E. Buss, R. De Mori, W.M. Gentleman, J. Henshaw, H. Johnson, K. Kontogiannis, E. Merlo, H.A. Mller, J. Mylopoulos, S. Paul, A. Prakash, M. Stanley, S.R. Tilley, J. Troster, and K. Wong. Investigating Reverse Engineering Technologies for the CAS Program Understanding Project. IBM Systems Journal, 33(3):477--500, 1994.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....databases, or any malicious or unintentional modification to computer systems. The IBM contact for this paper is Phil Ford, Centre for Advanced Studies, IBM Canada Ltd. Stn. 21, Dept. 894, 844 Don Mills Road, North York, Ontario M3C 1V7 1 Introduction Reverse engineering and design recovery [2,3,4,5] provide useful tools for program understanding, an important part of software maintenance of legacy systems. Such tools often mimic the front end of the compilation process and yield much useful information that a compiler acquires to generate good code but which is normally not available to ....

E. Buss, R. De Mori, M. Gentleman, J. Henshaw, H. Johnson, K. Kontogiannis, H. Mller, J. Mylopoulos, S. Paul, A. Prakash, M. Stanley, S. Tilley, J. Troster, and K. Wong, "Investigating Reverse Engineering Technologies: The CAS Program Understanding Project", IBM Syst. Journal, (September 1994).

....size (40 Mbytes of source based on two releases of the GNU gcc compiler) The IBM contact for this paper is Graham Ewart, Centre for Advanced Studies, IBM Canada Ltd. Stn. 21, Dept. 894, 844 Don Mills Road, North York, Ontario M3C 1V7. 1 Introduction Reverse engineering and design recovery [2,3,4,5] provide useful tools for program understanding, an important part of software maintenance of legacy systems. Such tools often mimic the front end of the compilation process and yield much useful information that a compiler acquires in order to generate good code but that is normally not ....

E. Buss, R. De Mori, M. Gentleman, J. Henshaw, H. Johnson, K. Kontogiannis, H. Mller, J. Mylopoulos, S. Paul, A. Prakash, M. Stanley, S. Tilley, J. Troster, and K. Wong, "Investigating Reverse Engineering Technologies: The CAS Program Understanding Project", IBM Syst. Journal, In Press (September 1994).

....to look for clones as subtrees of the syntax or semantic trees that match in all or in part. This has the advantages that it can be combined easily with other semantic analysis and that it also identifies common recurring code fragments or clichs. This is the approach of a group from McGill [3]. A number of software metrics are calculated for each subtree and a clone is signaled if the metrics all agree. Another approach similar to that discussed here is that of Baker [1] She calculates a position tree for the whole of the source and uses the information contained in it to identify ....

E. Buss, R. De Mori, M. Gentleman, J. Henshaw, H. Johnson, K. Kontogiannis, H. Mller, J. Mylopoulos, S. Paul, A. Prakash, M. Stanley, S . Tilley, J. Troster, and K. Wong, "Investigating Reverse Engineering Technologies: The CAS 7 Program Understanding Project", IBM Syst. Journal, (In press).

....processing to generate dynamic content. While many web site analysis tools [14, 8] are available to analyze the structure of static HTML content, most of them completely ignore the applet code, which by its nature requires software analysis techniques. Traditional software repositories [29, 30, 7, 13, 3] apply reverse engineering [12] techniques on the source code to build a central information source for maintaining code in a software system. Repositories are useful to developers as they make it possible to efficiently examine the structure and interaction between components of a system without ....

E. Buss, R. D. Mori, W. Gentleman, J. Henshaw, J. Johnson, K. Kontogianis, E. Merlo, H. Muller, J. Mylopoulos, S. Paul, A. Prakash, M. Stanley, S. Tilley, J. Troster, and K. Wong. Investigating Reverse Engineering Technologies for the CAS Program Understanding Project. IBM Systems Journal, 33(3):477--500, 1994.

