James R. Norris. Markov Chains.Cam- bridge University Press, 1997.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....If a user is not able to solve the problem on the rule based level, he might change to the knowledge based level. The mental effort or cognition complexity on the knowledge based level is higher than on the rule based level. The higher the cognition complexity, the more likely user errors become [9]. Generally, in order to recognize the user s familiarity with a security concept, the deployment of usability tests is recommended [4] The following section uses the above mentioned categorization of security critical usability problems to rank security tools according to their usability. 2.3 ....

....III If the user error belongs to problem category II, the error arises in spite of the user s familiarity with the security concept. The three performance levels (skill based, rule based and knowledge based level) suggest a ranking of category II errors by their inherent cognitive familiarity [9]. Errors on the skill based level occur in a familiar environment, while errors on the rule based level occur in a somewhat familiar environment and errors on the knowledge based level occur in a unfamiliar environment [8] This is reflected by the following inequality: user error problem ....

James Reason. Human Error. Cambridge University Press. 1990.

....will finally go to infinity. But if p is less than or equal to q, the probability of the queue overflowing is hnB = nB , which is an extremely small value and is an exponentially decreasing value. The way of solving the recurrence relation to get h i can be found in most mathematics books [6, 13]. If the expected bandwidth requirement is less than network bandwidth, then there is an upper limit on the length of queue. But if the expected bandwidth requirement is larger than network bandwidth, then the queue will go to infinity if there is no limitation on the size of queue. But since ....

James R. Norris. Markov Chains. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1997.

.... where several fatal crashes and other incidents are attributed to problems in the flightcrew automation interface [8, Appendix D] There is much work, and voluminous literature, on topics related to these issues, including mode confusions [22] and other automation surprises [23] human error [18], human cognition [16] and human centered design [1] The human centered approach to automation design explicitly recognizes the interaction between human and computer in complex systems, and the need for each side of the interaction to have a model of the other s current state and possible ....

James Reason. Human Error. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1990.

....of [CHT] established the fibred version of the fact that compact Hausdor# spaces are exponentiable in the category Top of topological spaces, by proving: Theorem. Every perfect map of topological spaces is exponentiable in Top. Here perfect means proper ( stably closed, B] and separated [J], while a map f : X # Y is exponentiable if it is an exponentiable object in the fibred category Top Y of spaces over Y ; equivalently, if the change of base functor f # : Top Y # Top X has a right adjoint [N] The proof of the Theorem in [CHT] is based on a characterization of exponentiable ....

I.M. James, Fibrewise Topology (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1989).

....We want to make berwise pointed spaces into a category. Let U 0 = U 0 ; r 0 ; s 0 ) be another berwise pointed space over Z. A natural choice for a morphism from U to U 0 is to take a berwise pointed map, i.e. a continuous map : U U 0 such that r 0 = r and s = s 0 (comp. [1, 3] for instance) For our purposes such a de nition is too restrictive. We de ne a berwise deforming map (shortly: an f.d. map) f : U U 0 as a continuous map f : U; s(Z) U 0 ; s 0 (Z) such that r 0 f r rel s(Z) Obviously a berwise pointed map is an f.d. map. Note that there ....

....over R n 0. Each of the spaces V x has the same (ordinary) homotopy type of a three point space. It is easy to see, that for x 6= x 0 there is no berwise pointed map V x V x 0 except of the constant one, hence the berwise pointed homotopy types (i.e. the homotopy types in the sense of [1, 3]) of V x are all di erent. On the other hand there are no nonconstant f.d. maps between V x and V x 0 only in the case where the signs of x and x 0 are opposite, hence there are exactly two di erent berwise deforming homotopy types, and [V x ] Rn0 = V x 0 ] Rn0 i xx 0 0. In the above ....

I. M. James, Fibrewise Topology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1989.

....of [CHT] established the fibred version of the fact that compact Hausdorff spaces are exponentiable in the category Top of topological spaces, by proving: Theorem Every perfect map of topological spaces is exponentiable in Top. Here perfect means proper ( stably closed, B] and separated [J], while a map f : X Y 1 Partial financial assistance by NSERC is acknowledged. 1 is exponentiable if it is an exponentiable object in the fibred category Top=Y of spaces over Y ; equivalently, if the change of base functor f : Top=Y Top=X has a right adjoint [N] The proof of the ....

I.M. James, Fibrewise Topology (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1989).

....p in Top which, by 5.3, has the desired properties. Conversely, open embeddings are trivially separated and locally closed and therefore exponentiable (see [26] and so are perfect maps, by Theorem A. Furthermore, exponentiable and separated maps are closed under composition. 5.6 Remark. James ([18], p.58) gives the construction of the fibrewise Alexandroff compactification, which provides for every continuous map f : X Y a factorization f = X X Y ) j Theta q with an open embedding j and a proper map q. However, even for X and Y Hausdorff, q need not be separated; it is ....

I.M. James, Fibrewise Topology (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1989).

