Balakrishnan, H., Padmanabhan, V. and R. Katz. "The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance." ACM Mobile Networks and Applications (MONET), 1998.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....to our case where a priority based queuing is applied for two traffic classes, i.e. video traffic and Internet traffic. The effect of network asymmetry, encountered in Section 4.4. 3, can be easily alleviated using techniques such as: TCP header compression, ACK filtering, ACK congestion control [43, 44]. Thus we would afford to ignore the effect of asymmetry for simplicity. Not discussed in the thesis, we have also used the RFC1072 [45] window scale option of TCP to alleviate the Long and Fat Network (LFN) effects on TCP, otherwise which would result in poor network performance. We now derive ....

Balakrishnan, H., V. N. Padmanabhan and R. H. Katz, The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance, Proc. 3 rd ACM/IEEE Int. Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, September 1997.

....over the scheduling of data and acks at the reverse bottleneck link, it is not possible to solve this problem without an agent. We have performed a detailed evaluation of these solution techniques both via ns simulation as well as in our network testbed. These results are discussed in detail in [16, 17]. We present here sample results for both the asymmetric bandwidth and asymmetric latency configurations. Figure 10 shows the performance of various schemes when there is two way traffic in an asymmetric network. We make two observations: Acks first scheduling helps the forward transfer ....

....agent based approaches are the only solution when we need to exploit cross layer information from multiple connections, as illustrated by ack first scheduling for asymmetric links. For more information on wireless TCP see [13] on Snoop and handoffs see [12] and on handling asymmetry see [17]. The Proxy Architecture The key to applications in a mobile, wireless, very heterogeneous environment is the proxy architecture, which uses a proxy as a smart intermediary between traditional servers and heterogeneous mobile clients. The fundamental driver for this architecture is the inability ....

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H. Balakrishnan, V. N. Padmanabhan, and R. H. Katz, "The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance," ACM MONET, Special Issue on Mobile Networking in the Internet, Spring 1998.

....are as follows. The client is running Windows ME that uses TCP SACK [19] with delayed acknowledgements (one ACK for every two received packets) Our web server is running Linux Redhat 7.1. Because of the high asymmetry in link speeds between the forward and return paths, we also use ACK filtering [20] at the client and send one out of every four ACKs. Thus each 6 SYN SYNACK SYN Client Proxy (a) Server Cache Client (b) Server ACK ACK ACK SYNACK ACK ACK DATA DATA DATA SYNACK SYN ACK DATA ACK Fig. 2. Splitting a connection at (a) a proxy and (b) a cache (miss) b) Client ....

H. Balakrishnan, V. N. Padmanabhan, and R. H. Katz, "The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance," ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'95), 1997.

....TCP flooding attacks and upgrading the service level of TCP control segments will make the problem even worse. The simulation results shown in Section 4.3 confirm this claim. To improve the TCP performance in the context of network asymmetry, the acks first scheduling scheme has been proposed [4], giving TCP ACKs priority over TCP data packets. So, the router always forwards ACKs before data segments. However, this acks first scheme could cause starvation of data packets and violation of traffic profiles, especially under ACK flooding attacks. Also, no ACK identification scheme at routers ....

....priority over TCP data packets. So, the router always forwards ACKs before data segments. However, this acks first scheme could cause starvation of data packets and violation of traffic profiles, especially under ACK flooding attacks. Also, no ACK identification scheme at routers was provided in [4]. Therefore, to achieve better network QoS and counter DDoS attacks, we need to differentiate the TCP control segments from data segments at IP routers. Resource management is essential to real time applications. Meeting timing constraints with high resource utilization is the a key goal of ....

H. Balakrishnan, V. Padmanabhan, and R. H. Katz, "The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance" Proceedings of ACM/IEEE MOBICOM'97, Budapest, Hungary, September 1997.

....or color palette of the image is reduced to reduce the transmission time. Yet another class of proxies are designed to improve various aspects of TCP. The Internet draft on Performance Enhancing Proxies [6] describes several such proxies, including relatively simple functions like TCP ACK Spacing [3], 23] this proxy eliminates bursts of TCP data by smoothing out the flow of TCP ACKs) and TCP Snoop [4] this proxy hides packet drops on lossy links from the TCP sender to avoid wrongly triggering TCP congestion control) C. Benefits of Signalling We believe that most proxies, including both ....

