B.D. Noble, M. Price, and M. Satyanarayanan, "A Programming Interface for Application-aware Adaptation in Mobile Computing", Proc. 2nd USENIX Symposium on Mobile and Location-Independent Computing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Apr. 1995.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....48] These limitations of application level optimization reveal the necessity for system support for power management. System support for application level optimizations An example of operating system support for application aware power management and resource management in general is Odyssey [17, 42, 43]. Odyssey monitors resource availability, noti es applications of relevant changes and enforces resource allocation decisions. The application decides the way that it should react upon a change noti cation. Odyssey is implemented at user level, but communicates with collaborating applications ....

Noble, B., Price, M., and Satyanarayanan, M. A Programming Interface for Application-Aware Adaptation in Mobile Computing. In Proceedings of the Second USENIX Symposium on Mobile and LocationIndependent Computing (Feb. 1995).

....application. It lacks central control over potentially incompatible resource demands of different applications to enforce limits on resource usage. It also makes applications more difficult to implement and to upgrade. The latter approach, referred to as application transparent adaptation [10], puts all the adaptation responsibility on the system. The drawback here is that there may be situations in which the adaptation performed by the system is inadequate or even counter productive. To overcome the drawbacks of those two approaches, researchers have tried to find a balance point in ....

Noble, B. D., Price, M., and Satyanarayanan, M. A programming interface for application-aware adaptation in mobile computing. In Proceedings of Second USENIX Symposium on Mobile and Location Independent Computing (Ann Arbor, April 1995), pp. 57--66.

....of each application and determine the level of change that may be possible without violating its specified lower limit. This together with the fact that one has to consider multiple types of resources, make this impractical. 2. 2 Adaptable Approach In the case of adaptable approaches [Bolot94,Cen95,Davies94,Fall95,Noble96], instead of maintaining negotiated levels of QoS during the entire life time of a session, the applications attempt to provide best possible QoS level with the available resources. They detect changes in resource availability by monitoring either their own performance or certain system ....

Noble, B., Price, M. and Satyanarayanan, M. (1996) "A Program ming Interface for Application-Aware Adaptation Mobile Computing", Computing Systems, 8(4), pp 23 - 31 .

....reducing the unnecessary energy use by 50 to 80 . The radio controller monitors packets sent and received over the wireless interface and learns a policy for turning the radio on and off. Other studies have used transcoding or addressed systems that admit loss allowing communication protocols [16, 17, 18] by adapting the protocol to changes in the data link layer. The goal of the network layer is to maintain connectivity to all participants for the longest period while meeting QoS guarantees. In [19] Singh analyzes link metrics that lead to increasing the life of nodes. Appropriate metrics lead ....

B. D. Noble, M. Price, and M. Satyanarayanan. A programming interface for application-aware adaptation in mobile computing. Computing Systems, 8(4), 1995. Also as technical report CMU-CS-95-119, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University.

....to provide a set of solutions catering to the di#erent application needs. 5. 2 Mobile Computing An emerging theme in mobile computing is that application aware adaptation is essential for coping with wide variations in network conditions and limited local resource availability brought by mobility [34, 35]. The need for network awareness and services that expose mobility to the application was identified by many others [23, 13, 22, 43] Katz, for instance, noted the need for adaptation of mobile systems to a variety of network environments [23] Davies et al. emphasized the need for protocols to ....

Brian D. Noble, Morgan Price, and Mahadev Satyanarayanan. A programming interface for application-aware adaptation in mobile computing. In Proceedings of the Second USENIX Symposium on Mobile and LocationIndependent Computing, Ann Arbor, Michigan, April 1995.

....at the operating system level. The user typically just makes a few high level decisions and applications typically just reduce their use of components. One way to get the advantages of application level management without most associated disadvantages is to use application aware adaptation [2, 3]. In such a system, each application explicitly tells the operating system what its future needs are, and the operating system notifies each application whenever there is a change in the state of the system relevant to energy management decisions. Thus, if an energy management strategy has to be ....

....is high, so that less transmission time is wasted sending packets that will be dropped [7] Of course, if data transmission is ceased altogether, probing packets must be sent occasionally so that the unit can determine when the channel becomes good again. Yet another strategy is to have servers [3] or proxies [50] use information about client machine characteristics and data semantics to provide mobile clients with versions of that data with reduced fidelity and smaller size; this reduces the amount of energy mobile clients must expend to receive the data. For example, a data server might ....

B. D. Noble, M. Price, and M. Satyanarayanan, "A programming interface for application-aware adaptation in mobile computing," Computing Sys., vol. 8, no. 4, 1995, pp. 345--363.

