Wiener, N. (1948) Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... world [are] realized by differential equations in [conventional control] and by symbolic reasoning on explicitly represented aspects of the world in [AI based control] 34] page 12) Norbert Wiener, who defined cybernetics as the science of control and communication in the animal and machine [50] formalized the theory of feedback control. Sowa in Conceptual Structures, critiques cybernetics as not applicable to AI symbolic methods: Cybernetics is descended from analog control systems, but AI is based upon digital computer programming. Because of their heritage they use different ....

N. Wiener. Cybernetics or Control and Communication In the Animal and the Machine. MIT Press, Cambridge, 1948.

....agents have to operate in a state of homeostasis ensured by a negative feedback loop through the environment. We will argue that, from the organism s view point, feedback is the most fundamental form of interaction with its environment [38] creating a specific form of quantifiable situatedness [44, 2]. At the end of this article we will augment the aspect of feedback and we will argue, like McFarland [16, 17] that intelligence is linked to learning, especially learning of anticipations. Or more specifically: If an organism is able to learn to anticipate feedback reactions, then it has ....

Norbert Wiener. Cybernetics --- or control and communication in the animal and the machine. The M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2 edition, 1961.

.... seminal stability analysis of the flyball governor found on Watt s steam engine, which resulted in the concept of a control system s characteristic equation [1] In the early to mid 20 th century, large advances in control theory were driven by the need to control artillery in both world wars [2]. The latter part of the 20 th century was dominated by advances digital control techniques, incorporating digital computers as active control elements. Of course, the digital computer has affected all domains of engineering. Computer based systems (CBSs) where functional, performance, and ....

N. Wiener, Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1948.

....caused a bifurcation between models and programs since the digital program is chock full of abstract entities. The connection of program to reality had become tenuous. Systems Theory [11, 57, 40] and its follow on principles of Systems Engineering [78, 68] beginning with the study of Cybernetics [76, 7], provided a uniform view of system. Specializations of systems to handle discrete events described systems with irregular time intervals [42, 81] which were more attuned to how programs tend to operate. A system is defined through a model and contains, input, output, state, as well as mapping ....

Norbert Wiener. Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. MIT Press, 1948.

....content of the message must be consistent in an oral interface; varying the way in which the message is conveyed is both natural and less irritating. Thus variation is a key factor in the overall goal of the system. Furthermore, if the message actually contains information (in the Shannon (1948) Wiener (1961) sense) then some words have to be clearly spoken in order for that information to be conveyed at the first attempt. If the system is requested to repeat, then the same content must be repeated in a different way, as would a human guide. Conventional text to speech systems (Allen et al. 1987) ....

Wiener, N. (1961), Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and Machine, second edition, MIT Press. 212+xvi pages.

....every stage of technique since Daedalus or Hero of Alexandria, the ability of the artificer to produce a working simulacrum of a living organism has always intrigued people. This desire to produce and to study automata has always been expressed in terms of the living technique of the age. (Wiener 1948) Wiener devised a particular metaphor for the mind which he regarded as the modern counterpart of the historical trajectory. Writing in Scientific American in November, 1948 he explains, Cybernetics is a word invented to define a new field of science. It combines under one heading the study ....

Wiener, N. 1948. Cybernetics or control and communication in the animal and machine, 2nd ed., MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, p. 39.

....occluding them, etc. to close a feedback loop and thus causing further goal driven as well as corrective actions. The application described here is original, although the underlying concept is not and can be traced back to the work of Norbert Wiener as described in his classic book Cybernetics [Wie65] In the simplest picture, a set of sensors determine a binary vector, where each bit of the vector may represent whether a sensor detects a signal or not ( on o# sensor ) whether the value detected by one signal is higher than another or a predetermined threshold, etc. Our designs rely only on ....

N. Wiener. Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal. MIT Press, June 1965. 22

....and they turn out to be language specific in several respects, the learner is faced with an acquisition problem right from the outset. The point of departure for the analysis of linguistic communicative feedback is the broad notion of feedback used in cybernetics and control engineering (cf Wiener 1948). Feedback is there taken to designate the processes by which a control unit of any kind gains information about the effects of its own actions, thus, enabling the unit to evaluate and control its own further activity. The cybernetic notion of feedback has been applied to human communication in a ....