....introduce the notion of fiberwise deforming homotopy type over THE CONLEY INDEX OVER A BASE 5 Z (its detailed description will be presented in Section 3) Let (U; r; s) be a triple consiting of a topological space U and continuous maps r : U Z and s : Z U such that r ffi s = id Z . Following [J3] we call such a triple a fiberwise pointed space over Z. If Z is a one point space then this notion coincides with the notion of a topological space with a base point. As we have shown above, U (P ) r P ; s P ) is a fiberwise pointed space. Two fiberwise pointed spaces (U; r; s) and (U 0 ; ....

.... s 0 = s; r 0 ffi f r rel s(Z) r ffi f 0 r 0 rel s 0 (Z) f 0 ffi f id U rel s(Z) f ffi f 0 id U 0 rel s 0 (Z) The equivalence class is called the fiberwise deforming homotopy type over Z (in opposition to the notion of fiberwise pointed homotopy type introduced in [J3] where it is assumed additionally that r 0 ffi f = r and r ffi f 0 = r 0 . The proof of the following theorem is postponed to Section 6. Theorem 2.1. If P and Q are two regular index pairs for an isolated invariant set S then (U (P ) r P ; s P ) and (U (Q) r Q ; s Q ) have the same ....

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I. M. James, Fibrewise Topology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1989.

.... maps f : U U 0 and f 0 : U 0 U satisfying f ffi s = s 0 ; f 0 ffi s 0 = s; 1) r 0 ffi f r rel s(Z) r ffi f 0 r 0 rel s 0 (Z) 2) f 0 ffi f id U rel s(Z) f ffi f 0 id U 0 rel s 0 (Z) 3) The above definition was introduced in [MRS1] The book [J] deals with a more natural concept of fiberwise pointed homotopy type, where it is assumed additionally that r 0 ffi f = r and r ffi f 0 = r 0 . For our purposes related to the theory of isolated invariant sets, such a notion is too restrictive. The class of spaces having the same ....

I. M. James, Fibrewise Topology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1989.

....1 n P 2 is continuous. The pair consisting of an isolating block and its exit set is an example of regular index pair. To define h (S) the Conley index of S over S 1 , we use the adjunction P 1 [ j P 2 S 1 , i.e. we glue P 2 to S 1 via . This results in a fiberwise pointed space (see [3]) If one chooses two regular index pairs, the resulting spaces are not equivalent as fiberwise pointed spaces, but they do have the same fiberwise deforming homotopy type (see [7] By definition, h (S) is equal to the fiberwise deforming homotopy type of P 1 [ j P 2 S 1 . The index turns ....

....over a base as considered in [7] in the special case when the base is S 1 . A triple U = U; r U ; s U ) is called a fiberwise pointed (topological) space over S 1 if U is a topological space, r U : U S 1 and s U : S 1 U are continuous maps, and r U ffi s U = id S 1 (compare also [3]) We refer to r U as the projection, and to s U as the section of U. In the sequel, we will often drop the subscript U in r U and s U unless it leads to confusion. For a 2 S 1 the pointed topological space U a : r Gamma1 U (a) s U (a) is the fibre at a. Let V = V; r V ; s V ) be ....

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I. M. James, Fiberwise Topology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1989.

....fiberwise pointed spaces into a category. Let U 0 = U 0 ; r 0 ; s 0 ) be another fiberwise pointed space over Z. A natural choice for a morphism from U to U 0 is to take a fiberwise pointed map, i.e. a continuous map OE : U U 0 such that r 0 ffi OE = r and OE ffi s = s 0 (comp. [J1, J3] for instance) For our purposes such a definition is too strong. We define a homotopically fiberwise pointed map (shortly: an h.f.p. map) f : U U 0 as a continuous map f : U; s(Z) U 0 ; s 0 (Z) such that r 0 ffi f r rel s(Z) Obviously a fiberwise pointed map is an h.f.p. ....

....pointed space over R n 0. Each of the spaces V x has the same (ordinary) homotopy type of a three point space. It is easy to see, that for x 6= x 0 there is no fiberwise pointed map V x V x 0 except of the constant one, hence the strong homotopy types (i.e. the homotopy types in the sense of [J1, J3]) of V x are all different. On the other hand there are no nonconstant h.f.p. maps between V x and V x 0 only in the case where the signs of x and x 0 are opposite, hence there are exactly two different weak homotopy types, and [V x ] Rn0 = V x 0 ] Rn0 iff xx 0 0. In the above example ....

I. M. James, Fibrewise Topology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1989.

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James Reason, Human Error. Cambridge University Press, 1990.

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James R. Norris. Markov Chains.Cam- bridge University Press, 1997.

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James Reason. Human Error. Cambridge University Press, 1990.

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James Reason. Human Error. Cambridge University Press, 1990.

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James Reason. Human Error. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990.

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James Reason. Human Error. Cambridge University Press, 1990.

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I.M. James, Fibrewise Topology (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1989).

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James Reason, Human Error, Cambridge University Press, 1990 (ISBN 0-521-306698)

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I. M. James, Fibrewise Topology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989.

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