H. Balakrishnan, V.N. Padmanabhan, and R.H. Katz. The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance. In Proc. ACM/IEEE Mobicom, September 1997.

....and they are harmful during slow start[ill. However, during the congestion avoidance period, delayed ACKs will conserve network bandwidth and host computation resources by sending fewer ACKs without drastically reducing performance. Delayed ACKs are useful for bulk transfers and asymmetric links[12]. TCP performance over the multiple paths is supposed to be enhanced, because the bottleneck bandwidth increases. However, TCP senders will regard triple duplicate ACKs, resulting from out of order packet arrivals at the receiver due to the different delays of the multiple paths, as an indicator ....

....implementation overhead of the end host is high. For the improvement of TCP performance, several modified TCP acknowledgments are proposed. 11] has pro posed a byte counting method to improve TCP performance degradation during after slow start when using delayed ACKs. In asymmetric networks, [12] maintains that TCP performance depends on forward path as well as backward path, and proposes dynamically varying delayed ACKs. In [13] the effects of extended acknowledgment interval on TCP performance are analyzed, and it is shown that extending ACK interval increases the TCP throughput when ....

H. Balakrishnan, V. N. Padmanabhan, and R. H. Katz, "The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance," ACM MobiCom, Sept. 1997

....this problem is to have the TCP sender use a pacing scheme to smoothly send out all the packets in the initial window. Once all packets in the initial window have been sent, the sender can switch back to the behavior of the standard TCP. There are several pacing schemes proposed in the literature [10, 32, 41]. Here we introduce an alternative scheme based on leaky bucket. In this scheme, a TCP sender uses a leaky bucket (more specifically, a token bucket) to shape its outgoing traffic. When the sender has a packet to send, it first checks the token bucket. If there are sufficient tokens, the packet is ....

H. Balakrishnan, V. Padmanabhan, and R. Katz, "The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance," Proc. ACM/IEEE Mobicom '97, Sept. 1997.

....corruption caused by wireless induced errors. Thus, a lot of research has focused on mechanisms to improve TCP performance in cellular wireless systems (e.g. 1, 2] Other studies have looked at the problem of bandwidth asymmetry and large round trip times, prevalent in satellite networks(e.g. [11, 3]) In this report, we address another characteristic of mobile ad hoc networks that impacts TCP performance: link failures due to mobility. In this paper, Part I of the report, we present a performance analysis of standard TCP over mobile ad hoc networks, and then we present an analysis of the ....

H. Balakrishnan, V. N. Padmanabhan, and R. H. Katz, "The effects of asymmetry on TCP performance, " in Proceedings of the IEEE Mobicom`97, (Budapest, Hungary), pp. 77--89, sep 1997.

....the validity of this argument, based on experimental results, in section 5. 5 Source based decision on the transmission rate, based on the pace of the acknowledgements, necessarily incorporates the potentially asymmetric characteristics (e.g. ack delays and or losses) of the reverse path [3]. Hence, the sender s transmission rate does not always reflect the capacity of the forward path. This situation has a direct impact on efficiency since available bandwidth remains unexploited. Several proposals have been presented to tackle the problems of TCP over wireless mobile networks. Most ....

H. Balakrishnan, V. Padmanabhan, and R. Katz, "The Effects of Asymmetry in TCP Performance", In Proceedings of ACM Mobicom '97, September 1997.

....measurements, and section 4 defines mileage and presents a simple model of TCP IP performance. Then, section 5 discusses the major factors that limit TCP IP performance, and finally section 6 concludes the paper. 2 Related Work TCP IP performance had received significant interest in the past [3, 19, 2, 18, 9]. Most of this work has focused on studying and improving TCP IP throughput and latency over limited bandwidth, possibly wireless, and usually congested networks. This line of research, which focused on improving TCP IP bandwidth and latency, was natural, since, traditionally, communication links ....

Hari Balakrishnan, Venkata N. Padmanabhan, and Randy H. Katz. The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance. In Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 77--89, 1997.

....in the context of previous work and recent technology trends. Section 3 presents our experimental measurements, section 4 discusses the major factors that limit TCP IP performance, and section 5 concludes the paper. 2 Related Work TCP IP performance had received significant interest in the past [1, 11, 12]. Most of this prior work has focused on studying and improving TCP IP throughput and latency over limited bandwidth, possibly wireless, and usually congested networks. However, technology trends suggest that, network bandwidth is neither the most limited, nor the most precious commodity in a ....

