PAHL, G., AND BEITZ, W. Engineering Design. The Pitman Press, Bath, UK, 1984.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....Institute of Ann Arbor, Michigan, and in part by the Office of Naval Research under University Research Initiative contract N00014 86 K 0685. I Introduction . in practice, failure is still far less frequently the result of bad working principles than of poor detail design. Pahl and Bedz[1] In this paper we introduce the theory underlying a computer program that selects standard components from catalogs in order to implement a wide variety of mechanical designs. The user of the program forms a schematic by combining such elements as those in Fig. 1. Given the schematic, ....

Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz. Engineering Design. The Design Council, 1984.

....through higher than necessary test programming time, test time, troubleshooting time, and high capital equipment cost. The partition of the test hardware software into modular functions to increase the test resource reusability becomes a necessity. Potential benefits of modularity include [5]: economy of scale; increased feasibility of product component change; increased product variety; reduced order leadtime; decoupled risks; easier product diagnosis, maintenance; repair and test; and environmental friendliness. Manuscript received May 1996; revised January 1997. This work was ....

....the combination of distinct building blocks (modules) 6] Basic components refer to the components, subsystems, and mechanisms that interact with distinct modules resulting in different product variants. Based on the interactions within a product, three categories of modularity have been defined [5]. 1) Component swapping modularity occurs when two or more different basic components are paired with a module creating different product variants belonging to the same product family. 2) Component sharing modularity is complementary to the component swapping modularity. Various modules sharing ....

G. Pahl and W. Beitz, Engineering Design, London, U.K.: Design Council, 1988.

....published research articles. Other methods for classifying work in mechanical design have been proposed. Dixon et al. 10] classify mechanical design research by design problem, using a methodology based on initial and desired states of knowledge. Ullman [34] builds on this and other work [18] [28] 2 by proposing a broader classification scheme. His taxonomy not only classifies work in mechanical design according to design problem, but also according to research method, environment, and design process. The design vocabulary described in this paper presents an alternate means of classifying ....

Pahl, G. and Beitz, W., 1984, Engineering Design, Springer-Verlag, London.

.... development processes require tools like DFM [34] In an attempt to increase the awareness of manufacturing considerations among designers, leading professional societies and some manufacturing firms have published a number of manufacturability guidelines for a variety of manufacturing processes [1, 3, 5, 30, 39]. Researchers have developed several di#erent approaches to evaluate manufacturability of a given design. Existing approaches can be classified roughly as follows: Direct or rule based approaches [20, 21, 32] evaluate manufacturability from direct inspection of the design description: design ....

G. Pahl and W. Beitz. Engineering Design. Design Council, London, 1984.

....as an abstract concept in terms of general functionality into a product fulfilling that need. The design process may be structured by decomposing the high level functional requirements specification into a nested hierarchy of functions from which potential solution schemes may be developed[1]. Matching between individual elements is then achieved through the provision of appropriate interfaces. Key features of mechatronic design are the need to achieve high levels of integration and to optimise the overall design by transferring complexity between the mechanical, electrical, ....

Pahl, G. and Beitz, W., "Engineering Design", The Design Council, ed. K. M. Wallace, 1984.

....the customer needs and how they are currently met. The rest of the dissertation focuses on the feasibility analysis of one proposed solution to meet these needs and the comparison of the proposed modeler to others research. 1. 1 Current practice In the prevalent engineering design methodologies (Pahl Beitz 1977, Ullman 1992, Ulrich Eppinger 1995, Otto Wood 2000) conceptual design is divided into functional specification, concept generation, and concept selection, as shown in Figure 1.1. Since designs are intended to be independent of geometric form during functional specification, geometric ....

Pahl, G. & Beitz, W. (1977), Engineering Design, rev. ed. edn, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. also published by The Design Council, London.

.... approaches [3] that is, the most detailed mesh model are simplified to several levels. No particular methods of producing behavior levels of detail seem to exist. On the other hand, the idea of top down design of software and geometric objects has been advocated for many years [4] 5][6]. In [1] we have introduced a CASE tool called ASADAL PROTO that supports the application of software engineering principles (such as the concept of hierarchical and incremental modeling, and simultaneous consideration of form, function and behavior) for modeling VR objects. At each model ....

....constancy of the frame rate, as its variation is known to cause performance degradation [8] Generation of LOD s is based on either bottom up or ad hoc implementations. Both engineering design community and software engineering community have long advocated for a topdown approach to design [4] 5][6]. Intermediate models obtained from hierarchical modeling processes serve as excellent source of specifications and documentation for both software and engineering design for later maintenance. In the context of virtual reality, they have an additional use as LOD s. In our previous paper by this ....

Pahl, G. (Tr. by K. Wallace), Engineering Design, The Design Council, Sprinter Verlag, 1984

....geometric constraints arising from the intended functionality, without trying to represent the functionality itself. For example, machined parts typically are components of larger assemblies, and many of the design constraints will involve how the part interacts with other portions of the assembly [23]. Thus, many of the constraints associated with a machined part will correspond to regions of space in which it mates with other portions of the assembly. 7 Constraint volumes. To represent such constraints, we will ask the designer to specify constraint volumes and various geometric constraints ....