.... and implementation of both system and application software [2] A challenging issue is to determine the interface and the guarantees that the system software must provide to the developers of both location independentand location dependent (context aware) 3] applications on mobile networks [4]. This has resulted in research on adaptive applications and system software which can gracefully respond to changes in operating conditions [5] There are several articles which have identified the fundamental challenges in mobile computing [6] 7] 8] Figure 1 provides a one line summary of ....

Brian D. Noble, Morgan Price, and M. Satyanarayanan. A programming interface for application-aware adaptation in mobile computing. Technical Report CMU-CS-95-119, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, February 1995.

....model [Friday,96] 38 2.9: The ANSA engineering model [APM,89] 40 2.10: The MOST application prototype [Friday,96] 41 2. 11: The Odyssey client architecture [Noble,95] 45 2.12: The Rover architecture [Joseph,95] 47 3.1: Quality of Service can encompass many things . 58 4.1: Tuple space communications ....

....by providing mobile file systems which would enable existing applications to be used on hosts that were disconnected from their home network. Some examples of the systems which emerged from this work are Bayou [Demers,94] CODA [Mummert,95] the LittleWork file system [Honeyman,91] and Odyssey [Noble,95] The typical approach employed by the above solutions is to pre fetch a working set of files from the network and cache them on the mobile host. File updates are logged and, when the host reconnects to the network, the file system attempts to reconcile changes to each file with those changes at ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

B. D. Noble, M. Price and M. Satyanarayanan, "A Programming Interface for Application-Aware Adaptation in Mobile Computing", Proceedings of the 2nd USENIX Symposium on Mobile and Location-Independent Computing (MLIC '95), Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S., 10th-1 lth April 1995, pp 57-66.

....both serial links and LAN, using system configurations with and without our system. 1. 5 Our Contribution Previous work has focused on providing support for either semi connected operation (see [BB94] YB94] and [KRA94] or adaption to changes in the environment of a mobile host (see [HH95] and [NPS95] Our main contribution is providing the design and implementation of a system that integrates support for semi connected operation with support for adaption. Furthermore, we have enhanced the support for semi connected operation and adaption. The enhancements can be characterised as follows: ....

....does not necessarily have to be transmitted while the MH is operating semi connected CHAPTER 2. MOBILE HOST SUPPORT ISSUES 32 2.3.4 Application Aware Adaption The environment of mobile clients, that is clients running on a MH, tends to be very dynamic in nature. The purpose of the work done by [NPS95] has been to develop an adaptive data access approach, which dynamically conforms to the limitations of individual clients and their current environment. 4 It is argued that adaptive data access is best achieved through a collaborative effort between the applications and the underlying system, ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Brian D. Noble, Morgan Price, and M. Satyanarayanan. A Programming Interface for Application-Aware Adaption in Mobile Computing. Computing Systems, 8(4), 1995.

....after a handoff [22] This approach however does not support link characterization between handoffs or multiple services. Another related proposal specifies an adaptation interface for mobility aware applications that notifies applications when available bandwidth deviates from a given range [23]. An application supporting multiple encodings of its data would select a bandwidth range for each, switching encodings whenever the available bandwidth moved into another range. This interface is not appropriate for the link layer, as it requires end to end signaling and per application state, ....

B. D. Noble, M. Price, M. Satyanarayanan, A programming interface for applicationaware adaptation in mobile computing, in: Proceedings of the 2nd USENIX Symposium on Mobile and Location-Independent Computing, 1995, pp. 57--66. 23

....asymmetry of program superposition while retaining its usefulness as a program interface mechanism. 6. Related Work and Conclusions A number of researchers are actively involved in creating environments for mobile aware applications. This issue is discussed by Noble, Price, and Satyanarayanan in [8], and by Badrinath in [1, 2, 3] Badrinath describes the overall impact of mobility on distributed applications in [1] and explains how traditional distributed algorithms typically rely on a fixed pattern of connectivity among nodes. In [2] he describes a programming methodology for mobile ....

....for mobile applications that pushes as much of the computation as possible into the fixed infrastructure. He stresses the importance of mobile aware applications in [3] and presents a framework for delivering notifications about changes in the dynamic mobile environment to applications. Noble [8] describes an interface for mobile aware applications that allows them to more carefully manage the scarce and unpredictable resources of the mobile computer such as bandwidth and connectivity. These strategies for the design of mobile aware applications either attempt to remove the dynamic ....

Noble, B. D., Price, M., and Satyanarayanan, M., A Programming Interface for Application-Aware Adaptation in Mobile Computing, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Technical Report CMU-CS-95-119, 1995.

....is unaware of any adaptation. Application based adaptation allows both data and control adaptation, while system based adaptation is limited to data adaptation. Another approach that tries to strike a middle ground between system and applicationbased adaptation is application aware adaptation [38 40]. Here, the system provides some CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 3 common adaptation facilities, and serves as a centralized locus of control for the adaptation of all applications. The applications are modified to implement control adaptations and to perform calls to an adaptation API provided by the ....

