Casati, R. and Varzi, A.C., 1995, Holes and Other Superficialities, Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....potentially fraught with difficulties. It is impossible to define the notion of threading a hole through topology alone any such configuration will always be topologically equivalent to a configuration which is unthreaded We could introduce the notion of a hole as a new primitive entity (cf [7]) however, since we will subsequently find other uses for this, we will use the additional primitive of a convex hull as described earlier this will give us sufficient expressivity to achieve our goal of describing a threaded bead. First we define a bead as having a tunnel and of being one of ....

CASATI, R., AND VARZI, A. Holes and Other Superficialities. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1994.

....must be closed and non atomic (or have a non atomic interior) for this notion of continuity to be valid. Open entities allow for different continuous transitions (e.g. from C to PO) and they cannot simply be ignored by a common sense theory of space (for an idea of their importance, see [8]) This is why we use Asher and Vieu s topological theory instead of RCC, which does not distinguish open and closed entities. 6 Towards a Theory of Objects The theory presented here is only concerned with the spatio temporal extents of what could be physical objects or events. In this ....

Roberto Casati and Achille C. Varzi. Holes and Other Superficialities. A Bradford Book. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachussets, 1994.

.... [Swa96] are tied to treat a specific terminological ontologies, specially for natural language processing; Games II [Fal94] Kactus [Lar96] and PhysSys [Bor97] are mainly tied to domain knowledge modelling ontologies (the first with application to medicine) formal ontology [for example, Brg96, Var95, etc. is not a specific project, but rather a wide, interdisciplinary research program to provide solid bases to generic ontologies. tractability Fig.2: The formal tradeoff in some ontology systems features systems PhysSys GAME S GALEN formont ON9 SENSUS USN CYC Kactu s explicit ....

Varzi A, Casati R. Holes and other Superficialities. MIT Press (1995).

....in Th(P) Th(A) satisfied by c. Lemma 6.6 certainly holds with A substituted for Q. Hence the proof of theorem 8 goes through with A substituted for Q, and A is atomic. By theorem 6, A Q. 2 7 Related work The results presented here not only have ramifications for mereotopological theories [10, 9, 37, 18, 2, 7], but they have connections with more practical disciplines. Various logicians have sought to give deductive theories of space and space time [8, 4, 20, 17, 23] many in terms of modal logics [31, 32, 39, 33, 35, 3, 27] Recent interest in the analysis of visual languages, such as maps and ....

R. Casati and A. Varzi. Holes and other Superficialities. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1994.

....in two powerful influences: external world structure, and cognitive attitudes shared by human individuals. A source of constraint for ideal knowledge is the actual structure of the world 40 , at least the structure that directly interacts with humans: the ordinary, or common sense structure 23, 53 : universals, or invariants, of cognitive perception, such as wholeness and parthood of objects [cf. 43 ] connexity, gestaltic properties, strata of reality (material, biologic, psychological, socio cultural) cf. 35 ] Cognitive semantics 36,51,52 maintains that cognitive ....

....towards scientific knowledge, and diagnosis is considered as an inferential process; morphology as form vs. outcome of a function vs. structure in a given condition, in particular when a structure is the outcome of a surgical procedure or a pathological process; regions, spaces, holes 23 as conceptual arrangements of structures (e.g. in UMLS) vs. structures themselves (immaterial objects) definienda definientes formulas text defined terms implicit definitions definitions defining explicitly interpreting distinctions surface definitions explicit definitions ....

Varzi A, Casati R. Holes and Other Superficialities. Boston: MIT Press 1994

.... included the libraries of ontologies available on the Ontolingua server and from ITBM CNR, John Sowa s upper level ontology (Sowa, 2000) Russell and Norvig s upper level ontology (Russell Norvig, 1995) James Allen s temporal axioms (Allen, 1984) Casati and Varzi s formal theory of holes (Casati Varzi, 1995), Barry Smith s ontology of boundaries (Smith, 1994, 1996) Nicola Guarino s formal mereotopology (Borgo et al., 1995, 1996) and various formal representations of plans and processes including CPR (Pease, 1997) and PSL (Schlenoff et al., 2000) After all of the relevant content was identified and ....