G. Pahl and W. Beitz. Engineering Design. Design Council, London, 1984. 23

....is a real challenge. Fig 1 a) Ideal, convergent product development process, b) unwanted, divergent product development [11] The definition of feasibility study in this paper correspond to the content in Conceptualizing and Laying out [10] Clarification of the task and Conceptual design [12] Specification development planning and Conceptual design [13] Examination of market user needs, Evolution of the product design specification and Conceptual design [14] and Concept development and System level design [15] This paper presents results from interviews conducted at two ....

Pahl, G. & Beitz, W, Engineering Design , Springer-Verlag, 1988.

....in the problem area and the inferential relationships among the concepts. Protocol analysis is thus a primary tool for acquiring knowledge used in knowledge based systems (KBSs) We are concerned with the analysis of mechanical design protocols and especially with the conceptual stage of design (Pahl and Beitz, 1984), which establishes a function structure and chooses the physical processes and geometries for components realizing the functions. In the problems we present to our subjects, the function structure initially is only roughly known and there is no hint of the structure of the solution, yet our ....

....in the task DAG are on a common directed path, then one unambiguously occurs earlier in the path than the other. This imposes a certain (partial) order on the nodes of the DAG, which we envision as ordered top (for items appearing earlier in the protocol) to bottom. The task DAG is similar to what Pahl and Beitz (1984) term a function structure. They see elaboration of a function structure as an initial phase of conceptual design. Our subjects, in contrast, intermingle elaboration of the task DAG with other aspects of design. The SID tends to cluster into subproblems. A relation among items both in and outside ....

Pahl, G. and Beitz, W., Engineering Design, ed. by K. Wallace, Bath, U.K.: The Pitman Press, 1984.

....of the design process are THE PRODUCT REALIZATION CYCLE 3 the attainment of a short development time with high product quality and low production cost. The use of computer models may help signi cantly in achieving these aims. The product design function can be broken down into four phases (Pahl Beitz 1984): Product planning Functional design Con guration design Detail design. The activities actually undertaken in the design process vary considerably according to the nature of the product and the commitment of a company to the use of computer aids. Where families of essentially similar ....

Pahl G. and Beitz W. (1984) Engineering Design. The Design Council (London, England) and Springer-Verlag.

....description of design requirements and design parameters. Unfortunately, most material selection and manufacturing evaluation systems can only work in a domain of well defined features where the parameters are precisely known. This scenario only exists during the later stages of the design process [Pahl and Beitz, 1988]. Thus, even though evaluation is being performed, it is often a postdesign review. At this stage of the design process, designers are pressured to optimize an inferior alternative rather than make large modifications to the product specification. Possibly superior alternatives were eliminated ....

Pahl, G., and Beitz, W., (1988). Engineering Design, The Design Council, Springer Verlag, London.

....of design research. Even among the community of design researchers whose work can be described as formal, there is little consensus as to problems and methodologies. Prescriptive models of the design process were developed earlier in Europe than in the United States. The work of Pahl and Beitz [61], which essentially became the German VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) standard for design [91] and Hubka and Eder [40] might be described as preformal codification of the engineering design process. Yoshikawa s General Design Theory, or GDT [105, 88] see also Reich s review [73] of GDT) was ....

G. Pahl and W. Beitz. Engineering Design. The Design Council, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984.

....because utility is relative and zero utility does not represent any absolute notion of null preference or unacceptability. Matrix Methods Design imprecision during the earliest stages of the design process is manifested as a multiplicity of alternative concepts. Morphological matrices [48] classify concepts by function, solution variant, working principle, type of motion, etc. and in doing so, facilitate the generation of new concepts. Concepts are typically not sufficiently refined for quantitative analysis. Concept selection matrices [3, 48, 52] rank alternatives against ....

....concepts. Morphological matrices [48] classify concepts by function, solution variant, working principle, type of motion, etc. and in doing so, facilitate the generation of new concepts. Concepts are typically not sufficiently refined for quantitative analysis. Concept selection matrices [3, 48, 52] rank alternatives against evaluation criteria. Rankings are typically informally estimated against an existing design or some other datum. The weighted sum of rankings identifies promising alternatives. Pugh [52] also describes an alternative preliminary ranking scheme that has only three ....

G. Pahl and W. Beitz. Engineering Design. The Design Council, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984.

....tool design procedure is the cutter location data generated by a process planner for this operation cluster. Figure 2 shows sample data which includes positioning and drilling information. The RMT design procedure consists of three main stages: task clarification, module selection, and evaluation [14]. After a brief literature review, these three stages will be outlined in this section. A. Related research Since reconfigurability is a relatively new concept in machining systems, there is little, if any, published literature on the design of reconfigurable machine tools. However, modular ....

