ....

....key. This will violate the customer s privacy. A better solution to framing problem can be found in [15] For small payments communication and computational overhead is of concern. To reduce computation some less secure schemes, which are suitable only for small payments, has been introduced [12, 13, 23, 24, 27, 28, 32, 33]. Of these schemes MicroMint has interesting properties. It is based on a service provider who has enough computational power to prepare digital coins. The scheme is based on the economy of scale. It is easier and cheaper to produce lots of digital coins, which constitute hash collisions. An ....

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Steve Glassman, Mark Manasse, Martin Abadi, Paul Gauthier, and Patrick Sobalvarro. The Millicent protocol for inexpensive electronic commerce. In World Wide Web Journal, Fourth International World Wide Web Conference Proceedings, pages 603-618. O'Reilly, December 1995. URL : http://www.millicent.org/html/papers/millicent- w3c4/millicent.html

....Chaum, Fiat and Naor ( 7] also see [9] research contributions have tended either to introduce new features into existing payment paradigms or to address stronger attack models. Among the new features recently introduced are o line payments [2, 3, 14] divisibility [27, 20] and micro payments [17, 18, 23, 25, 28, 33]. Examples of stronger attack models or improved protection against attacks include tamper resistance [10] provable security against forgery [24] fairness [19] probabilistic on line veri cation [23, 37] and revocable anonymity [4, 5, 6, 12, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 26, 30, 31, 32, 34, 36] In all ....

S. Glassman, M. Manasse, M. Abadi, P. Gauthier and P. Sobalvarro, "The Millicent Protocol for Inexpensive Electronic Commerce," In World Wide Web Journal, Fourth International World Wide Web Conference Proceedings, O'Reilly, December 1995, pp. 603-618.

....systems share similar goals, the manner in which they achieve those goals can vary considerably. We will briefly examine two additional micropayment systems and highlight the major differences between these systems and MicroMint. 2.2. 1 Millicent Overview Digital Equipment s Millicent [6] is one of the most widely publicized micropayment systems, and is currently undergoing public trials. The Millicent system is based on data packages called scrip, which can represent various amounts of money. Unlike MicroMint, Millicent scrip begins with the vendor, which either generates its own ....

....can be invoked by two separate methods, there are two different techniques for implementing this click and pay action. Click and Pay Technique 1 Hidden Plug in The first method for implementing click and pay is through a hidden plug in. This technique is somewhat similar to how Millicent [6] and CyberCoin [1] are implemented. 1. First, the user clicks on a normal link on a web page, which references a page of payable content. 35 2. Next, the server calls the MicroMint vendor plug in function, purpx#vp. v#. As described above, if the requested file is not payable, the server ....

Glassman, S., et al. "The Millicent Protocol for Inexpensive Electronic Commerce." In World Wide Web Journal, Fourth International World Wide Web Conference Proceedings, pages 603-618. O'Reilly, December 1995. http://www.research.digital.com/SRC/personal/steveg/millicent/millicent.html

....a set of signed descriptions linked with restriction specified incomplete complete links. Finally, this paper proposes a set of common ticket processing components. 1. Introduction A number of electronic payment schemes [1] such as encrypted credit cards [17] digital cash [8] and micropayments [5] [16] have been designed and established for Internet commerce. However, in the opposite flow of the payment, i.e. goods or products to the consumer, we depend on a physical delivery system except for a few types of digital contents, e.g. images, sounds, and computer software. Any goods that can ....

S. Glassman, M. Manasse, M. Abadi, P. Gauthier, and P. Sobalvarro, "The Millicent Protocol for Inexpensive Electronic Commerce," In Proceedings of WWW4, http://www.w3.org/Conferences/ WWW4/Papers/246/

....protocols described in the previous section. Additional functionality was added during the implementation phase following the requests of the target user community. The actual ZiP protocol suite includes four protocol scenarios: 5 Note that most other micro payment protocols such as Millicent [23] and NetBill [24] gain their e#ciency through the use of shared key cryptosystems and therefore require complete trust in the payment system provider. 1. Payment Authorization (2KP and 3KP augmented with cancellation option) 2. Separate Payment Clearance (Capture) 6 3. Refunds 4. Inquiry B. ....

Steve Glassman, Mark Manasse, Martin Abadi, Paul Gauthier, and Patrick Sobalvarro, "The millicent protocol for inexpensive electronic commerce," in Fourth International Conference on theWorld-WideWeb, MIT, Boston, Dec. 1995.