Casati, Roberto and Achille Varzi (1995) Holes and Other Superficialities, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

....have licensing restrictions. This content included the libraries of ontologies available on the Ontolingua server and from ITBM CNR, John Sowa s upper level ontology [19] Russell and Norvig s upper level ontology [15] James Allen s temporal axioms [1] Casati and Varzi s formal theory of holes [4], Barry Smith s ontology of boundaries [17, 18] Nicola Guarino s formal mereotopology [2,3] and various formal representations of plans and processes including CPR [13] and PSL [16] After all of the relevant content was identified and linked to the SUO web site (http: suo.ieee.org refs.html) ....

Casati, R. and Varzi, A. (1995) Holes and Other Superficialities, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

.... included the libraries of ontologies available on the Ontolingua server and from ITBM CNR, John Sowa s upper level ontology (Sowa, 2000) Russell and Norvig s upper level ontology (Russell Norvig, 1995) James Allen s temporal axioms (Allen, 1984) Casati and Varzi s formal theory of holes (Casati Varzi, 1995), Barry Smith s ontology of boundaries (Smith, 1994, 1996) Nicola Guarino s formal mereotopology (Borgo et al., 1995, 1996) and various formal representations of plans and processes including CPR (Pease, 1997) and PSL (Schlenoff et al., 2000) After all of the relevant content was identified and ....

Casati, Roberto and Achille Varzi (1995) Holes and Other Superficialities, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

....transformation can be distinguished by a constraint language of just EC(x) PP(x) and Conv(x) Various different notions of the inside of a region can be distinguished using a convex hull primitive [24, 33] these can all be viewed as different kinds of hole. A very interesting line of research [14, 127] has investigated exactly what holes are and proposes an axiomatisation of holes based on a new primitive: Hosts(x; y) which is true if the body x hosts hole y; note that this is not a theory of pure space: holes cannot host other holes, only physical objects can act as hosts. Another recent ....

.... certain rather special kind of non convex regions to be distinguished, and in any case does not allow the concavities to be explicitly referred to it is a theory of holed regions , rather than of holes per se the distinction between hole realist and irrealist theories has been made by [14]. equidistant from each pair of closest objects under consideration. Notions such as proximity, betweenness, inside outside, amidst can all be addressed by this technique. Finally, before leaving the topic of shape description we should point out the work of [20] on describing shape via ....

R Casati and A Varzi. Holes and Other Superficialities. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1994.

.... (Brodie 1984) linguistics (Cruse 1979; Winston et al. 1987) and cognitive psychology (Tversky and Hemenway 1984) Philosophers have contributed formal theories of parts, wholes, and related concepts (Guarino et al. 1996) Classical mereology offers a theory of part whole relations (Simons 1987; Casati and Varzi 1994), although recent work has suggested that mereology alone is too restrictive for a complete treatment of parts and wholes (Casati and Varzi 1994; Casati and Varzi 1997) and as such is commonly integrated with concepts from topology. Transitivity of part of relations has also been examined to ....

.... formal theories of parts, wholes, and related concepts (Guarino et al. 1996) Classical mereology offers a theory of part whole relations (Simons 1987; Casati and Varzi 1994) although recent work has suggested that mereology alone is too restrictive for a complete treatment of parts and wholes (Casati and Varzi 1994; Casati and Varzi 1997) and as such is commonly integrated with concepts from topology. Transitivity of part of relations has also been examined to determine under what conditions does transitivity hold (Cruse 1979; Winston et al. 1987) A study of relations between parts and wholes as used in ....

