Dawkins, R., 1988. The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press, Oxford.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....dynamics is also a specifically interesting problem. In this paper, however, we will concentrate on a purely normative population. In fact, the built in constraint idea corresponds to assuming an infinite cost for the violation of norms. The idea of studying the evolution of norms as memes [12] has been recently also adopted by [15] 7 a lower acceptable limit of the age at marriage, l i , and by an upper acceptable limit of the age at marriage marriage u i . The norms for the first generation G 0 of individuals are initialized randomly. More specifically, each individual s norm is ....

Dawkins R., 1976, The Selfish Gene, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

....of models in complex situations, using a hard nosed constructivist stance. 2 The Subject Matter of Memetics and its Development The subject matter of memetics has developed at least partly as a matter of historical accident. Although the etymology of the term meme goes back only to Dawkins in [6], the ideas can be traced back further [11] Instead of working historically I wish to characterise the field in a functional way; namely: the application of models with an evolutionary or genetic structure to the domain of (cultural) information transmission. Similar to other developing fields ....

Dawkins, R. (1976). The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press.

....economy, and for an increase of the number of offspring produced by any reproducing individual. One of the ways in which such an increase could be assured would be the lengthening of the reproductive phase in the life history; another would be an increase in the number of offspring produced [14,15,43]. There are, of course, not only natural selective pressures that operate. It is clear enough that, in evolution, they have often been overcome by other pressures. There is another natural selective of more general importance. This is the pressure to restrict the length of the reproductive ....

Dawkins, Richard, 1976, The Selfish Gene, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

....economy, and for an increase of the number of offspring produced by any reproducing individual. One of the ways in which such an increase could be assured would be the lengthening of the reproductive phase in the life history; another would be an increase in the number of offspring produced [6,7,21]. There are, of course, not only natural selective pressures that operate. It is clear enough that, in evolution, they have often been overcome by other pressures. There is another natural selective of more general importance. This is the pressure to restrict the length of the reproductive ....

Dawkins, Richard, 1976, The Selfish Gene, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

....new approach, firstly introduced by Luc Steels [40] views the evolution of languages as cultural evolution rather than a biological evolution. Furthermore it is based on selectionistic theories as introduced by Darwin [10] but treated as cultural rather than biological as was proposed by Dawkins [11]. The theory of Dawkins, however, treats memes (or ideas tricks) as the items being evolved by means of, among others, language rather than language itself. Dawkins [11] introduces memes as analogues of genes, but not containing genetic information, but rather concepts of ideas like, for ....

....selectionistic theories as introduced by Darwin [10] but treated as cultural rather than biological as was proposed by Dawkins [11] The theory of Dawkins, however, treats memes (or ideas tricks) as the items being evolved by means of, among others, language rather than language itself. Dawkins [11] introduces memes as analogues of genes, but not containing genetic information, but rather concepts of ideas like, for instance, the wheel, eating bread or drinking beer. Evolution of memes is selected by natural selection processes just as genes are. They are only not thrown in a biological ....

Dawkins, R. (1976) The selfish gene. Oxford Univ. Press.

....is to look how it was used. In the next part, an application of HBGA is presented that will give more specific example of usefulness of this model. 6 HBGA APPLICATION Multi level HBGA allowed us to approach computationally the idea of knowledge evolution that was earlier expressed in memetics (Dawkins, 1976), neuro linguistic programming (Bandler Grinder, 1976) and evolutionary theory of language and mind (Pinker, 1998) The algorithm was applied to solving problems expressed in natural language in Free Knowledge Exchange (FKE) project (Kosorukoff, 2000a) In this case, both computational ....

Dawkins, R. (1976). The selfish gene. Oxford University Press.

....optimizing the genetic code. I am indebted to Dr. Scott John, who after reading an early draft of this paper, pointed out to me that many of the ideas in this discussion between scientific and biological evolution are very similar with those stated by Richard Dawkins in his book The Selfish Gene [60]. Dawkins also recognizes that these analogies have been investigated before by Sir Karl Popper [153] L.L. Cavalli Sforza [45] and more recently in Refs. 46] 48] 47] 49] 50] F.T. Cloak [54] and J.M. Cullen. This subject was also studied by R. Boyd and P.J. Richerson [32] 33] Present work ....