....limitations into account when designing an application and the protocols that it uses, the result will be slow or unusable, and use excessive amounts of the device s limited memory and battery power. There is much research that tries to address these limitations in client server applications [28, 33, 37, 38, 46]. One approach is to insert a new entity into the client server model of computation. The client proxy server model of communication has been used quite successfully in the past to support a variety of applications [28, 31, 34] Instead of transmitting directly to a mobile device, a server can ....

B. D. Noble, M. Price, and M. Satyanarayanan, "A programming interface for applicationaware adaptation in mobile computing," Second USENIX Symposium on Mobile and Location Independent Computing Proceedings, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1995. http://www.usenix.org/publications/library/proceedings/mob95/noble.html

....after a handoff [21] This approach however does not support link characterization between handoffs or multiple services. Another related proposal is an adaptation interface for mobility aware applications that notifies applications when their available bandwidth deviates from a specified range [22]. An application supporting multiple encodings of its data stream selects a bandwidth range for each, and switches encodings whenever the available bandwidth moves into another range. This interface is not appropriate for the link layer, as it requires end to end signaling and per application ....

Noble, B, Price, M., Satyanarayanan, M.: A programming interface for application-aware adaptation in mobile computing. Proc. of the 2nd USENIX Symposium on Mobile and Location-Independent Computing (1995) 57--66

....major shopping district, advertisements of sales (translated by your notebook into English) pop up on your display. One of these interests you, and you walk into the store and purchase a gift. The store clerk obtains your travel itinerary IEEE Personal Communications . February 1996 26 1070 9916 96 05.00 1996 IEEE T This research was supported by the Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC) and ARPA under contract number F196828 93 C 0193. Additional support was provided by the IBM Corp. Digital Equipment Corp. Intel Corp. Xerox Corp. and AT T Corp. The views and conclusions contained ....

....then by members of the Coda project. Work on the extensions for weak connectivity began in 1993. The transport protocol extensions and rapid cache validation mechanism have been in regular use for over a year. The trickle reintegration and user advice mechanisms were implemented between 1994 and early 1995, and have recently been released for general use. A prototype implementation of IOT support in Coda has been completed. An evaluation of this prototype based on controlled experiments confirms that the resource demands of IOTs are indeed acceptable in a mobile environment. This prototype now ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

B. Noble, M. Price and M., Satyanarayanan, "Programming Interface for Application-Aware Adaptation in Mobile Computing," Proc. 1995 USENIX Symp. on Mobile and Location-Independent Computing, Ann Arbor, MI, Apr. 1995.

....enhancement technique for instruction processing at CPU level. Many of these techniques are described in standard textbooks such as [Tane92] and [Silb93] Recently some of these ideas have been revisited in an effort to improve performance of mobile computing applications. The work of [Tait91] and [Nobl95] is significant in this regard. Caching, especially community caching, has been recognized as viable way to reduce traffic on Internet backbone. The Harvest caching system described in [Bowm94] is an example of such a scheme. The Harvest system is an integrated set of tools for replicating and ....

B. Noble, M. Price and M. Satyanarayanan, "A Programming Interface for ApplicationAware Adaptation in Mobile Computing", Second USENIX Symposium on Mobile and Location-Independent Computing, Ann Arbor, MI., April 1995.

....24, 42] A consortium of companies has developed a specification [20] that addresses the lower level OS device interface, providing one model for gross system wide power states and per component power states as a basis for the development of OS directed power management. Recent work with Odyssey [37, 11] demonstrates how system support for application aware adaptation can benefit energy efficiency. Common themes that appear in these power management strategies are the identification prediction of idleness in the activity patterns of a component and techniques that attempt to change those ....

B. Noble, M. Price, and M. Satyanarayanan. A programming interface for application-aware adaptation in mobile computing. Computing Systems, 8(4):345--363, 1995.

....consuming exercise. That can be overcome by incorporating the ability to detect or infer changes in the operating environment, and the changes that need to take place in response to these variations, into the application. A number of implementations based on this principle have also been reported [4, 5, 6] Proponents of the first scheme [7] argue that adaptive applications are unstable, complex and cannot completely deal with fluctuations in available resources. The proponents of the second schemes [8] argue that adaptive applications provide the highest fidelity, graceful degradation and are ....

....level because the system would need to know every simple applications need. With an effectively infinite variety of applications this is not realistic. Classing the needs of each application by the media they use is also inappropriate. The video play back and video editor example provided in [6] illustrate this clearly. The main requirement of the video player is to keep good synchronisation between voice and video, while the video editor expects precise editing and therefore needs a guarantee on every frame, because is to be seen by users. The expected degradation scheme should then be ....

B. D. Noble, M. Price, and M. Satyanarayanan, "A Programming Interface for Application-Aware Adaptation in Mobile Computing", 2nd USENIX Symposium on Mobile and Location Independent Computing, Michigan, April 95.

