S. Yang, M. Burnett, E. DeKoven, and M. Zloof. Representation design benchmarks: A design-time aid for VPL navigable static representations. Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 8(5/6):563--599, Oct/Dec 1997. 6 Appendix: CRG construction for conditional subexpressions. One form of expression apparent in the grammar shown in  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....for later collaboration. These properties build upon each other. For example, the history of the visualization session should utilize the intuitive display used for the main interface; this would lessen the conceptual distance between the results and the steps used to generate the results. [2]. Our spreadsheet like interface has been designed to satisfy these criteria. A. Turn Key In traditional turn key visualization user interfaces, a user iteratively changes parameter values directly in order to search for the desired result. This trial and error process is ine#cient and does not ....

....from numeric applications. The visual language community has extensively studied spreadsheets and their applications. For example, the Forms 3 system [10] has been used to discuss spreadsheet animation, dynamically expanding grids, and psychological factors in designing user interfaces [12] 11] [2]. 3 Fig. 1. Visual representation of some parameters displayed by the visualization spreadsheet. As a user edits the underlying parameter, the icon of the parameter is updated. Several spreadsheet interfaces for graphics and visualization have been developed. Levoy s SI system [13] wraps a ....

Sherry Yang, Margaret M. Burnett, Elyon DeKoven, and Moshe Zlo#, "Representation design benchmarks: A design-time aid for VPL naviable static representation," Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, vol. 8, no. 5/6, pp. 563--599, October - December 1997.

....constructs in Prolog programs, as suggested above, to see what happens when role expressiveness is improved. FURTHER READING The cognitive dimensions approach was first proposed by Green (1989) It was applied to visual programming languages by Green and Petre (1996) Modugno et al. (1994) and Yang et al. 1998) describe how various programming environments were redesigned following analysis. Currently the most complete account of its applicability outside programming is a tutorial by Green and Blackwell (1998) available as a web downloadable document. 15 ....

Yang, S., Burnett, M. M., DeKoven, E. and Zloof, M. (1998) Representation design benchmarks: a design-time aid for VPL navigable static representations. Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 8 (5/6), 563599.

....do exist, a notable success along one dimension may be reduced by poor performance on another. The cognitive dimensions framework is by no means a finished entity. Meanwhile, its take up by other researchers such as Modugno, Green and Myers (1994) Buckingham Shum and Hammond (1994) and Yang, Burnett, DeKoven and Zloof (1995) shows the wide applicability of the approach. 6. New Directions This final section presents several directions for further research into diagrammatic representations. They arise from our current understanding of the cognitive factors involved in use of VPLs, and build on the research described ....

Yang, S., Burnett, M.M., DeKoven, E., & Zloof, M. (1995) Representation design benchmarks: a design-time aid for VPL navigable static representations. D.C.S. Tech Rpts 95-60-3. Oregon State University (Corvallis).

....the control of graphical representations. C32 [19] used a spreadsheet interface for constructing constraints in user interface toolkits. Forms 3 [3, 10] is a general purpose visual programming language based on the spreadsheet paradigm. Yang et al. proposed design benchmarks for visual programming [30] including static dataflow visualization. Toolglass and Magic Lenses [2] use spatially dedicated lenses to visually present and interact with the underlying information layer. In contrast to a Magic Lens visualization of the dataflow structure of spreadsheets, fluid visualization controls the ....

Yang, S., Burnett, M., DeKoven, E., Zloof, M., Representation design benchmarks: a design-time aid for VPL navigable static representations, Journal of Visual Languages and Computing 8(5/6), Oct/Dec 1997.

....the system for over two years (p. 101) Buckingham Shum and Hammond have evaluated graphical notations for design rationale, using a variety of criteria, among them the cognitive dimensions framework [8] 79] this helps to underline the wide applicability of the approach. Lastly, Yang et al. [91] have developed the framework as a practical system for use by designers of visual languages. They have proposed a variety of easily measured benchmarks and demonstrated their applica 40 bility to two very different types of visual language. They also carried out a small study to test whether ....

Yang, S., Burnett, M. M., DeKoven, E. and Zloof, M. (1995) Representation design benchmarks: a designtime aid for VPL navigable static representations. Oregon State University (Corvallis), Dept. of Computer Science Technical Report 95-60-3.

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S. Yang, M. Burnett, E. DeKoven, and M. Zloof. Representation design benchmarks: A design-time aid for VPL navigable static representations. Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 8(5/6):563--599, Oct/Dec 1997. 6 Appendix: CRG construction for conditional subexpressions. One form of expression apparent in the grammar shown in

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S. Yang, M. Burnett, E. DeKoven, and M. Zloof. Representation design benchmarks: a design-time aid for VPL navigable static representations. Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 8(5/6):563--599, Oct/Dec 1997. 176

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S. Yang, M. Burnett, E. DeKoven, and M. Zloof. Representation design benchmarks: a design-time aid for VPL navigable static representations. Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 8(5/6):563--599, Oct/Dec 1997. 12

....is intended primarily for investigating type explanation, it would be straightforward to extend it into a full visual programming environment. It might be more fruitful to develop a new visual programming environment incorporating the visualization, using design criteria such as Yang et al. s [71], based on Green and Petre s cognitive dimensions for visual programming [18] It would be interesting to explore the application of such criteria speci cally to visual functional programming. The empirical results do not show that the visualization is necessarily better than a traditional ....

