Waugh, N. & Norman, D. (1965). Primary Memory. Psychological Review 72: 89-104.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... that would have to include virtually everything that we had ever stored in long term memory we encounter This would not seem possible because of size limitations on working memory (hereafter, WM) at least as this memory is normally construed (Miller, 1956; Atkinson Shiffrin, 1968; Waugh Norman, 1965; for a more recent review, see Baddeley, 1986) These limitations would not allow WM to accommodate such unwieldy representations. For this reason, long term memory representations must be pruned in such a way that they can be used by working memory. This would seem to strongly argue for an ....

Waugh, N. & Norman, D. (1965). Primary Memory. Psychological Review 72: 89-104.

.... that would have to include virtually everything that we had ever stored in long term memory we encounter This would not seem possible because of size limitations on working memory (hereafter, WM) at least as this memory is normally construed (Miller, 1956; Atkinson Shiffrin, 1968; Waugh Norman, 1965; for a more recent review, see Baddeley, 1986) These limitations would not allow WM to accommodate such unwieldy representations. For this reason, longterm memory representations must be pruned in such a way that they can be used by working memory. This would seem to strongly argue for an ....

Waugh, N. & Norman, D. (1965). Primary Memory. Psychological Review 72: 89-104.

.... a general principle of short term memory limitation, similaritybased interference, which has been demonstrated in a number of different tasks and modalities, ranging from visual stimuli to sign language (Baddeley, 1966; Conrad, 1963; Magnussen et al. 1991; Wickelgren, 1965; Shulman, 1970; Waugh Norman, 1965; Poizner et al. 1981) 3. It correctly predicts that difficulty can arise independently of ambiguity (Blumenthal, 1966; Blauberg Braine, 1974; Foss Cairns, 1970; Hamilton Deese, 1971; Larkin Burns, 1977; Marks, 1968; Miller Isard, 1964) 4. It correctly predicts that deep embeddings ....

Waugh, N. C. & Norman, D. A. (1965). Primary memory. Psychological Review, 72(2):89-- 104.

....interference (McGeoch McDonald, 1931) One principle of memory that has been neglected in theories of sentence processing is similarity based interference. When to be remembered items are followed by stimuli that are similar along some dimensions, the original items are more quickly forgotten (Waugh Norman, 1965; Shulman, 1970) This article attempts to gain some unification with traditional memory research by suggesting that an interesting range of core sentence processing phenomena can be explained as interference effects in a sharply limited syntactic working memory. This research follows the path ....

....memory 5 Table 2: Kinds of immediate memory subject to interference. Conceptual semantic (Potter, 1976) Kinesthetic (Willams, Beaver, Spence, Rundell, 1969) Odor (Walk Johns, 1984) Sign language (Poizner, Bellugi, Tweney, 1981) Tone (Deutsch, 1970) Verbal phonological (Shiffrin, 1973; Waugh Norman, 1965) Visual (Logie, Zucco, Baddeley, 1990) cross linguistic coverage of the best syntactic metrics and architectures, in particular, those of Cowper (1976) and Gibson (1991) Interference in a multi faceted working memory In this section, I will briefly attempt to establish two things. First, ....

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Waugh, N. C. & Norman, D. A. (1965). Primary memory. Psychological Review, 72(2):89--104.

....The comparison with models derived from experimental psychology is less straightforward. The sharp two way division between permanent and ephemeral memories has obvious echoes of earlier ideas about short term and long term memory (e.g. Murdock, 1963) or primary and secondary memories (Waugh Norman, 1965; Atkinson Shiffrin, 1968) and consequently, in the eyes of some memory psychologists, gives Soar an old fashioned look. The most historically influential touchstones are probably the idea of a short term memory for the temporary storage of information (e.g. Miller, 1956) and its later ....

.... (Walker John, 1984) The broad categories for which such interference has been demonstrated include conceptual semantic (Potter 1976) kinesthetic (Williams et al., 1969) odor (Walker John, 1984) sign language (Poizner, Bellugi Tweney, 1981) tone (Deutsch, 1970) verbal (Shiffrin, 1973; Waugh Norman, 1965), and visual (Logie, Zucco, Baddeley, 1990) What we are suggesting is that syntactic should be added to this list. Such a suggestion is consistent with the demonstrations of within category similarity based interference in several different tasks and modalities, such as the phonological ....

Waugh, N. C. & Norman, D. A. (1965) Primary memory. Psychological Review, 72, 89-104.

....makers to consider important influences on a decision may be reduced even further if fast action is demanded in crisis situations. One cognitivepsychology study demonstrated that people cannot retain and reason simultaneously about more than two concepts in environments filled with distractions [Waugh and Norman, 1965]. These and other cognitive psychology findings provide motivation for automated methods that can balance the value and costs of displayed information. 3 TIME CRITICAL DECISIONS The costs versus the benefits of spending time to review additional information are sensitive to the time criticality ....

Waugh, N. and Norman, D. (1965). Primary memory. Psychological Review, 72:89--104.

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