....the ELSE part. During the analysis phase each node is annotated with control and data flow information given as a vec This work is funded by IBM Canada Ltd. Laboratory Center for Advanced Studies (Toronto) National Research Council of Canada, and McGill University. tor of software metrics [Buss94], as a set of data bindings with the rest of the system, Konto94] or as a set of keywords, variable names and data types. The REFINE 1 environment is used to analyze and store the AST and its annotations. The annotations are computed in a compositional way from the leaves to the root of the ....

Buss, E., et. al. "Investigating Reverse Engineering Technologies for the CAS Program Understanding Project", IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 33, No. 3, 1994, pp. 477-500.

....client side processing to generate dynamic content. While many web site analysis tools are available to analyze the structure of static HTML content, most of them completely ignore the applet code, which by its nature requires software analysis techniques. Traditional software repositories [2, 19, 20, 7, 11, 4] apply reverse engineering[10] techniques on the source code to build a central information source for maintaining code in a software system. Repositories are useful to developers as they make it possible to e#ciently examine the structure and interaction between components of a system without ....

E. Buss, R. D. Mori, W. Gentleman, J. Henshaw, J. Johnson, K. Kontogianis, E. Merlo, H. Muller, J. Mylopoulos, S. Paul, A. Prakash, M. Stanley, S. Tilley, J. Troster, and K. Wong. Investigating Reverse Engineering Technologies for the CAS Program Understanding Project. IBM Systems Journal, 33(3):477--500, 1994.

....The results to date include a prototype implementation of an integrated environment and initial experimentations with legacy code. RevEngE is part of an ongoing project on program understanding, based at the IBM Centre for Advanced Studies (CAS) 5] The primary goal of this larger project [6] has been to apply program understanding technologies to improve the quality of software systems. In this project, the SQL DS (Structured Query Language Data System) product is used as the testbed for all technologies under review. SQL DS is a relational database management system, developed by ....

Buss, E. et al. "Investigating Reverse Engineering Technologies: The CAS Program Understanding Project", IBM Systems Journal, 33(3), 1994.

.... Forward engineering aims at producing an implementation document describing the details of the desired high level concepts of a system [71] Reverse engineering is the process of examining an existing system s representation to extract design artifacts that are less implementation dependent [33, 22, 5, 48, 74, 43, 35]. Reverse engineering helps designers to understand the design structure of an existing system, 34 Requirements business rules) Reengineering (constraints, objectives, engineering Forward Forward engineering Reverse engineering Reverse engineering Implementation Design Design ....

E. Buss et al. Investigating reverse engineering technologies for the cas program understanding project. IBM Systems Journal, 33(3):477--500, 1994.

....parsers, a repository, and a visualization engine. Researchers developed strategies for specific reengineering scenarios [13, 30, 32, 45] and as a result investigated program understanding technology for these scenarios using industrial strength reverse engineering and transformation tools [17]. Even though the theory of parsing and its technology has been around since the 1960s, robust parsers for legacy languages and their dialects are still not readily available [56] A notable exception is the IBMVisualAge C environment, which features an API to access the complete abstract ....

E. Buss, R. DeMori, W. Gentleman, J. Henshaw, H. Johnson, K. Kontogiannis, E. Merlo, H. Muller, J. Mylopoulos, S. Paul, A. Prakash, M. Stanley, S. R. Tilley, J. Troster, and K. Wong. Investigating reverse engineering technologies for the cas program understanding project. IBM Systems Journal, 33(3):477--500, August 1994.

....in extracting meaning by analyzing FTP sites, such analysis is reduced to a minimum. 1 This assessment is shared by many professionals, including Walter Crosby, a consultant on Web and legacy systems integration (ComputerWorld, March 9, 1998) 2 Sophisticated software engineering tools [4] may be applied to uncover Java applets capabilities and present them to the user. However, this requires that the Java code itself is available to the client, which is rarely the case. 4 Domain concepts are initially generated by examining the hyperlink graph topology and content of each Web ....

E. Buss et al. Investigating reverse engineering technologies for the CAS program understanding project. IBM Systems Journal, 33(3):477--500, 1994.

