Kurtenbach, G. & Buxton, W. (1991). Issues in combining marking and direct manipulation techniques. UIST. p. 137-144.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....than other directions. Keywords Gesture interfaces, marking menus, flick gestures, pen computing, evaluation. INTRODUCTION Gesture based input mechanisms promise two major user interface benefits. First, they can reduce the time taken to issue simple commands. Gesture based marking menus [8], for instance, reduce the Fitts law [5] time to target constraints of normal menus. They do so by allowing users to select menu items by gesturing towards each item s location in a pie menu centred on the user s cursor location. Second, gesture based input methods are readily implemented on ....

....into the appropriate segment of the pie. The motivation for piemenus is to minimise Fitts law constraints on time totarget in theory, a movement of one pixel is sufficient to reach any of the menu items, and further movements result in the target effectively becoming larger. Marking menus [8,9,11] extend the pie menu concept by allowing users to select items before the menu appears. Expert users can select items with a rapid flick in the appropriate direction. If the user hesitates in their gesture (a delay of more than approximately half a second) then the pie menu is displayed to ....

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Kurtenbach, G. and Buxton, W. Issues in Combining Marking and Direct Manipulation Techniques. In Proceedings of ACM UIST'91. 1991. 137--144.

....navigation facility to web browsers can significantly reduce the time taken to carry out one of the most common actions in web use: navigating back to previously visited pages. The gestural input mechanism described in this paper is based on marking menus. Introduced by Kurtenbach and Buxton [7], marking menus allow users to select items from a pie menu [1] before the menu is displayed. The user does so by gesturing with the cursor in the direction of the desired item. If the user hesitates in their selection, the full pie menu is displayed. The following fictitious scenario drives our ....

....into the appropriate segment of the pie. The motivation for pie menus is to minimise Fitts Law constraints on timeto target in theory, a movement of one pixel is sufficient to reach any of the menu items, and further movements result in the target effectively becoming larger. Marking menus [7] extend the pie menu concept by allowing users to select items before the menu appears (Figure 1b) Expert users can select items with a rapid flick in the appropriate direction. If the user hesitates in their gesture (a delay of more than approximately half a second) then the pie menu is ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Kurtenbach, G. and Buxton, W. Issues in Combining Marking and Direct Manipulation Techniques. In Proceedings of ACM UIST'91. 1991. 137--144.

....A large number of interaction techniques involving gestures have been developed. Henry, et al. described a highly customizable GUI toolkit that includes provisions for gesture input and snap dragging [Henr90] A selection technique based on pie menus called marking menus was introduced in [Kurt91] and refined in [Tapi95] Marking menus improve on pie menus by delaying the drawing of the menu. Experts do not need Qualifying Exam Proposal 5 A. Chris Long to see the entire menu structure to draw a gesture (or mark) to select the item they want, so marking menus are faster than traditional ....

Gordon Kurtenbach and William Buxton. Issues in combining marking and direct manipulation techniques. In UIST Fourth Annual Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, pages 137--144. ACM SIGGRAPH and SIGCHI, ACM Press, Nov 1991.

....menu hierarchy is displayed. Marking menus provide a way to merge object selection, tool selection and direct manipulation. Because marks are normally terminated by a pen up transition, the discrimination between mark and direct manipulation is sometimes difficult to identify, requiring a timeout [7]. The earlier Momenta [12] system provided a similar capability with more limited scope, called the command compass . Pook [11] introduced control menus, an extension of marking menus, to allow the entry of continuous parameters, such as distances and zoom control, associated with a command ....

G. Kurtenbach and W. Burton. Issues in Combining Marking and Direct Manipulation Techniques. In Proceedings of UIST'91, pages 137--144, 1991.

....2D gestures, or marks, have been used in several ways in graphical interfaces. In addition to obvious applications to text input, gestures can be used to issue commands to the system. Kurtenbach has studied the issues raised by markbased input, on the user s as well as on the system s side [9, 8]. Pie menus [3] although apparently close to traditional menus, are close to mark based input, in that they use the orientation of gestures performed by the user. T Cube even chains pie menus, thus associating each command to a broken line [13] In T Cube,menus are only displayed if the user ....

G. Kurtenbach and W. Buxton. Issues in combining marking and direct manipulation techniques. In Proceedings of the ACM UIST, pages 137--144, 1991.

....icons let the user access (jump to) different zones in Shinjuku (e.g. Walking area or Yasukuni avenue ) Turn left: right click, drag LEFT, release . Turn right: right click, drag RIGHT, release Users unfamiliar with gesture based interfaces are supported by a pie menu. A pie menu [1] 2][3][4] 5] 9] is a special type of menu whose items are placed on the sectors of a circle rather than piled as rows in a rectangle (see figure 3) When a pop up pie menu is invoked, it appears on the screen with its centre placed below the mouse cursor (figure 3a) and the user selects one of its items ....

Kurtenbach P.G., Buxton W.A.S., Issues in Combining Marking and Direct Manipulation Techniques, Proceedings of UIST '91

....item. A drawback of pie menus, despite their speed and accuracy, is their inefficient use of screen space (Callahan et al. 1998; Hopkins et al. 1988) With marking menus, in contrast, an expert user can quickly perform the same dragging gesture without waiting for the appearance of the pie menu (Kurtenbach Buxton, 1991). Our work differs from these earlier efforts in the consideration of flicking in a novel context and by a more detailed evaluation in some regards, of the gesture in use (Kurtenbach Buxton, 1993) 3 Experiments We conducted two formal experiments to explore the characteristics of the flick ....