....consuming exercise. That can be overcome by incorporating the ability to detect or infer changes in the operating environment, and the changes that need to take place in response to these variations, into the application. A number of implementations based on this principle have also been reported [4, 5, 6] Proponents of the first scheme [7] argue that adaptive applications are unstable, complex and cannot completely deal with fluctuations in available resources. The proponents of the second schemes [8] argue that adaptive applications provide the highest fidelity, graceful degradation and are ....

....the system level because the system would need to know every applications needs. With an effectively infinite variety of applications this is not realistic. Classing the needs of each application by the media they use is also inappropriate. The video play back and video editor example provided in [6] illustrates this clearly. The main requirement of the video player is to keep good synchronisation between voice and video, while the video editor expects precise editing and therefore needs a guarantee that every frame is seen by users. So, applications can use the same media and have different ....

B. D. Noble, M. Price, and M. Satyanarayanan, "A Programming Interface for Application-Aware Adaptation in Mobile Computing", in Proc. 2nd USENIX Symposium on Mobile and Location Independent Computing, Michigan, April 1995.

....on higher level assistants that through short term interaction provide added value for mobile users. The TeleWeb system draws influence from work in a number of areas. This includes adaptive mobile systems work done at Columbia [Schilit91] Xerox PARC [Schilit93] and more recently CMU [Noble95]. Our initial emphasis is on system level adaptation but we believe the architecture can also support the related notion of location and context adaption [Schilit94, Schilit95, Voelker94] Goldberg and Tso s proposal for intelligently autonomous user interfaces [Goldberg93] motivates our belief ....

Brian D. Noble, Morgan Price, and M. Satyanarayanan. A Programming Interface for Application-Aware Adaptation in Mobile Computing. Technical report CMU-CS-95-119, February 1995, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University. <URL: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/Web/Reports/1995.html>

....can be extended to handle dynamic changes in the application requirements or the available resources that may nullify a pre negotiated service quality. Prefetching and caching policies on mobile computers with variable network connectivity are expected to need such cooperative dynamic adaptation [51]. With a collaborative partnership between applications and the storage system, individual applications can determine how best to adapt, but the storage system can still monitor resources and enforce allocation decisions. 4.5 Sophisticated prefetching, caching, and scheduling One of the primary ....

NOBLE, B., PRICE, M., AND SATYANARAYANAN, M. A programming interface for application-aware adaptation in mobile computing. In Proceedings of the Second USENIX Symposium on Mobile Location-Independent Computing (Ann Arbor, MI, April 1995).

....method [46] and other hierarchical encoding schemes [2,17] support this tradeoff as well. Recent work in mobile computing explores how applications can be sensitive to the resources that are available to them in terms of network bandwidth, processor power, and screen resolution among others [32,91,106]. These applications discover the resources that are available to them and then use this information to guide their own computations. For example, a video player residing on a high end workstation might request from a video server a full color (24 bits per pixel) full motion (30 frames per ....

B. D. Noble, M. Price, and M. Satyanarayanan. A Programming Interface for Application -Aware Adaptation in Mobile Computing. Computing Systems, 8(4), 1995.

....are widely spaced. More recently, we have begun exploration of applicationaware adaptation in Odyssey, a platform for mobile To be useful, new caching metrics must satisfy two computing. An preliminary prototype of Odyssey has been important criteria. First, they should be consistent with built [14, 18], and a more complete prototype is under qualitative perceptions of performance and availability development. The early evidence is promising, but it is far experienced by users in mobile computing. Second, they too early for definitive results. should be cheap and easy to monitor. The challenge ....

Noble, B., Price, M., Satyanarayanan, M. A Programming Interface for Application-Aware Adaptation in Mobile Computing. Computing Systems 8, Fall, 1995.

No context found.

B.D. Noble, M. Price, and M. Satyanarayanan, "A Programming Interface for Application-aware Adaptation in Mobile Computing", Proc. 2nd USENIX Symposium on Mobile and Location-Independent Computing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Apr. 1995.

No context found.

B. D. Noble, M. Price, and M. Sathyanarayanan. A programming interface for applicationaware adaptation in mobile computing. In Proceedings of the Second USENIX Symposium on Mobile & Location-Independent Computing, Ann Arbor, MI, April 1995.

No context found.

B. D. Noble, M. Price, and M. Satyanarayanan, "A programming interface for applicationaware adaptation in mobile computing," in Proceedings of the 2nd USENIX Symposium on Mobile and Location-Independent Computing, April 1995, pp. 57--66.

First 50 documents  Next 50

Online articles have much greater impact   More about CiteSeer.IST   Add search form to your site   Submit documents   Feedback  

CiteSeer.IST - Copyright Penn State and NEC