Hari Balakrishnan, Venkata N. Padmanabhan, and Randy H. Katz. The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance. In Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 77--89, 1997.

....channel is restricted to a maximum of (forward channel bandwidth) k. Other factors like bi directional traffic (e.g. downloading a web page while sending an email) or protocol overhead (e.g. PPPoE, PPTP, L2TP, ATM etc) will increase k and further aggravate the asymmetry problem. Balakrishnan [3], Keshav [4] and the PILC group [5] independently show that performance can be substantially increased by making two key changes: simply suppressing acknowledgements on the reverse channel (ack filtering) and regenerating them after the reverse link has been traversed (ack reconstruction) ....

....is a tradeoff between performance and policy considerations. We will use this model to design ack regulation and scheduling policies. 3. The Smart Ack Dropping (SAD) and Ack Regeneration Policy The Smart ack dropping technique (SAD) is a simple extension of concepts developed by Balakrishnan [3] and Srinivasan [4] i.e. to suppress as many acks in the reverse channel as possible because acks are cumulative. Balakrishnan s ack filtering technique involves checking the entire queue upon the arrival of a new ack to remove earlier acks for the same connection. The goal is partially to free ....

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H. Balakrishnan, V.N. Padmanabhan, and R. H. Katz. The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance. ACM MobiCom, Spember 1997.

....of our system are as follows. The client is running Windows ME that uses TCP SACK [19] with delayed acknowledgements (one ACK for every two received packets) Our web server is running Linux Redhat 7.1. Because of the high asymmetry between the forward and return paths, we also use ACK filtering [20] at the client and send one out of every four ACKs. Thus each ACK received at the server (assuming no loss) in general represents eight packets. Byte counting instead of ACK counting is used at the server as well as the proxy, so that the lower rate of ACKs does not reduce the data sending rate. ....

H. Balakrishnan, V. N. Padmanabhan, and R. H. Katz, "The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance," ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'95), 1997.

....Reliable transport protocols require reasonable limits on packet reordering, jitter, and loss in order to function optimally. In particular, TCP has been shown to be extremely sensitive to variations in delay, as they affect both its ACK based clock and RTT estimates for packet retransmission [3, 4, 5]. The Fast Retransmit algorithm [RFC2001] also makes assumptions about the level of packet reordering, and induces spurious retransmissions in the face of excessive reordering. It is therefore important to ensure that any multi link scheme limit packet reordering and delay jitter as much as ....

....to be sub optimal due to interactions between the link layer and transport layer protocols. Asymmetry in media access, as found in CDPD up channels, causes ACK compression, and large delay variations due to a reliable link layer mechanism conspire to confound the TCP congestion control mechanisms [5]. While many of these problems have previously been studied and understood, most solutions assume a basestation paradigm, where agents are inserted at the interface between the wired and wireless links [3, 4] In a commercial CDPD environment, however, users do not have access to the Mobile Data ....

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H. BALAKRISHNAN, V. PADMANABHAN, AND R. KATZ. The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance. In Proc. of ACM/IEEE MOBICOM, September 1997.

....Communications Magazine . April 2001 2 How Network Asymmetry Affects TCP 0163 6804 01 10.00 2001 IEEE ABSTRACT Several emerging wireline and wireless access network technologies exhibit asymmetry in their network characteristics. For instance, cable modem networks exhibit significant bandwidth asymmetry, while packet radio networks exhibit media access asymmetry. A high ....

....access control (MAC) overhead in transmitting to distributed mobile hosts than the other way around. In a pack Hari Balakrishnan, MIT Venkata N. Padmanabhan, Microsoft Research Much of the material in this article is derived from the authors Ph.D. dissertations [1, 2] and from [3, 4] TCP PERFORMANCE IN EMERGING HIGH SPEED NETWORKS IEEE Communications Magazine . April 2001 3 et radio network (e.g. the Metricom Ricochet TM network) the MAC overhead makes it more expensive to constantly switch the direction of transmission than to transmit steadily in one direction. ....

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H. Balakrishnan, V. N. Padmanabhan, and R. H. Katz, "The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance," ACM MONET, 1999.

....Communications Magazine . April 2001 2 How Network Asymmetry Affects TCP 0163 6804 01 10.00 2001 IEEE ABSTRACT Several emerging wireline and wireless access network technologies exhibit asymmetry in their network characteristics. For instance, cable modem networks exhibit significant bandwidth asymmetry, while packet radio networks exhibit media access asymmetry. A ....