Kurtenbach, G. & Buxton, W. (1991), Issues in Combining Marking and Direct Manipulation Techniques, in ***EDITOR*** (ed.), Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST'91, ACM Press, pp.137--44.

....and popular technologies: information technology and paper. The ideal PDA has the storage, computation, and communication benefits of computers and the versatility, convenience, and portability of paper. Many researchers have discussed or built interfaces that exhibit some paperlike benefits [7,13,17]. An important issue facing researchers today is how to make progress toward the goal of an ideal PDA. Looking at why users choose paper instead of currently available PDAs may show how PDAs can be improved. The results of our survey suggest two avenues for improvement. One avenue is to improve ....

....to investigate software or user interface (UI) techniques that mitigate the drawbacks of small displays. For example, UI designers might make small, low resolution screens less cumbersome with an interface that uses zooming [2] or focus plus context [1] Interaction techniques such as gestures [6,7,14], marking menus [16] or pop up pie menus can be used because they require less screen space than many traditional GUI controls do [15] The second avenue for PDA improvement is to make it more like paper in terms of speed of use and convenience. Paper is fast and convenient to use because it ....

Kurtenbach, G. and Buxton, W. Issues in Combining Marking and Direct Manipulation Techniques. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on User Interface and Software Technology (UIST '91), p. 137-144. ACM, Nov. 1991.

....algorithm is limited to single stroke gestures. Unless a gesture set has a paper based counterpart that the user is already familiar with, such as copy editor marks, gestures can be hard to learn. Kurtenbach s marking menus are a novel attempt at making gestures self revealing [Kurtenbach 1991a; Kurtenbach 1991b] Marking menus combine gesture recognition with pop up piemenus [Callahan 1988] Beginning users select a command from a series of pop up pie menus, while more advanced users can make a fast gesture that requires the same physical movements as required to traverse the pie menus. The difference ....

Gordon Kurtenbach and William Buxton. "Issues in Combining Marking and Direct Manipulation Techniques". Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH and SIGCHI Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, UIST '91, Hilton Head, SC, November 11--13, 1991. pp. 137-144.

....transmitted to the computing device at hand. Examples of location independent interface elements for the stylus include pie menus [Callahan] hierarchical pie menus [Hopkins] pop up menus, pop up property sheets [Johnson] pop up handwriting recognition pads [GO] and gesture based interfaces [Kurtenbach, GO, Rubine]. Vocal user interface elements have been demonstrated by Schmandt [Schmandt] Bush and Wilcox [Wilcox] and are available in commercial speech based user interface builders [SimonSays] 2 Photo 2. Actual Xerox Liveboard Photo 3. 2X Liveboard mock up This paper addresses issues raised by ....

....drawn on the application window are destined for the application. It is therefore impossible to draw over a button or to have a button in the midst of the drawing surface. This is the manner in which conventional drawing programs are organized. Interference does not occur in programs such as GEdit [Kurtenbach], which uses a combination of gestures and pie menus for interaction, because the stylus input is always aimed at the interface and does not interfere with the synthetic graphical objects that GEdit creates and modifies. In freehand drawing or markup applications, interference occurs. There are at ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Kurtenbach, G., and Buxton, W. Issues in Combining Marking and Direct Manipulation Techniques. In Proceedings of UIST'91, the Fourth Annual Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (Hilton Head, SC. Nov. 11-13). ACM Press, New York, 1991, pp. 137-144.

....recognition results be quickly transmitted to the computing device at hand. Examples of proximate interface elements for the stylus include pie menus [4] hierarchical pie menus [9] pop up menus, pop up property sheets [11] pop up handwriting recognition pads [5] and gesture based interfaces [5, 12, 23]. Vocal user interface elements have been demonstrated by Schmandt [25] Bush and Wilcox [30] and are available in commercial speech based user interface builders [10] This paper addresses issues raised by proximate user interfaces on a large display surface as exemplified by the Xerox ....

....drawn on the application window are destined for the application. It is therefore impossible to draw over a button or to have a button in the midst of the drawing surface. This is the manner in which conventional drawing programs are organized. Interference does not occur in programs such as GEdit [12], which uses a combination of gestures and pie menus for interaction, because the stylus input is always aimed at the interface and does not interfere with the synthetic graphical objects that GEdit creates and modifies. In freehand drawing or markup applications, interference occurs. 4.1 ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Kurtenbach, G., and Buxton, W. Issues in Combining Marking and Direct Manipulation Techniques. In Proceedings of UIST'91, the Fourth Annual Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (Hilton Head, SC. Nov. 11-13). ACM Press, New York, 1991, pp. 137144.

....the toolglass sheet, causing the document to be printed. This is drag and drop with the target of the drop on the sheet. A stroke gesture may begin in one part of a tool and end in another. Figure 5 shows a tool that combines single stroke gestures (like those used in Kurtenbach s Marking Menus [15]) with pie menus [12] In figure 5(a) the user strokes from a graphical shape (a triangle) positioned under the circular center button of the menu to a button labelled Fill Color , to apply the fill color of the triangle to the rectangular prototype object that is part of the tool. Conversely, ....

Gordon Kurtenbach and William Buxton. Issues in combining marking and direct manipulation techniques. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST '91, S. Carolina, November), ACM, 1991, pp. 137-144.

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Kurtenbach, G. & Buxton, W. (1991). Issues in combining marking and direct manipulation techniques. UIST. p. 137-144.

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G. Kurtenbach and W. Buxton. Issues in combining marking and direct manipulation techniques. In Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, pages 137--144. ACM, 1991.

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