National Research Council How People Learn. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 2000.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....sent to the robot as motion commands. Teleprogramming was predated by the use of graphical simulation as an operator aid in time delayed telerobotic applications [5, 6] The introduction of synthetic fixtures into the operator s display to assist in task specification has also been considered [7, 8]. While commands sent to a remote site in teleprogramming systems tend to be task simulator recognized objects video vision task controller model generator joint servo controller operator inputs force data video error status task commands work site model work site operator ....

National Research Council (U.S.A.), Virtual Reality. Scientific and Technological Challenges. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1995.

....ecosystem management becomes more complex, it is clear that much more attention must be paid to improving the process by which scientific and technical information is generated, communicated and used in policy formulation and implementation. A recent report from the U.S. National Research Council [17] offers recommendations directed to governmental agencies, legislative bodies, scientists, universities, the media and non governmental organizations for improving mechanisms, enhancing communications, building capacity, and involving science in integrated and adaptive management. It ....

National Research Council: Science, policy and the coast: Improving decisionmaking. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 85 (1995).

.... information to regulate the harvest of fishery resources at sustainable levels, we have often failed [11] Physical alterations of the environment to support commerce and recreation or to protect human populations and facilities have also resulted in undesirable effects on coastal ecosystems [2, 15]. Although we have met some success in reducing pollution from direct discharges, diffuse sources of nutrients and toxicants have resulted in widespread contamination and degradation of many coastal seas [16] How, then, can we better manage activities associated with human development to ....

....of the coastal habitat restoration effort in the United States deals with marsh and mangrove habitats. An assessment of the engineering and technological issues facing the restoration and protection of marine habitats, particularly wetlands, was recently produced by the National Research Council [15]. In the Chesapeake Bay, habitat restoration efforts focus on, in addition to vegetated wetlands, submersed aquatic vegetation, oyster reefs, and removal of barriers to the migration of anadramous fishes. Although some planting or seeding of submersed aquatic vegetation has been attempted, ....

National Research Council: Restoring and protecting marine habitat: The role of engineering and technology. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 193 (1994).

....network protocols. The paper will also describe efforts to incorporate these technologies into ongoing science programs and summarize the lessons learned from working with these scientists. Background The concept of a collaboratory was introduced in a study for the National Academy of Sciences[1]. That study described the concept of a collaboratory as a . center without walls , in which the nation s researchers can perform their research without regard to geographical location interacting with colleagues, accessing instrumentation, sharing data and computational resources, and] ....

National Collaboratories: Applying Information Technology for Scientific Research, National Academy Press, 1993.

....emphasis on flexibility, calling for rather arbitrary process routes through the system. At the same time, there is an increased focus on reduced production lead times and low work in process (WIP) Computerized shop floor control is the enabling factor for successfully meeting these requirements. [7, 6]. In this context, it is crucial that computerized manufacturing system 6 controllers implement automated solutions to the deadlock problem. A second justification for a more systematic approach is that deadlocks are in fact constraints imposed by the plant structure on operational policies. ....

National Research Council. Information technology and manufacturing. Technical report, National Academy Press, 1993.

....have been developed, and until the limitations and possibilities of the instrumentation are thoroughly understood. 65 III. The Scientific Case for the Origins Program SELECTED READINGS A Hearn, M. F. et al. 1995, A Scientific Assessment of a New Technology Orbital Telescope, Washington, DC: National Research Council) Astronomy Astrophysics Survey Committee 1991, Astronomy Astrophysics for the 1990s ( The Bahcall Committee ) Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences) Bely, P Y, Burrows, C. J. Illingworth, G. D. eds) 1990, The Next Generation Space Telescope, Baltimore: Space Telescope Science Institute) Bell Burnell, S. J. J. K. Davies, ....

National Research Council. Astronomy and Astrophysics Survey Committee. John N. Bahcall, Chair. 1991. The decade of discovery in astronomy and astrophysics. Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press.

....the contents of the remainder of this document. 1.2 The Problem 1.2.1 The Need for Aid in Trauma Management As of 1985, injuries, accidental and intentional, are the third largest cause of death in the United States and result in more years of human life lost in the U.S. than any other disease [3, 60]. Hitting young people more than all other diseases combined, the economic loss reached 130 billion annually, in the U.S. alone. Trunkey [153] shows a trimodal distribution of injury related deaths: 1. immediate, as a result of the injury; 2. within the first few hours of injury; and 3. as a ....

National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. Injury in America. National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1985.

....to a process model, and the sanity checks engendered by such reflections. F. Graduated series of milestones challenges Another step we can take is to define a series of specific research challenges to strive for, similar to the Grand Challenges in High Performance Computing and Communications [17] and the goal of satisfying the Turing Test [29] in Artificial Intelligence. We need tangible targets ranging from what we are within sight of now (for example, an industrial strength slicer for the C language) to medium term challenges (such as measurable diagnostic assistance in finding the ....

National Research Council. Computing The Future. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1994, (see also http://www.hpcc.gov/blue96).

.... with biological problems and [36] also for other results in the same spirit as the ones presented here) Remark 2: The case with a conservation law, that is the pure Kawasaki case is very relevant for the applications, for example to certain coarsening processes in metallurgy (see e.g. 12] 77] [86]) Kawasaki dynamics are typically harder to analyse, but in this case most of the difficulties are present already at the PDE level (for a discussion with numerical simulations on the IPS see [58] In analogy with the Glauber case, we look at the initial value problem (see Theorem 5.1) m ....

National Reserarch Council Mathematical research in materials science: opportunities and perspectives Board on Mathematical Sciences. National Academy Press, Washington D.C. (1993).