....medium access control (MAC) overhead in transmitting to distributed mobile hosts than the other way around. In a pack Hari Balakrishnan, MIT Venkata N. Padmanabhan, Microsoft Research Much of the material in this article is derived from the authors Ph.D. dissertations [1, 2] and from [3, 4] TCP PERFORMANCE IN EMERGING HIGH SPEED NETWORKS IEEE Communications Magazine . April 2001 3 et radio network (e.g. the Metricom Ricochet TM network) the MAC overhead makes it more expensive to constantly switch the direction of transmission than to transmit steadily in one ....

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H. Balakrishnan, V. N. Padmanabhan, and R. H. Katz, "The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance," Proc. ACM MOBICOM `97, Sept. 1997.

....due to lost acknowledgments might degrade further the protocol s ability to rapidly detect error free conditions and consequently degrade its capability to detect the windows of opportunity to exploit the available bandwidth. A study of TCP performance over asymmetric links is presented in [7]. In TCP Santa Cruz [29] Parsa and Aceves propose an interesting modification, which replaces the round trip delay measurements of TCP with estimations of delay along the forward path, and use an operating point for the number of packets in the bottleneck. In TCP Real [44] Zhang and Tsaoussidis ....

H. Balakrishnan, V. Padmanabhan, and R. Katz. The Effects of Asymmetry in TCP Performance. In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM/IEEE Mobicom Conference, September 1997.

....Congestion control dominates the behavior of the protocol, even when errors are caused by transmission deficiencies. In the presence of noncongestive conditions, TCP might under utilize the available bandwidth. False congestion oriented responses due to transmission errors or asymmetric paths [6], with rapid downward window adjustments, undermine the protocol s eligibility for time constrained applications that rely on smooth playback timers. The most well known and widely used versions of TCP are Tahoe and Reno[1] The congestion control algorithm introduced by Tahoe includes Slow Start, ....

H. Balakrishnan, V. Padmanabhan, and R. Katz, "The Effects of Asymmetry in TCP Performance", Proceedings of the 3rd ACM/IEEE Mobicom Conference, September 1997.

....allocation on a link was found to be far from fair when the flows sharing it had different end to end propagation delays. Flows with smaller delay occupied more bandwidth than their fair share, while these with larger delay suffered from low throughput. 5 1.3. 2 Asymmetry and head start In [4], the authors report on a case where two competing flows share a path with congested reverse channel link. The major parameters used in these experiments are the congestion experienced only by the acknowledgments, and the second flow starting its transmission a few seconds after the first one. It ....

H. Balakrishnan, V. Padmanabhan, and R. Katz, "The Effects of Asymmetry in TCP Performance," in Proceedings of the 3rd ACM/IEEE Mobicom Conference, September 1997.

....for an emulated delayed ACK timer to expire. Such emulation correctly models the impact of delayed ACKs on the growth of the congestion window. However, the impact the ACKs have on the network path is not correctly modeled (and can sometimes be important for instance in asymmetric networks [BPK97] TReno emulated delayed ACKs in all our experiments. In addition, TReno cannot tell the difference between loss on the forward path (data loss) and loss on the return path (ACK loss) Assuming loss in both directions TReno will observe an inflated loss rate when compared to the loss rate ....

Hari Balakrishnan, Vakata Padmanabhan, and Randy Katz. The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance. In ACM MobiCom, September 1997.

....to efficiently perform rate based clocking, i.e. to transmit packets at a given rate, independent of the arrival of acknowledgment (ACK) packets. Rate based clocking has been proposed as a technique that improves the utilization of networks with high bandwidth delay products [Allman et al. 1997; Balakrishnan et al. 1997; Feng et al. 1999; Padmanabhan and Katz 1998; Visweswaraiah and Heidemann 1997] Our experiments indicate that soft timers enable a Web server to employ rate based clocking with low CPU overhead (2 6 ) at aggregate bandwidths approaching 1Gbps. A second optimization is soft timer based network ....

....larger than the time it takes to process packets. Moreover, soft timers allow the dynamic adjustment of the poll interval to achieve a predetermined packet aggregation quota. A number of researchers have pointed out the benefits of rate based clocking of TCP transmissions [Allman et al. 1997; Balakrishnan et al. 1997; Feng et al. 1999; Padmanabhan and Katz 1998; Visweswaraiah and Heidemann 1997] Our work shows that using conventional hardware timers to support rate based clocking at high bandwidth is too costly, and we propose soft timers as an efficient alternative. The use of rate based clocking has been ....