....client side processing to generate dynamic content. While many web site analysis tools[13] 8] are available to analyze the structure of static HTML content, most of them completely ignore the applet code, which by its nature requires software analysis techniques. Traditional software repositories [27, 28, 7, 12, 3] apply reverse engineering[11] techniques on the source code to build a central information source for maintaining code in a software system. Repositories are useful to developers as they make it possible to efficiently examine the structure and interaction between components of a system without ....

E. Buss, R. D. Mori, W. Gentleman, J. Henshaw, J. Johnson, K. Kontogianis, E. Merlo, H. Muller, J. Mylopoulos, S. Paul, A. Prakash, M. Stanley, S. Tilley, J. Troster, and K. Wong. Investigating Reverse Engineering Technologies for the CAS Program Understanding Project. IBM Systems Journal, 33(3):477--500, 1994.

....is not a clear agreement on how the repository should be organized. One popular approach is to store variants of abstract syntax trees in the repository, such as those used in Reprise[23] ALF[20] Genoa[9] Cobol SRE[21] PRODAG[22] Aria[10] and Rigi[18] in the IBM program understanding project[2]. Because of the nature of the representations, tree traversal routines are frequently used to generate various abstractions. The other popular approach, which was adopted in the construction of the C C Information Abstraction Systems[4] 7] 15] and in XREFDB[17] is to structure the repository ....

E. Buss, R. D. Mori, W. Gentleman, J. Henshaw, J. Johnson, K. Kontogianis, E. Merlo, H. Muller, J. Mylopoulos, S. Paul, A. Prakash, M. Stanley, S. TIlley, J. Troster, and K. Wong. Investigating Reverse Engineering Technologies for the CAS Program Understanding Project. IBM Systems Journal, 33(3):477--500, 1994.

....bullet to rid us of these difficulties, but that each of the following is of assistance: high level languages, expert systems, software environments, incremental development, requirements refinement, prototypes, reuse, and great designers. Lassie [8] and other reverse engineering approaches [6], address these difficulties especially invisibility and to a lesser extent complexity by constructing multiple models and structures to provide visibility and aid understanding. But these are post facto; such approaches need to be applied across the entire software life cycle. Harel [20] ....

E. Buss, R. de Mori, W. Gentleman, J. Henshaw, H. Johnson, K. Kontogiannis, E. Merlo, H. Muller, J. Mylopoulos, S. Paul, A. Prakash, M. Stanley, S. Tilley, J. Troster, and K. Wong. Investigating reverse engineering technologies for the CAS program understanding project. IBM Systems Journal, 33(3):477--500, March 1994.

....is not a clear agreement on how the repository should be organized. One popular approach is to store variants of abstract syntax trees in the repository, such as those used in Reprise[23] ALF[20] Genoa[9] Cobol SRE[21] PRODAG[22] Aria[10] and Rigi[18] in the IBM program understanding project[2]. Because of the nature of the representations, tree traversal routines are frequently used to generate various abstractions. The other popular approach, which was adopted in the construction of the C C Information Abstraction Systems[4] 7] 15] and in XREFDB[17] is to structure the repository ....

E. Buss, R. D. Mori, W. Gentleman, J. Henshaw, J. Johnson, K. Kontogianis, E. Merlo, H. Muller, J. Mylopoulos, S. Paul, A. Prakash, M. Stanley, S. TIlley, J. Troster, and K. Wong. Investigating Reverse Engineering Technologies for the CAS Program Understanding Project. IBM Systems Journal, 33(3):477--500, 1994.

....perform client side processing to generate dynamic content. While many web site analysis tools are available to analyze the structure of static HTML content, most of them completely ignore the applet code, which by its nature requires software analysis techniques. Traditional software repositories [2, 19, 20, 7, 11, 4] apply reverse engineering[10] techniques on the source code to build a central information source for maintaining code in a software system. Repositories are useful to developers as they make it possible to efficiently examine the structure and interaction between components of a system without ....

E. Buss, R. D. Mori, W. Gentleman, J. Henshaw, J. Johnson, K. Kontogianis, E. Merlo, H. Muller, J. Mylopoulos, S. Paul, A. Prakash, M. Stanley, S. Tilley, J. Troster, and K. Wong. Investigating Reverse Engineering Technologies for the CAS Program Understanding Project. IBM Systems Journal, 33(3):477--500, 1994.