S. Yang, M. M. Burnett, E. DeKoven, and M. Zloof. Representation design benchmarks: a design-time aid for VPL navigable static representations. Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 8:563-599, 1997.

....paper or by FAR s intended users. 3. Introduction to FAR As we have said, FAR is an end user visual language to allow end users to offer e services. This means it is aimed at end user businesses, not at customers. During its design, we evaluated FAR using the Representation Design Benchmarks [23], a design time evaluation tool for visual programming languages that is Figure 1: Snapshot of the flower advisor e service in FAR as it is being created by the gardener. Everything shown in the web page area is a cell or table of cells, including the blocks of text, images, and so on. 4based ....

....could easily allow access to other popular PC software as well. FAR programs are stored in XML format. FAR is a new project, and there are many issues left unaddressed. Perhaps the most pronounced is the fact that, although we have used early evaluation devices such as representation benchmarks [23] and cognitive dimensions [11] to help guide the design of this language [5] there have been no experiments involving human users to point out mismatches with the intended audience. Other issues that we have not explored include database updating, such as to log transactions, and credit card ....

S. Yang, M. Burnett, E. DeKoven, and M. Zloof, Representation Design Benchmarks: A Design-Time Aid for VPL Navigable Static Representations, Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, October/December 1997.

.... language (VPL) design decisions by considering Green et al. s cognitive dimensions, a distillation of psychology of programming knowledge into a form usable by nonpsychologists [Green and Petre 1996] As a concrete application of the cognitive dimensions, representation design benchmarks [Yang et al. 1997] were designed in an earlier collaboration between Oregon State University and Hewlett Packard. The benchmarks are a flexible set of measurement procedures for VPL designers to use when designing new static representations for their languages. They focus on the static representation part of a VPL, ....

S. Yang, M. Burnett, E. DeKoven, and M. Zloof, "Representation Design Benchmarks: A Design-Time Aid for VPL Navigable Static Representations," Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, October/December 1997.

....in both situations. 6. EXPLICIT REPRESENTATION The fourth element of the interaction model, r, requires the existence of an explicit representation exists, but does not specify the form it should take. In the process of designing the representation for Forms 3, we used a set of design benchmarks [Yang et al. 1997] that are a concrete application of several of the cognitive dimensions for programming systems by researchers from the field of cognitive psychology [Green and Petre 1996] The cognitive dimensions provide a foundation for considering the cognitive issues of representing programs, and provide an ....

Yang, S., M. Burnett, E. DeKoven, and M. Zloof, "Representation Design Benchmarks: A Design-Time Aid for VPL Navigable Static Representations," Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 1997 (to appear).

....enough display) or is it at least possible to compare any two parts side by side at will If the code is dispersed, is it at least possible to know in what order to read it Table 1: The cognitive dimensions. A concrete application of the cognitive dimensions is representation design benchmarks [24], a set of quantifiable measurements that can be made on a VPL s static representation. The benchmarks are of three sorts: 1) binary (yes no) measurements reflecting the presence (denoted S p ) of the elements of a static representation S, 2) measurements of the extent of characteristics ....

....in Capri, Italy. The discussion of VPL specification presented here is summarized from [15] other approaches to formal syntax issues and also to formal semantics issues can be found in [2, 6, 8, 10, 23] The discussions of cognitive dimensions and of representation design benchmarks are due to [24]. The summary of empirical studies is derived from [3] and from [22] ....

S. Yang, M. Burnett, E. DeKoven, and M. Zloof, Representation design benchmarks: a design-time aid for VPL navigable static representations. Journal of Visual Languages and Computing 8(5/6): 563-599, October/December 1997.

....the same mechanism for inheritance is employed for reusing formulas in both situations. 6. Explicit representation The interaction model requires the existence of an explicit representation, R. To design the representation for similarity inheritance in Forms 3, we used a set of design benchmarks [23] that are a concrete application of several of the cognitive dimensions for programming 7 Figure 7: The Deque form on the left has a form legend at the top indicating it is copied from Queue which in turn was copied from Stack. If there were intermediate forms, the legend would take the ....

Yang, S., M. Burnett, E. DeKoven, M. Zloof, "Representation design benchmarks: A design-time aid for VPL navigable static representations," J. Visual Languages and Computing 8(5/6), Oct./Dec. 1997. -

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Sherry Yang, Margaret M. Burnett, Elyon DeKoven, and Moshe Zlo#. Representation design benchmarks: A design-time aid for VPL navigable static representation. Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 8(5/6):563--599, October--December 1997.

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