....Computational markets rely on some form of currency exchange. At the most basic form, an agent s currency represents its potential to act in the network. At a higher level, the currency might represent actual legal tender necessitating security and cryptographically veri able electronic cash [12,21]. In this paper, however, we address a di erenttype of economic market where the seller s role is subdued and the competition for the resources is solely between the agents. This situation occurs in semi closed systems such as military networks, corporate intranets, or open systems where the users ....

S. Glassman, M. Manasse, M. Abadi, P. Gauthier, and P. Sobalvarro. The Millicent protocol for inexpensive electronic commerce. ##### #### ### #######, 1(1), Winter 1996.

....are going to expand rapidly. The definition of the SET protocol (see [4] by a group of credit cards providers is a definite sign of this expected growth. Among the variety of payment schemes that have been proposed recently, several address the very specific question of micropayments (see [1, 2, 6]) Such payments arise in the context of the Internet when an individual user is browsing around and wish to access resources for which a small payment appears adequate. Of course, this can be done through some subscription scheme but it is very likely that such solutions will not meet the needs ....

....might use the rights granted by the broker in order to buy more than what was originally agreed. 2. On the customer s side, the risk of having his rights stolen by a sniffing attacker and or of being improperly billed by the broker. Otherproposals also address these problems: in Millicent (see [1]) they are solved by a systematic use of secret key cryptography, both on the user s side and on the provider s side. Thus, a key management rather heavily enters the picture. In Payword( 2] Rivest and Shamir, following a design independently imagined by many researchers, use public key in ....

S. Glassman, M. Manasse, M. Abadi, P. Gauthier, P. Sobalvarro. The Millicent protocol for inexpensive electronic commerce. In World Wide Web Journal, Fourth International World Wide Web Conference Proceedings, pp. 603--618, O'Reilly, 1995.

....transfer. Status There is already an existing software system for the use of ecash and several banks issuing ecash in their national currencies, such as the Mark Twain Bank (USA) Eunet (Finland) Deutsche Bank (Germany) and St. George Bank (Australia) 4. 2 Millicent Millicent [5][6] is aimed at the micropayment portion of Internet commerce, where transactions could involve fractions of a cent and are made very quickly. Given these constraints, micropayment techniques must be both inexpensive and fast. Achieving both requires certain compromises, such as relatively ....

....The information given by the terminal in the first step is encoded by the card into the payment slip (M) 6. When the payment has been finalised, the terminal sends an acknowledgement to the card, which then updates its counters. 1] Insert card [2] Regenerate Payslip [3] Send Blank Payslip [6] Verify ACK [5] Signed Payslip (M) Customer Merchant [4] Verify Bank s Signature Figure 4 The CAFE flow of interactions for the payment phase Deposit: on accepting a payment slip, the payee forwards it to the acquirer (at a later date) who in turn clears it through the existing financial ....

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S. Glassman, M. Manasse, M.Abadi, P. Gauthier, P. Sobalvaro, "The Millicent Protocol for Inexpensive Electronic Commerce", Fourth International World Wide Web Conference, Boston, December 11-14, 1995

....metrics and payment methods that may be desirable in a given ISP. Usage metrics may be, e.g. elapsed or usage time, or number of bytes or packets transmitted. Payment methods may be offline (e.g. cash or credit card) or online (e.g. eCash [9] SET [29] IBM Micro Payments [16] or Millicent [12]) The ISP architecture de fines a carefully designed protocol that supports these and other options. In particular, the ISP protocol does not require modifications in online payment method implementations, because the protocol automatically and securely binds online payment (however implemented) ....

....[19] IPSec is supported by most current operating systems, including Windows 2000, NT 5, and Linux. ffl Use of existing online payment method implementations. There are many proposals for online payment methods (e.g. eCash [9] SET [29] CyberCash [3] IBM Micro Payments [16] or Millicent [12]) Some proposals are proprietary and no proposal has achieved wide use. Embedding specific online payment methods into ISP implementations would therefore involve considerable licensing and maintenance difficulties. These difficulties are avoided by ISP s secure binding of payments received by ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

S. Glassman, M. Manasse, M. Abadi, P. Gauthier and P. Sobalvarro. "The Millicent Protocol for Inexpensive Electronic Commerce," in Proc. 4th Intl. World Wide Web Conference, W3C, Boston, MA, Dec. 1995. Available at http://www.w3.org/conferences/WWW4/.

....Chaum, Fiat and Naor ( 7] also see [9] research contributions have tended either to introduce new features into existing payment paradigms or to address stronger attack models. Among the new features recently introduced are off line payments [2, 3, 14] divisibility [27, 20] and micro payments [17, 18, 23, 25, 28, 33]. Examples of stronger attack models or improved protection against attacks include tamper resistance [10] provable security against forgery [24] fairness [19] probabilistic on line verification [23, 37] and revocable anonymity [4, 5, 6, 12, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 26, 30, 31, 32, 34, 36] In all ....