....written in various languages[1] there is not a clear agreement on how the repository should be organized. One popular approach is to store variants of complete parse trees in the repository, such as those used in Reprise[28] ALF[23] Genoa[12] Cobol SRE[24] and the IBM program understing project[3]. Because of the nature of the representations, tree traversal routines are frequently used to generate various abstractions. The other popular approach, which we adopted in the construction of the C Information Abstraction System (CIA) 7] 9] and its extension for C [18] and elsewhere in ....

E. Buss, R. De Mori, W.M. Gentleman, J. Henshaw, J. Johnson, K. Kontogianis, E. Merlo, H.A. Muller, J. Mylopoulos, S. Paul, A. Prakash, M. Stanley, S.R. TIlley, J. Troster, and K. Wong. Investigating Reverse Engineering Technologies for the CAS Program Understanding Project. IBM Systems Journal, 33(3):477--500, 1988.

....on user involvement [5] While comprehending a software system, it should be possible to include human input and expertise in the decision making. There is a tradeoff between what can be automated and what should or must be left to humans; the best solution lies in a combination of the two [6]. Hence, the process of understanding should be manual, semi automatic, or fully automatic where applicable. Through usercontrol, this process can be based on diverse contextual knowledge such as business policies, tax laws, or other high level, semantic information not directly present in the ....

E. Buss, R. D. Mori, W. M. Gentleman, J. Henshaw, H. Johnson, K. Kontogiannis, E. Merlo, H. A. Muller, J. Mylopoulos, S. Paul, A. Prakash, M. Stanley, S. R. Tilley, J. Troster, and K. Wong. Investigating reverse engineering technologies for the CAS program understanding project. IBM Systems Journal, 33(3):477--500, 1994.

....are compatible with the mental models used by the maintainers of the subject software. That is, the views we create are presenting information about the system at the right level of abstraction. Over the past year, we analyzed the source code of the SQL DS system as part of the IBM CAS PU project [45, 46]. The goal was to apply reverse engineering technology to improve the quality of subsequent maintenance. 5 Summary There will always be old software that needs to be understood. It is critical for the software industry to deal effectively with the problems of software evolution and the ....

E. Buss, R. D. Mori, W. M. Gentleman, J. Henshaw, H. Johnson, K. Kontogiannis, E. Merlo, H. A. Muller, J. Mylopoulos, S. Paul, A. Prakash, M. Stanley, S. R. Tilley, J. Troster, and K. Wong. Investigating reverse engineering technologies for the CAS program understanding project. IBM Systems Journal, 33(3):477-- 500, 1994.

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E. Buss, R. De Mori, W. M. Gentleman, J. Henshaw, H. Johnson, K. Kontogiannis, E. Merlo, H. A. Muller, J. Mylopoulos, S. Paul, A. Prakash, M. Stanley, S. R. Tilley, J. Troster, and K. Wong. Investigating reverse engineering technologies for the CAS program understanding project. IBM Systems Journal, 33(3):477--500, 1994.

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E. Buss, R. De Mori, W.M. Gentleman, J. Henshaw, H. Johnson, K. Kontogiannis, E. Merlo, H.A. Mller, J. Mylopoulos, S. Paul, A. Prakash, M. Stanley, S.R. Tilley, J. Troster, and K. Wong. Investigating Reverse Engineering Technologies for the CAS Program Understanding Project. IBM Systems Journal, 33(3):477--500, 1994.

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E. Buss, R. De Mori, W.M. Gentleman, J. Henshaw, H. Johnson, K. Kontogiannis, E. Merlo, H.A. Muller, J. Mylopoulos, S. Paul, A. Prakash, M. Stanley, S.R. Tillery, J. Troster, and K. Wong, "Investigating Reverse Engineering Technologies for the CAS Program Understanding Project", IBM Systems Journal, vol. 33, no. 3, 1994, pp. 447-500.

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E. Buss et al. Investigating reverse engineering technologies for the CAS program understanding project. IBM Systems Journal, 33(3):477--500, 1994.

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