G. Pahl and W. Beitz. Engineering Design. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984.

....refers to the problem of how to automatically adapt the retrieved case to the current situation. Several algorithms and heuristics have been developed by a number of researchers for automatically generating an analogical solution of a target problem from a pool of problems with known solutions [26]. For example, in [26] the adaption process has been modeled in three stages: grounding, deleting and adding. In the first stage, an initial match of a priori plausible associations is constructed. In the second stage, this match is whittled down to a subset of associations which fit together ....

....of how to automatically adapt the retrieved case to the current situation. Several algorithms and heuristics have been developed by a number of researchers for automatically generating an analogical solution of a target problem from a pool of problems with known solutions [26] For example, in [26], the adaption process has been modeled in three stages: grounding, deleting and adding. In the first stage, an initial match of a priori plausible associations is constructed. In the second stage, this match is whittled down to a subset of associations which fit together well according to a ....

G. Pahl and W. Beitz, "Engineering Design", Edited by K. Wallace, The Design Council, Springer Verlag, 1984.

....current thesis work is more general than the previous works and that many of the previous works can be subsumed by the current thesis work. Thus, it is more important to identify the strengths of the previous works as opposed to trying to find shortcomings. In their seminal work, Pahl and Beitz [73] introduce a systematic approach to engineering design. This approach divides the process of engineering design into four phases: clarification of the task, conceptual design, embodiment design and detailed design. In addition to providing a systematic approach, the book also provides tools and ....

....GP. Like a GA, the chromosome is not the artifact itself, but rather an encoding of it. Like a GP, the artifact is described using a tree representation and the genetic operators operate both on the structure of the tree and the numeric values found at the leaf nodes. In their work, Pahl and Beitz [73] introduce a systematic approach to engineering design. This approach divides the process of engineering design into four phases: clarification of the task, conceptual design, embodiment design and detail design. It is believed that GD can be applied to each phases of the four phase model of ....

G. Pahl and W. Beitz. Engineering Design. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984.

....the model needs adaptation. Interaction about the redesign of a task model is known as interaction at the level of task modification. 3. A GENERIC MODEL OF DESIGN Analyses of design processes are often based on models of design tasks, design systems and designers approaches (see, for example, [3,11,12,13,14,15]) In this paper, a generic model of design introduced by [16] is used to analyse the role of strategic knowledge within design processes. Refined and improved versions of this model have been used to analyse different types of design (sub )tasks in a number of domains; for example, conflict ....

Pahl, G. and Beitz, W., Engineering design. New York, NY, Springer-Verlag, 1984.

....derived as evolution of the given functions. Some of them are internal functions for a scale, but others are external, that is, more detail specifications of a scale. It is an advantage of our approach, because function and structure are developed separately in traditional approaches (for example [2]) We are also analyzing design processes of PPC copiers with the same method. ....

G. Pahl and W. Beitz. Engineering Design. The Design Council, London, 1984.

....with examples, starting in the final section of this chapter and continuing into the next chapter. The following steps are proposed for the tolerancing methodology in DFM. 1. Identify and clarify design problem: This generic step is mandatory to comprehend the requirements of the customer clearly [125, 180]. For example, this can involve the decomposition of the overall problem into manageable sub problems, and identifying conceptual solutions for each. 2. Isolate tolerance sub problem: This involves a number of non trivial steps, like determining performance parameters susceptible to surface ....

....next chapter. The application of the methodology is then revisited to illustrate the utility of the theory for the designer. 7. 8 Implementation of the Methodology: Part I A methodology for the overall design process comprises three stages: conceptual design, embodiment design, and detail design [125]. The method 138 ology for fractal based tolerancing can theoretically fit into any one of these stages, but it is potentially most useful in the conceptual and embodiment design stages. Tolerances have been relegated to the final stages of design, since the designer typically does not possess ....

G. Pahl and W. Beitz. Engineering Design. The Design Council, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1988. 258

....knowledge typically is associative, and often is based on domain specific heuristics. In derivational case based reasoning, the processing trace of generating the solution S old for P old by the method of problem space search is used to guide the adaptation of S old . Although both 2 [Pahl and Beitz 1984] provide characterizations and examples of variant and adaptive design. methods have been tried in design, they have had only limited success. Associative methods for design modification appear adequate at best only for variant design in weakly interacting domains, and processing traces of ....

G. Pahl and W. Beitz. Engineering Design, The Design Counil, London, Springer-Verlag.

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PAHL, G., AND BEITZ, W. Engineering Design. The Pitman Press, Bath, UK, 1984.

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Pahl, G., and Beitz, W., 1984, Engineering Design, The Design Council, London.

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Pahl, G. and Beitz, W. (1988), Engineering Design. A Systematic Approach, London, The Design Council & Springer-Verlag.

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G. Pahl and W. Beitz, Engineering Design, Springer-Verlag, Ltd., London, 1996.

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