S. Glassman, M. Manasse, M. Abadi, P. Gauthier and P. Sobalvarro, "The Millicent Protocol for Inexpensive Electronic Commerce," In World Wide Web Journal, Fourth International World Wide Web Conference Proceedings, O'Reilly, December 1995, pp. 603--618.

....like the credit card system are not fit to handle large numbers of small payments, because the overhead per transaction is relatively high. The problem of high costs for a financial transaction has been researched extensively. This research resulted in various solutions to allow micro payments [11,12]. A micro payment is a financial transaction with a very low (fractions of a cent) overhead. This makes micro payments suitable for paying very small amounts of money. Another problem with off line back charging is that this approach requires every content provider to have an administrative ....

....to the client. As a result, the per transaction cost should be very low; in fact it should be considerably lower than the cost of the transportation of the free content itself. Therefore, the requirement of very low transaction overhead costs as it is found in micro payment transaction systems [11,12] applies here very strongly as well. Another scalability issue concerns the number of required trust relations between ISPs. A design where every pair of ISPs is required to have a formal bilateral business agreement before they can send reverse charged traffic, will not scale. If the number ....

Steve Glassman, Mark Manasse, Martin Abadi, Paul Gauthier, and Patrick Sobalvarro, "The Millicent protocol for Inexpensive Electronic Commerce", In World Wide Web Journal, Fourth International World Wide Web Conference Proceedings, pp. 603-618, O'Reilly, 1995.

.... CEPS e o ine none public key tamper resistant NetCash [22] online unlinkable shared key only none Anonymous credit cards [23, 24] online unlinkable public key none Micropayments NetBill [25] online none shared key only none CAFE Ticks [26] o ine none OWHF f none MilliCent [27] online none sharedkey OWHF none iKP [28] o ine none publickey OWHF none IBM Micro Payments [29] g o ine none public key none Table 1: Information Sources for Representative Payment Systems a proposed or existing standards are indicated in boldface. b by FSTC, ....

....to secure them. One solution is to use at fee subscription services. Another more exible approach is the use of micropayment systems. As mentioned in Section 4.3 such micropayments achieve eciency only based on some compromises. Two very prominent examples of micropayment systems are MilliCent [27] and IBM Micro Payments [29] previously known as Minipay ) While the former gains its speed by putting complete trust in the payment system provider, the latter achieves its eciency relying on the assumption that in the case of small payments a posteriori fraud detection is sucient. A number ....

Steve Glassman, Mark Manasse, Martin Abadi, Paul Gauthier, and Patrick Sobalvarro. The MilliCent protocol for inexpensive electronic commerce. In Fourth International Conference on the World-Wide Web, MIT, Boston, December 1995.

....as more and more trading partners turn to electronic commerce, enterprises are practically forced to join the trend, in order to adapt to the new reality. Current research on electronic commerce focused mainly on fair and efficient transfer of money and goods between a client and a vendor [13, 2, 8]. Inter enterprise electronic commerce, though, bestows a more complex setting on the trade by adding a new dimension to the individual merchant frame. The parties involved in a purchase are no longer Work supported in part by ITECC, Information Technology and Electronic Commerce Clinic, Rutgers ....

S. Glassman, M. Manasse, M. Abadi, P. Gauthier, and P. Sobalvarro. The Millicent protocol for inexpensive electronic commerce. In Fourth International World Wide Web Conference Proceedings, pages 603--618, December 1995.

....like the credit card system are not fit to handle large numbers of small payments, because the overhead per transaction is relatively high. The problem of high costs for a financial transaction has been researched extensively. This research resulted in various solutions to allow micro payments [11,12]. A micro payment is a financial transaction with a very low (fractions of a cent) overhead. This makes micro payments suitable for paying very small amounts of money. Another problem with off line back charging is that this approach requires every content provider to have an administrative ....

....to the client. As a result, the per transaction cost should be very low; in fact it should be considerably lower than the cost of the transportation of the free content itself. Therefore, the requirement of very low transaction overhead costs as it is found in micro payment transaction systems [11,12] applies here very strongly as well. Another scalability issue concerns the number of required trust relations between ISPs. A design where every pair of ISPs is required to have a formal bilateral business agreement before they can send reverse charged traffic, will not scale. If the number of ....

Steve Glassman, Mark Manasse, Martin Abadi, Paul Gauthier, and Patrick Sobalvarro, "The Millicent protocol for Inexpensive Electronic Commerce ", In World Wide Web Journal, Fourth International World Wide Web Conference Proceedings, pp. 603-618, O'Reilly, 1995.