R. Casati and A. Varzi (1994) Holes and Other Superficialities. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

.... most easily done in terms of specific tasks, and that of specifying the topological properties of a solid torus in terms of C alone was chosen as non trivial but possibly achievable (as will be seen, it is not quite achieved here) The work reported is related to that of Casati and Varzi on holes (Casati and Varzi 1994), but shows that two of their three types of holes (tunnels and internal voids) can be described in terms of C these authors use C, but introduce the relationship between a hole and its host as an additional primitive. Vieu (Vieu 1993) and her colleagues have also used Clarke s work as a ....

....disc, and (moving beyond topology to metric aspects of geometry) a cube the counterpart of a square. Both the doughnut and the block minus block, however, have a reasonable claim to be the 3 dimensional counterpart of the annulus: both can be described as a block that hosts a single hole (c.f. (Casati and Varzi 1994)) just as an annulus can be described as a disc that hosts a single hole; but in three dimensions, a topologically significant hole (as opposed to a mere surface depression) can be either a hole right through the object (the doughnut) or an internal void (the block minus block) In one important ....

Casati, R. and Varzi, A.: 1994, Holes and Other Superficialities, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

.... two configurations (which are cross sections through 3D regions) 15 The primary aim of the ontology presented here has been to develop a theory of relations between spatial regions with concavities; this work has strong connections with the conceptualisation of objects with holes developed by Casati and Varzi (1993). They develop a classification of holes; there are three main types: one of these corresponds to the notion of topological inside developed here. The other two specialise geometric inside in a slightly different way to the present ontology: they distinguish between tunnels (perforations) and ....

Casati, R. and Varzi, A.: 1993, Holes and Other Superficialities, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. To Appear.

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Casati R and Varzi A. Holes and Other Superficialities. MIT Press, Cambridge (MA), 1994.

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Casati R., Varzi A. C., 1994, Holes and Other Superficialities, Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press/Bradford Books.

....See [20] for an attempt to capture genus differences in terms or connection relations. See e.g. 26] For a more detailed criticism of the view that holes are negative parts, see [10] The eliminative strategy was first considered in [32] Some work in this direction has been done in [8]. See also [55] for formal developments. For an overview of this position, see [22] For a recent philosophical exchange, see [28, 36] For an AI perspective, see [5] See [17] for a discussion of the analogy. I myself believe that the cases, though conceptually different, admit of the same ....

Casati R. and Varzi A. C., 1994, Holes and Other Superficialities, Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press (Bradford Books).

....other. It is the medium that allows the bear to move and breathe. Surrounding and supporting this medium is an enclosing structure, or what we shall call a retainer, which in the present case is constituted by the walls and floor of the cave. We can Compare the section on making filled holes in [2], ch. 10. accordingly think of the medium as filling a second, larger hole an environing hole that is exactly as large as the interior of the cave, minus the bear. The environing hole is bounded by the retainer, and it surrounds the bear, and hence also it surrounds the central hole. Medium ....

Casati, R., and Varzi, A. C., 1994, Holes and Other Superficialities, Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press.

....medium as filling a second, larger hole an environing hole that is exactly as large as the interior of the cave, minus the bear. The environing hole is bounded by the retainer, and it surrounds the bear, and hence also it surrounds the central hole. Compare the section on making filled holes in [2], ch. 10. Medium (filling the environing hole Tenant (occupying the central hole Retainer (a boundary of some surrounding structure) Figure 1. The double hole structure of the occupied niche. A typical niche, we submit, exhibits a double hole structure of this sort. It is a bounded volume ....

Casati, R., and Varzi, A. C., 1994, Holes and Other Superficialities, Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press.

....other until they come into contact. An abrupt change takes place: the topology of the overall configuration is suddenly altered. Two surfaces merge. Two drops become one. 8 On the idea that material objects have open complements, see also Asher and Vieu 1995 and Smith and Varzi, forthcoming. Casati and Varzi 1994 argue that holes, in particular, are bounded from the outside: the boundary of a hole is the surface of its material host. For other families of examples see Jackendoff 1991. 9 This point expands on an argument put forward in Varzi 1997, 7. 10 2) A worm drills a hole in a log of wood and ....