....with bigger probabilities those individuals with the best fitness. The concept of the meme R. Dawkins in the last chapter of his book The Selfish Gene , has introduced the word meme to denote the idea of a unit of imitation in cultural transmission which in some aspects is analogous to the gene [60]. In the case of martial arts, those undecomposable movements in the form that I mentioned above should be considered as memes. A defensive movement generally is composed by the coordinated action of many of these memes. 17 We can understand the martial arts in the context of the evolution of a ....

R. Dawkins, "The selfish gene", Oxford University Press, Oxford (1976).

....beat humans, for example, seems only to have a derived goal inherited from its programmer (Dennett, 1987) making it fundamentally different to a human chess player, which has the real goal of winning. Dennett turns the tables on this argument with a thought experiment that points out, following Dawkins (1989) that even humans can be considered artifacts; survival machines for genetic material, so our intentionality is derived from the intentionality of our selfish genes (Dennett, 1987) This is a somewhat evasive response, because the way we humans construct artifacts is different from the ....

....animals which are better at predicting and manipulating each other s mental states and therefore indirectly manipulating each other s behaviour will gain an evolutionary advantage over those other animals, and will be favoured by natural selection. The result is an evolutionary arms race (Dawkins, 1989) leading to the complexity of human common sense psychology and human society. The Machiavellian intelligence hypothesis has been target for some criticism (e.g. Ridley, 1993) notably in that the arms race argument should also apply to other great apes, and therefore doesn t provide a complete ....

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Dawkins, R. (1989). The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

....is initiated by the adopters rather than adoptees as in brood amalgamation or in the active kidnapping by adult white winged choughs, adopters actively recruit young, and this behaviour is observed and may be learnt by the young. Hence we do not consider the adopting behaviour as a distinct meme (Dawkins 1976), but rather as an eVect of a general style of parenting. We expect this style of parenting to be modulated by the ecological, energetic and social circumstances of the parents. The tendency to adopt can be expressed and socially transmitted when the conditions are compatible with the adopting ....

Dawkins, R. 1976. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

....macroscopic organisms, mutations themselves are unique kinetic events in the quantum world of molecules and molecular orbitals, vastly rarer than the photons in a conventional interference experiment and tending at all times to the unique uncertainty of the single unrepeated event. And as Richard Dawkins (1976) has pointed out so ruthlessly and effectively, it is gene selection which drives the organism rather than vice versa. This is exactly what causes evolution theorists to emphasize the non universal, idiosyncratic nature of mutational evolution, but it also confirms that evolution is potentially ....

Dawkins, Richard 1976 The Selfish Gene, Oxford Univ. Pr., Oxford.

....(1998, pp. 23 25) There is also considerable discussion on the extent to which multilevel selection theory, inclusive fitness, and reciprocal altruism are equivalent explanations (see, e.g. Sober and Wilson 1998 and Reeve 1999) In addition, the gene level view of evolutionary processes (Dawkins 1976, 1982) generates ongoing controversy and discussion (see, e.g. Sober and Wilson, 1998, pp. 87 92) Here we hope to avoid these controversies at least partially by capturing the essential nature of multilevel selection within a more fundamental framework that does not depend on genes or ....

Dawkins, R. (1976). The Selfish Gene. New York:Oxford University Press.

....beliefs [12] Some treatments of cultural evolution (e.g. sociobiology and evolutionary psychology) consider how cultural traits evolve due to their impact on biological fitness. But one can also consider how cultural traits evolve in their own right, as Dawkins did when he coined the word meme [6]. This sort of pure cultural evolution is driven by mechanisms similar to those behind biological evolution, but there are important differences. Evolution happens in each case because traits exhibit variation, heritability, and differential fitness. But cultural traits are transmitted not ....

Dawkins, R. 1976. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Dawkins, R., 1988. The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

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Dawkins, R. (1976). The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

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Dawkins, R. 1976. The Selfish Gene. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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R. Dawkins, "The Selfish Gene", Oxford Press, 1990

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Dawkins, R., 1976, The Selfish Gene, Oxford University Press

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Dawkins, Richard. 1976. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Dawkins, R. (1976). The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press.

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Dawkins, R. (1976) The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

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Dawkins, R., 1976, The Selfish Gene, Oxford University Press.

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Dawkins, R. (1976). The selfish gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Dawkins, R. 1976. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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R. Dawkins. The Selfish Gene. Oxford, 1976.

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Dawkins, R. (1976), The Selfish Gene, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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