....at prices in the range 0.1 100 cents, for example to charge users for Web page access, email transmissions or Internet phone calls. Most existing payment schemes such as credit card transactions are too expensive for these purposes. Here we describe the solution offered by the Millicent scheme [Glassman et al. 1995]. The scheme employs the simple form of secret key based digital signature to reduce its computational cost. Encryption is used only where privacy is required. Existing payment systems and their drawbacks The authors of the Millicent protocol have summarized the drawbacks of the payment methods ....

Glassman,S., Manasse, M., Abadi, M., Gauthier, P. and Sobalvarro, P. (1995) The Millicent Protocol for Inexpensive Electronic Commerce, Fourth International WWW Conference, December. http://www.millicent.com/works/details/papers/millice nt-w3c4/millicent.html

....also provide the auditor with the means to forge results en masse. The scheme we offer below has means for efficient probabilistic auditing that does not suffer from this drawback. Finally, the concept of light weight security has been used in a number of micro payment schemes (beginning with [10]) 3 Requirements Our goal in this paper is to provide a scheme for automatically metering client accesses to a web site in an auditable way. Our design stems from the following desirable requirements: 1. In order for our scheme to be widely accepted, no change should be required of clients, ....

S. Glassman, M. Manasse, M. Abadi, P. Gauthier, and P. Sobalvarro. The Millicent Protocol for Inexpensive Electronic Commerce. In Proc. 4th International World Wide Web Conference, pages 603--618, December 1995. http://www.research.digital.com/SRC/millicent.

....also provide the auditor with the means to forge results en masse. The scheme we offer below has means for efficient probabilistic auditing that does not suffer from this drawback. Finally, the concept of light weight security has been used in a number of micro payment schemes (beginning with [7]) 3 Requirements Our goal in this paper is to provide a scheme for automatically metering client accesses to a web site in an auditable way. Our design stems from the following desirable requirements: 1. In order for our scheme to be widely accepted, no change should be required of clients, ....

S. Glassman, M. Manasse, M. Abadi, P. Gauthier, and P. Sobalvarro. The Millicent Protocol for Inexpensive Electronic Commerce. In Proc. 4th International World Wide Web Conference, pages 603--618, December 1995. http://www.research.digital.com/SRC/millicent.

....ruling of the law for this event. 3.2 Ticket Based Payment Policy an Example Consider the following token based payment policy for the use a database accessed via a set of distributed servers: Consider a distributed database that charges a fixed, and small, fee per query. Now, as is well known [4], e cash certificates are not suitable for small payments, because each such certificate needs to be created by a bank, and each needs to be validated by the issuer, for fear of duplication. Therefore, let the payment be carried out according to the following policy: A prospective client c can ....

....and management of such heterogeneous agents, and the maintenance of their trustworthiness, may be difficult. Also, Su and Tygar [14] used trusted agents to solve certain fault tolerance problems. Examples of other electronic commerce applications that use non generic trusted agents are Millicent [4] and NetBill [12] In Millicent, client pay vendor with vendor s scrip obtained from a broker. The brokers are entities trusted to perform all exchanges correctly. In the latter protocol, Sirbu and Tygar propose a business model where merchants and clients open accounts with a NetBill server, ....

S. Glassman, M. Manasse, M. Abadi, P. Gauthier, and P. Sobalvarro. The Millicent protocol for inexpensive electronic commerce. In Fourth International World Wide Web Conference Proceedings, pages 603--618, December 1995.

....security mechanism in the virtual realm, where each individual forgery requires a modest but non trivial computational effort, can be adequate for preventing large scale fraud in practical applications. A number of micro payment schemes have been designed in this manner (beginning with [7]) Note also that lightweight and heavyweight security mechanisms can be combined. In the physical world, one s valuables might be protected by a cheap lock on the front door, and a burglar alarm, and recorded serial numbers, and the threat of arrest. A similar blend of security mechanisms can ....

S. Glassman, M. Manasse, M. Abadi, P. Gauthier, and P. Sobalvarro. The Millicent Protocol for Inexpensive Electronic Commerce. In Proc. 4th International World Wide Web Conference, pages 603--618, December 1995. http://www.research.digital.com/SRC/millicent.

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S. Glassman, M. Manasse, M. Abadi, P. Gauthier, and P. Sobalvarro. The Millicent protocol for inexpensive electronic commerce, December 1995.

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S. Glassman, M. Manasse, M. Abadi, P. Gauthier, and P. Sobalvarro. The Millicent protocol for inexpensive electronic commerce, December 1995.

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