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BALAKRISHNAN, H., PADMAHABHAN,V.N.,AND KATZ, R. H. 1997. The effects of asymmetry on TCP performance. In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. ACM, New York, 77--89.

....in the access and backbone networks, because of the general use of web and multimedia applications. Partial solutions to this problem are described in the next section. The second source of problems is the inadequacy of some aspects of the TCP protocol for wireless networks in general [5][6][7] and for GSM access in particular [8] The problem is that TCP behavior is not appropriate when the delay between sending a segment and receiving the corresponding acknowledgement is variable. It was designed for relatively fast and reliable fixed networks where that delay keeps stable, unless ....

H. Balakrishnan, V.N. Padmanabhan, R.H. Katz. The effects of asymmetry on TCP performance. MOBICOM97, Budapest, Hungary. September 1997.

....is often sub optimal due to interactions between the link layer and transport layer protocols. Asymmetry in media access, as found in CDPD up channels, causes ACK bunching, and large delay variations due to a reliable link layer mechanism conspire to confound the TCP congestion control mechanisms [BPK97]. While many of these problems have previously been studied and understood, most solutions assume a basestation paradigm, where agents are inserted at the interface between the wired and wireless links [BKVP96, BSAK95] In a commercial CDPD environment, however, users do not have access to the ....

H. Balakrishnan, V. Padmanabhan, and R. Katz. The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance. In Proceedings of the 3 rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MOBICOM). September 1997.

.... not available to use for clocking, for example, to avoid TCP slow start at the beginning of a connection [3] 26] after a packet loss [14] 23] or when an idle connection resumes [31] Similarly, pacing can be used to avoid burstiness in asymmetric networks caused by batching acknowledgments [5]. More recently, researchers have suggested using pacing across the entire lifetime of the connection. Partridge argues that pacing can address problems in TCP performance on long latency, high bandwidth satellite links [27] while the Berkeley WebTP group has combined pacing, receiver driven ....

....how much to send but uses rates instead of acknowledgments to determine when to send. The idea of pacing has been 1 N Load Response Time Best Case Worst Case Random Fig. 1. Best and worst case bounds on delay for a queuing system. proposed or used in a number of different contexts [3] [5], 13] 14] 20] 23] 26] 27] 31] 32] but none of these quantify the impact of incorporating pacing into the TCP congestion control algorithm. A. Implementation We have incorporated pacing into the ns [30] simulation code for TCP Reno. The ns Reno code closely models the congestion ....

H. Balakrishnan, V. Padmanabhan, and Randy. H. Katz. The Effects of Asymmetry in TCP Performance. In Proceedings of Third ACM/IEEE Mobicom Conference, September 1997.

.... has grown, TCP has evolved to adapt to new operating conditions and performance demands, adding congestion control [16] adaptive timers [17] and small packet avoidance [25] More recently, a number of extensions such as larger initial windows [1, 2] selective acknowledgements [22] and others [3, 4, 5, 10, 26, 31] have been proposed to improve performance and cope with the problems posed by changing Internet conditions. One such problem is the interaction between TCP and modern high bandwidth and highly multiplexed networks. Because TCP uses incoming acknowledgments to clock out new data, called ....

.... are not available to use for clocking, for example, to avoid TCP slow start at the beginning of a connection [3, 26] after a packet loss [14, 23] or when an idle connection resumes [31] Similarly, pacing can be used to avoid burstiness in asymmetric networks caused by batching acknowledgments [5]. More recently, researchers have suggested using pacing across the entire lifetime of the connection. Partridge argues that pacing can address problems in TCP performance on long latency, high bandwidth satellite links [27] while the Berkeley WebTP group has combined pacing, receiver driven ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

H. Balakrishnan, V. Padmanabhan, and Randy. H. Katz. The Effects of Asymmetry in TCP Performance. In Proceedings of Third ACM/IEEE Mobicom Conference, September 1997.

....this problem is to have the TCP sender use a pacing scheme to smoothly send out all the packets in the initial window. Once all packets in the initial window have been sent, the sender can switch back to the behavior of the standard TCP. There are several pacing schemes proposed in the literature [8, 27, 35]. Here we introduce an alternative scheme based on leaky bucket. In this scheme, a TCP sender uses a leaky bucket (more specifically, a token bucket) to shape its outgoing traffic. When the sender has a packet to send, it first checks the token bucket. If there are sufficient tokens, the packet is ....