....results that will enable industry to understand and compare techniques and tools. When one thinks of an experiment, one often thinks of a roomful of subjects, each being asked to perform some task, followed by the collection of data from each subject for later analysis. In a recent report [16], experimentation is broken down into three categories: case studies, academic studies, and industrial studies. However this narrow definition does not distinguish among the various forms of data that may be collected. The selection of statistical methods for measuring and expressing the results ....

National Research Council, Statistical Software Engineering, Comm. on Applied and Theoretical Statistics, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1996.

.... [11, 4] Extending the use of local models to include kinesthetic as well as visual feedback is described in [7] A behavior based teleprogramming system is described in [22] Various researchers have also considered introducing synthetic aids for task specification into the operator s display [19, 15]. Commands sent to a remote site in teleprogramming systems tend to be at the level of guarded moves . The ability to send higher level commands asking the remote manipulator to achieve a particular contact state (recovering if necessary from any intervening contact states which can be ....

National Research Council (U.S.A.), Virtual Reality. Scientific and Technological Challenges. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1995.

....models can also be motivated from meansquare error considerations, using the basic James Stein theory. Classical papers by Efron and Morris [23] 45] explain the data analysis aspects of shrinkage estimation. A recent NRC report discusses the notion of borrowing strength in considerable detail [15]. The report concentrates on meta analysis as the main area of application, but the methodological discussion is quite general. 8.8. Moderator Variables. The concept of a moderator variable is not easily defined. There is a thoughtful review in [3] Velicer [64] discusses the concept interms of ....

National Research Council, Combining information. statistical issues and opportunities for research, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1992.

....emphasis on flexibility, calling for rather arbitrary process routes through the system. At the same time, there is an increased focus on reduced production lead times and low work in process (WIP) Computerized shop floor control is the enabling factor for successfully meeting these requirements. [7, 6]. In this context, it is crucial that computerized manufacturing system controllers implement automated solutions to the deadlock problem. A second justification for a more systematic approach is that deadlocks are in fact constraints imposed by the plant structure on operational policies. ....

National Research Council. Information technology and manufacturing. Technical report, National Academy Press, 1993.

....of a severe LAN security related problem. It requires not only the capability to react to incidents, but the resources to alert and inform the users if necessary. It requires the cooperation of all users to ensure that incidents are reported and resolved and that future incidents are prevented [WACK91,5]. WACK91] is recommended as guidance in developing an incident response capability. 2. Back up Operations plans are prepared to ensure that essential tasks (as identified by a risk analysis) can be completed subsequent to disruption of the LAN environment and continuing until the LAN is ....

National Research Council; Computers At Risk: Safe Computing in the Information Age, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1991.

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Zyda M., National Research Council, Modeling and Simulation, Linking Entertainment and Defense, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1997.

....it is no longer a mainstream position [Roy92] quoted in [Ada95, p9] 9.4. 3 The National Research Council s View Risk Characterisaction As Process The National Research Council Committee On Risk Characterization published seven principles for implementing the [risk characterisation] process [Nat96, p2]: 1. Risk characterisation should be a decision driven activity, directed toward informing choices and solving problems [Nat96, p2] 116 2. Coping with a risk situation requires a broad understanding of the relevant losses, harms, or consequences to the interested and a ected parties [Nat96, ....

....As Process The National Research Council Committee On Risk Characterization published seven principles for implementing the [risk characterisation] process [Nat96, p2] 1. Risk characterisation should be a decision driven activity, directed toward informing choices and solving problems [Nat96, p2]. 116 2. Coping with a risk situation requires a broad understanding of the relevant losses, harms, or consequences to the interested and a ected parties [Nat96, p2] 3. Risk characterization is the outcome of an analytic deliberative process. Its success depends critically on systematic ....

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National Research Council Committee on Risk Characterization. Understanding Risk. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1996.

.... and facilities have also resulted in undesirable effects on coastal ecosystems [2, 15] Although we have met some success in reducing pollution from direct discharges, diffuse sources of nutrients and toxicants have resulted in widespread contamination and degradation of many coastal seas [16]. How, then, can we better manage activities associated with human development to maintain or restore coastal ecosystems within an acceptable level of biotic integrity and performance Experience has made it clear that management of issue by issue, resource byresource, use by use, or ....

National Research Council: Priorities for coastal ecosystem science. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 106 (1994).

....manufacturing require the effective deployment of large scale flexibly automated production systems. To a large extent, this is the result of the shift of discrete part manufacturing strategies from the previously sought economies of scale to what has come to be known as economies of scope [16, 12, 1]. In this new environment, emphasis is placed on the ability of the system to provide customized products and services, while meeting tighter time constraints, and with highly competitive prices. Large scale flexible automation is the enabler of the aforestated economies of scope, since, in ....

National Research Council. Information technology and manufacturing. Technical report, National Academy Press, 1993.

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National Research Council. Shipbuilding Technology and Education. Washington. D.C.: National Academy Press, 1996.

....or improvement of property registration systems. Several studies show a linkage between economic development and cadastral systems [Dale, 1988] The common recommendation for the installation of a GIS points to the ownership layer as the desired base for a GIS [National Research Council, 1980; National Research Council, 1983]. This study was motivated by an effort to design a property registration system for Moldavia, a newly independent country of the former Soviet Union, but similar problems are posed in other countries. The goal was to understand the linkage between social demands, legal rules and technical ....

National Research Council. Procedures and Standards for a Multipurpose Cadastre. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press, 1983.

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National Research Council How People Learn. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 2000.

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National Research Council How People Learn. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 2000.

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National Research Council. Trust in Cyberspace,Washington, DC, 1999. National Academy Press.

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National Research Council, Realizing the Information Future and Beyond, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1994.

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