Wiener, N. 1948. Cybernetics - or Control and Communication in the Animal and in the Machine, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

....This operation in 1972 is not yet done in man made computers metaprogramming is done outside the big solid state computers by the human programmers, or more properly, the human metaprogrammers. Another approach to intelligent behavior that involves several communicating systems is cybernetics [12, 179]. Cybernetics is the study of communication and control. A basic concept of cybernetics is a feedback loop in which the description of the behavior of system A is communicated to system B. System B uses this description to control the future behavior of A. Some characteristics of cybernetics are: ....

N. Wiener. Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1948.

....the relationships between intelligence and emotions. 1. INTRODUCTION Stan Franklin, the organiser of this symposium, wrote Minds are the control structures of autonomous agents [5, p 412] The claim that minds are essentially concerned with control, echoing the seminal ideas of Norbert Wiener [16] is one with which I strongly concur though as argued in [11] we need to go far beyond the early idea of control systems with fixed architecture and changes only in numeric values. The most obvious characteristic of our minds, which is perhaps least noted in philosophy, is that they are active. ....

Norbert Wiener. Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.:, 1961, 2nd ed.

....the results of the analysis which indicate that consistency search improves game playing performance for sufficiently accurate evaluation functions. xiii Chapter I Introduction The relationships between machines, games, and thinking has been a topic of many discussions. In 1948, Norbert Wiener [69] considered whether chess playing ability represents an essential difference between the potentialities of the machine and the mind [page 193] In 1950, Alan Turing [65] suggested the imitation game as a test for whether a machine could think. He even suggested using chess problems as part of ....

N. Wiener. Cybernetics: Or control and communication in the animal and the machine. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1948.

....based on on line measurements from the patient, it is natural to think of the problem as a multi stage decision problem. Depending on your background you may attack this problem e.g. using ideas from Artificial Intelligence (AI) and or Control Theory, which both have their roots in Cybernetics [ Wiener, 1948 ] The main differences between the two approaches is how the measurement data is mapped into models, what types of models are used, and how the decisions are made based on these models. This author has been partly sponsored by the Swedish Research Council for Engineering Sciences under ....

N. Wiener. Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1948.

....this early automaton s intended purpose was to engender light hearted amusement for the Athenian people. However, the artefact may also have evoked a question in its audiences minds can a man made object govern its own behaviour in a manner similar to that of an animal s Certainly both Wiener (1948) and Turing (1969 1 ) gave significant consideration to that question, from their differing perspectives of cybernetics and automated logic; it created the academic field of artificial intelligence (AI) and the ideas that flowed from attempts to answer the question have scaffolded how ....

.... always exhibit a behaviour irrespective of internal need or external conditions (since the reservoirs would fill to necessary capacity) Variants upon this form of model overcame such problems by incorporating aspects of control theory, an approach from systems theory initially popularised by Wiener (1948). Von Holst and Mittelstaedt (1950; von Holst, 1954) incorporated set point and negative feedback ( reafference ) ideas to allow for homeostasis and McFarland (1971) used most of the control theory tools available to allow for the interaction between behaviour systems and a more explicit ....

Wiener, N. (1948). Cybernetics: or control and communication in the animal and the machine. Cambridge, MA. MIT Press.

....systems, partitioned databases, and general feedback and control systems. The following is a preliminary analysis of the Mirage components in relation to existing work. 10 4.1. Cybernetics control theory Mirage contains constraints of stability derrived from fundamental work in cybernetics [As64, Wi61]. These notions are also related to feedback and control theory, which relate to method in which Mirage attempts to describe the extent to which remote processes can communicate and share information (i.e. be synchronized) given feedback latency. 4.2. Models of communication As previously stated, ....

Wiener, N., Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and Machine, MIT Press, Cambridge MA, 1961.

....to consider alternative solutions and to choose those promising optimizations at maximum efficiency and minimal cost in a tremendously complex network of interactions. Bertalanffy, 1968) This systemic viewpoint has much greater philosophical force than the associated cybernetic viewpoint of Wiener (1948) which is closer to the cognition as information processing paradigm in emphasizing the analogy between animal and machine in terms of control and communication. The Smolensky Bertalanffy argument would be that such an analogy arises because of common functions. A deeper argument still would be ....

Wiener, N. (1948) Cybernetics or Control and Communication in Animal and Machine. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

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Wiener, N. (1948) Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press

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N. Wiener. Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1948.

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Wiener N.: Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, Wiley, New York, 1948.

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Norbert Wiener. Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. Hermann, 1948.

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Wiener, Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, (The Technology Press and Wiley, 1948.

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Wiener, N. (1961). Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press. 2nd ed.

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Wiener, Norbert, Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1948).

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