Casati, R., and Varzi, A. C., 1994, Holes and Other Superficialities, Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press.

....reason for this different conception is that such philosophers do not think that events are entities of a kind, so for them the sentences in question cannot really be about stabbings. They are about Brutus, about Caesar, and perhaps about a knife. And if this 17 Though I am in fact skeptical: see Casati and Varzi [1994], chapters 3 and 12. 18 See Horgan [1978] for a representative statement. 11 gives rise to complications when it comes to explaining the logical validity of certain inferential patterns (such as the adverb dropping inference from (10) to (11) that simply means that we have a problem to ....

Casati, R., and Varzi, A. C., 1994, Holes and Other Superficialities, Cambridge (MA): MIT Press.

.... that Tail will or would cease to be part of Tibbles after the accident) amounts to a form of mereological essentialism that 10 As urged e.g. by Heller [1984] and, more recently, Sider [1997] 11 This is the position of Thomson [1983] 12 The case of holes is discussed at some length in Casati and Varzi [1994: Ch. 7] shadows were suggested by Leibniz in his commentary of Locke [New Essays, II xxvii 1] van Inwagen [1990: 81] mentions ghosts, and David Lewis [1991: 75] has two angels dancing forever on the head of a pin. Chisholm [1973: 590] also considers shadows and holes as counterexamples to ....

....reference is as fine grained as demanded by the physical sciences, then physical objects of the garden variety can only be included in an inventory of the world as a result of such a loosening of (G) no bona fide boundary would individuate them. 27 On the ontology and mereotopology of holes see Casati and Varzi [1994] and Varzi [1996b] 28 For the notion of a fiat boundary I refer to Smith [1995] and Smith and Varzi [1999] 29 We can speak of the Mason Dixon line as the border between Maryland and Pennsylvania, but this border is best construed as being made up of two coinciding fiat boundaries, one for ....

Casati R. and Varzi A. C., 1994, Holes and Other Superficialities, Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press (Bradford Books).

....such an account of holes: there is an important distinction here a distinction reflected in the possibility of endorsing topological essentialism without endorsing mereological essentialism, or vice versa. And this distinction is obscured by a negativemereological treatment of holes. 10. See Casati and Varzi [1994]. 11. See Lewis and Lewis [1970] 16 principle (D) which in fact becomes synonymous with the statement that necessarily a doughnut is a doughnut. However the status of the de re principles changes on this account. For one thing, the strong formulation (DE2) becomes meaningless (syntactically ....

Casati R. and Varzi A. C., 1994, Holes and Other Superficialities, Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press (Bradford Books).

....Yet, if there is an ontology inherent in our everyday reasoning about the world, then this ontology comprises holes (and cognate entities such as cracks, cuts, or fissures) along with stones and chunks of cheese. This view stems from joint work with Roberto Casati and has been largely presented in [3], where a basic formalism is also introduced to spell out the major tenets and consequences of a realist theory. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on that formalism and to illustrate how it can be exploited to provide a framework for more general patterns of REASONING ABOUT SPACE: THE HOLE ....

....the underlying motivations. I shall, however, take the opportunity to introduce some novelties and refinements into the account which will result into a simplified and somewhat more refined theory particularly for the purpose of qualitative spatial reasoning than the one originally outlined in [3]. Various independent domains come to interact in the development of this general picture. Focusing on the extensional core, four main domains may be distinguished: ontology (holes are parasitic entities) mereology (holes may bear part whole relations to one another) topology ....

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Casati R., Varzi A. C., Holes and Other Superficialities, Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press (Bradford Books), 1994.

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Casati, R. and Varzi, A.C., 1995, Holes and Other Superficialities, Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press.

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R. Casati and A.C. Varzi. Holes and Other Superficialities. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1994.

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Casati, R., and Varzi, A., Holes and Other Superficialities, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1995.

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