H. Balakrishnan, V. Padmanabhan, and R. Katz, "The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance," Proc. ACM/IEEE Mobicom '97, Sept. 1997.

....very attractive because of lack of bandwidth on the reverse links. In asymmetric networks, packet losses and delays occurring in reverse paths severely degrade the performance of existing round trip based protocols such as TCP, resulting in reduced bandwidth utilization, fairness, and scalability [2, 3, 4]. Use of multicast further complicates the problem; in large scale multicast involving many receivers (10,000 to 1M receivers) frequent feedback sent directly to the sender causes implosion. The objective of our work is to develop, verify analytically and experimentally, and implement a suite of ....

H. Balakrishnan, V. Padmanabhan, and R. H. Katz. The effects of asymmetry on TCP performance. In ACM Mobile Networks and Applications (MONET), 1999.

....following the timeout carries a D SACK block indicating duplicate data was received. WITHOUT D SACK: Without the use of D SACK, the sender in this case would be unable to decide that no data packets has been dropped. RESEARCH ISSUES: For a TCP that implements some form of ACK congestion control [BPK97], this ability to distinguish between dropped data packets and dropped ACK packets would be particularly useful. In this case, the connection could implement congestion control for the return (ACK) path independently from the congestion control on the forward (data) path. Floyd, et al. Standards ....

Hari Balakrishnan, Venkata Padmanabhan, and Randy H. Katz, The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance, Third ACM/IEEE Mobicom Conference, Budapest, Hungary, Sep 1997. URL "http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/padmanab/

....makes classical sliding window schemes inappropriate for energy conservation over the base station to mobile node link. The idea of combining multiple outstanding acknowledgments into one acknowledgment has been introduced previously to combat TCP IP performance problems in an asymmetric channel [2, 3]. These studies did not take into account the energy saved by reducing the number of acknowledgments, and generally were used by the mobile nodes to simply remove redundant acknowledgments from backlogged uplink queues. 1] proposed a completely new link level wireless protocol which described ....

Balakrishnan, H., Padmanabhan, V., and Katz, R., "The effects of asymmetry on tcp performance," in Proceedings of the Third Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom '97), pp. 77--89, September 1997.

....makes classical sliding window schemes inappropriate for energy conservation over the base station to mobile node link. The idea of combining multiple outstanding acknowledgments into one acknowledgment has been introduced previously to combat TCP IP performance problems in an asymmetric channel [2, 3]. These studies did not take into account the energy saved by reducing the number of acknowledgments, and generally were used by the mobile nodes to simply remove redundant acknowledgments from backlogged uplink queues. 1] proposed a completely new link level wireless protocol which described ....

Balakrishnan, H., Padmanabhan, V., and Katz, R., "The effects of asymmetry on TCP performance," in Proceedings of MobiCom '97, pp. 77--89.

....makes classical sliding window schemes inappropriate for energy conservation over the base station to mobile node link. The idea of combining multiple outstanding acknowledgments into one acknowledgment has been introduced previously to combat TCP IP performance problems in an asymmetric channel [BPK97, CLM96] These studies did not take into account the energy saved by reducing the number of acknowledgments, and generally were used by the mobile nodes to simply remove redundant acknowledgments from backlogged uplink queues. APL 95] proposed a completely new link level wireless protocol ....

Balakrishnan, H., Padmanabhan, V., and Katz, R. The effects of asymmetry on TCP performance. In Proceedings of the Third Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom '97), pages 77-- 89, September 1997.

.... and the queueing delays may be more significant [49] ffl Asymmetry: With respect to transport protocols, a network exhibits asymmetry when the forward throughput achievable depends not only on the link characteristics and traffic levels in the forward path but also on those of the reverse path [11]. Satellite networks can be asymmetric in several ways. Some satellite networks are inherently bandwidth asymmetric, such as those based on a direct broadcast satellite (DBS) downlink and a return via a dial up modem line. Depending on the routing, this may also be the case in future hybrid ....

.... studied ways to reduce the amount of ACK traffic over the bottleneck link by ACK congestion control and sender algorithms that grow the window based on the amount of data acknowledged (such as the byte counting strategy studied in [2] and that pace out new data transmission by using timers [11]. This has the drawback of requiring transport layer implementation changes at both ends of the connection. An alternative approach reintroduces the original ACK stream at the other end of the bottleneck link ( ACK filtering and reconstruction ) 11, 119] This does not require changes at the TCP ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

H. Balakrishnan, V. Padmanabhan, and R. Katz. The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance. Proceedings of Third ACM/IEEE MobiCom Conference, pages 77--89, September 1997.

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Balakrishnan, H., Padmanabhan, V. N., and R. H. Katz, "The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance", ACM Mobile Networks and Applications (MONET), Vol.4, No.3, 1999, pp. 219-241. An expanded version of a paper published at Proc. ACM/IEEE Mobile Communications Conference (MOBICOM), 1997.

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H. Balakrishnan, V. N. Padmanabhan, and R.H. Katz. The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance. In Proc. ACM MOBICOM '97, September 1997.

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H. Balakrishnan, V. N. Padmanabhan, and R. H. Katz, "The effects of asymmetry on TCP performance," in ACM MOBICOM'97, Sept. 1997.

.... and the queueing delays may be more significant [19] ffl Asymmetry: With respect to transport protocols, a network exhibits asymmetry when the forward throughput achievable depends not only on the link characteristics and traffic levels in the forward path but also on those of the reverse path [5]. Satellite networks can be asymmetric in several ways. Some satellite networks are inherently bandwidth asymmetric, such as those based on a direct broadcast satellite (DBS) downlink and a return via a dial up modem line. Depending on the routing, this may also be the case in future hybrid ....

.... are cumulative, researchers have recently studied ways to reduce the amount of ACK traffic over the bottleneck link by ACK congestion control and sender algorithms that grow the window based on the amount of data acknowledged and that pace out new data transmission by using timers [5]. This has the drawback of requiring transport layer implementation changes at both ends of the connection. An alternative approach reintroduces the original ACK stream at the other end of the bottleneck link ( ACK filtering and reconstruction ) This does not require changes at the TCP sender, ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

H. Balakrishnan, V. Padmanabhan, and R. Katz. The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance. Proceedings of Third ACM/IEEE MobiCom Conference, pages 77--89, September 1997.

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Balakrishnan, H., Padmanabhan, V. and R. Katz. "The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance." ACM Mobile Networks and Applications (MONET), 1998.

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Hari Balakrishnan, Venkata N. Padmanabhan, and Randy H. Katz. The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance. In Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 77--89, 1997.

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H. Balakrishnan, V.N. Padmanabhan, R.H. Katz, "The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance," Proc. ACM/IEEE Mobicom, Budapest, Hungary, September 1997.

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H. Balakrishnan, V.N. Padmanabhan and R.H. Katz, "The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance," in Proc. of ACM Mobicom'97, September 1997.

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Hari Balakrishnan, Venkata N. Padmanabhan, and Randy H. Katz. The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance. In Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Mobicom, Budapest, Hungary, ACM. September, 1997.

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H. Balakrishnan, V.N. Padmanabhan and R.H. Katz, "The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance," in Proc. of ACM Mobicom'97, September 1997.

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H. Balakrishnan, V. N. Padmanabhan, and R. H. Katz, "The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance," ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'95), 1997.

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Balakrishnan, H., Padmanabhan, V., Katz, R., "The effects of asymmetry on TCP performance," ACM Mobile Networks and Applications (MONET), Vol. 4, No. 3, 1999, pp. 219-241.

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Hari Balakrishnan, Venkata N. Padmanabhan, and Randy H. Katz. The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance. In Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Mobicom, Budapest, Hungary, ACM. September, 1997.

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Hari Balakrishnan, Vakata Padmanabhan, and R.H.Katz, "The effect of Asymmetry on TCP Performance", MOBICOM, 1997.

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H. Balakrishnan, V. Padmanabhan and R. Katz, "The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance," Proc. 3rd ACM/IEEE Int. Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom), 1997.

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H. Balakrishnan, V.N. Padmanabhan, R.H. Katz, "The Effects of Asymmetry on TCP Performance", In Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Mobicom, Budapest, Hungary, ACM, September 1999.

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H. Balakrishnan, V. Padmanabhan, and R. Katz. The effect of asymmetry on TCP performance. ACM Journal of Mobile Networks and Applications (MONET), 4(3):219--241, October 1999.

No context found.

Balakrishnan H., Padmanabham V., and Katz R., "The effects of asymmetry on TCP performance", Proc. 3rd ACM/IEEE Intl. Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom), Budapest, Hungary, Sept. 1997.

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