Simon, H.A. The structure of ill structured problems. Artificial intelligence, 4. 145-180.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....about reflection on the design actions to a tool for acquisition of design knowledge. First, key terms are defined and theoretical framework is introduced. Afterwards we look at the means for capturing explicit and tacit design knowledge more in depth. 1 INTRODUCTION According to Simon [1] design is an ill structured problem; i.e. its initial specification is usually incomplete; the initial vagueness prevents the designers from constructing a precise problem solving space and setting clear criteria for determination of a (final) solution. Due to the initial uncertainty, the problem ....

H.A. Simon, The structure of ill-structured problems.Ar- tificial Intelligence, 4:181-201, 1973.

....features of design problems, and defines a reasoning framework for the reflection on the actions in design. First, the key terms are defined that are elaborated later with the focus on generation of new design goals through the reflection on the partial design solutions. 1 INTRODUCTION Simon [1] includes engineering design among ill structured problems; i.e. the initial specification of a design problem is usually incomplete, the initial vagueness prevents the designers from constructing a precise problem solving space and setting the clear criteria to determine a (final) solution. Due ....

....they investigate the reasons for such a state. Their motivation is to conjecture some condition under which the consistency of the design would be restored. Such an approach for the restriction of the design space basically corresponds to the term that Simon calls bounded rationality [1]. In simple words, it is based upon the commonly accepted truth that we develop models of the systems because we are not able to attend to the real world in its entire complexity. In design, a set of a few fundamental assumptions can be chosen that allow only certain combinations of theorems to ....

H.A. Simon, The structure of ill-structured problems.Ar- tificial Intelligence, 4:181-201, 1973.

.... of solutions [18, 3] Clearly, RE bears many similar characteristics and properties of general design and problem solving activities, such as the wickedness of the problem, the complex cognitive process and the management of different sources of knowledge involved, and creativity required [41, 45, 27, 49]. It would be sensible to expect that theories related to the general design and problem solving process described by various authors, such as [27, 49, 44] would also apply to understanding the RE process. Over the last decade, many authors attempted to describe the structure of the RE process ....

Simon, H. A. (1973) The structure of ill-structured problems , Artificial Intelligence, 4(3):181-200

....previous work undertaken by Sharrock and Anderson [37] concerning the theory and practice of design to outline the relevance of patterns to the design process. Broadly speaking design and development problems are ill structured problems lacking definite criterion to test potential solutions [38]. Despite radical uncertainty, however, developers nonetheless manage to devise solutions. How do they do this, and do it recurrently, as a routine matter of day to day working practice Previous studies of engineering practice [6] suggest that the ill structured problems that beset design are ....

Simon, H.A. (1984) "The structure of ill-structured problems", Developments in Design Methodology (ed. Cross, N.), pp. 145-164, Chichester: Wiley.

....formulas that can be proved correct. Developing myopic and heuristic reasoning systems has been the focus of the AI research The AI research goal is to make computers perform tasks that usually require human intelligence. These tasks belong to the class of problems Simon calls ill structured [Simon, 1973]. The AI problem solving paradigm is based on a search through the space of possible solutions for one that satisfies a certain set of conditions. The space of possible solutions is called the state space; the conditions imposed on the solutions are the cotzstraitzts. The brute force search method ....

H.A. Simon. The structure of ill structured problems. Artificial Intelligence, 4:181 201, 1973.

....of design problems, and defines a reasoning framework for the reflection on the design actions. We start with the definition of key terms and elaborate them later emphasising the generation of new design goals through the reflection on the partial design solutions. 1 INTRODUCTION Already Simon [13] included design among ill structured problems; i.e. the initial specification of a design problem is usually incomplete, the initial vagueness prevents the designers from constructing a precise problem solving space and setting the clear criteria to determine a (final) solution. Due to the ....

H.A. Simon, The structure of ill-structured problems. Artificial Intelligence, 4:181-201, 1973.

....but has the potential to offer designers a more valuable insight into the systems use. An important arena for using organisational memory is in the area of engineering design a domain involving complex knowledge structures and large amounts of information. Design is an ill structured activity [9] with a huge number of design options, and its practitioners must navigate and structure a complex problem space. A consequence of the large size of the problem space means that it cannot be easily traversed by a single individual, but more usually involves the co operation of a number of ....

....structure of the archive was not static, determined at the beginning of the project, but ongoing and dynamic. New aspects of the design did not always fit into parts of the old structure in such a way that they could be easily located. This occurred because of the ill structured nature of design [9], in which not enough is known about a problem from its initial conditions to be able to determine a completely specified set of future outcomes. This situation is common in other forms of work where the decision path for a particular project is contingent on underspecified starting conditions. ....

Simon, H.A. The structure of ill-structured problems. Artificial Intelligence, 1973; 4: 181-204.

....of relevant knowledge. The design task occurs when an agent decides to change the status of an artefact or surrounding world [1] It is a goal oriented process leading from initial objectives towards an artefact realising the change. In a real world practice the task is ill structured [2], i.e. its solution may not be found until significant effort to understand the problem has been made. Design can be thus considered as an intellectual and knowledge rich activity of an agent [3] Engineering design uses scientific principles, technical information, designers imagination and ....

....based on the context of requirements in which it is used. Contextual dependence should allow much larger flexibility compared to those approaches where an element is interpreted equally in all different situations. This dependence is also related to the exploratory nature [1] and ill structure [2] of design, because the design space is not completely known before the design process begins. As mentioned at the beginning it is built up on the fly . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I acknowledge the contribution of Zdenek Zdrahal, John Domingue as well as all reviewers who helped to clarify some ....

H.A. Simon, The structure of ill-structured problems. Artificial Intelligence, 4: p.181-201, (1973).

....on a well known design example. 1. INTRODUCTION The design task results from an agent s commitment to change the status of the surrounding world [1] It is a goal oriented process leading from initial objectives to an artefact realising the change. In a real world it is an ill structured task [2], i.e. its solution may not be found until significant effort to clarify the structure of a problem has been made. Design typically includes description of requirements, finding and evaluating solution, simulation, etc. which may be supported in one way or another. Most CAD tools focused on the ....

H.A. Simon, The structure of ill-structured problems. Artificial Intelligence, 4: 181-201, (1973).

....knowledge models 1. INTRODUCTION A design task occurs when an agent decides to change the status of an artefact or a surrounding world [1] It is a goal oriented process constrained by different objectives and producing an artefact realising the change. Usually the design task is ill structured [2]; i.e. its solution may not be found until some effort to understand and refine the problem has been made. Also, design is an intellectual activity using different knowledge and information sources [3] Designers use scientific principles, technological data and their experience to develop ....

....different interpretation based on the context in which it is used. Contextual dependence allows higher flexibility compared to those approaches where an element is interpreted equally in all different situations. This dependence is also related to the exploratory nature [1] and ill structure [2] of design, because the design space is not completely known before the design process begins. Contextually separated design specifications and solutions that are formulated using formal as well as complementary informal means, significantly simplify the on the fly construction of the problem ....

H.A. Simon, The structure of ill-structured problems. Artificial Intelligence, 4: 181-201, (1973).

....Visser Robillard iii PPIG 2000, Cozenza Italy www.ppig.org A study of technical review meetings Our aim is to understand team design activities. From a cognitive point of view, the most common conception of design problems is to consider them as ill structured problems (Eastman, 1969; Simon, 1973; Visser Hoc, 1990) Their characteristics are as following: the specifications given at the start are never complete or without ambiguity: initial problem specifications are not sufficient to define the goal, i.e. the solution, and progressive definition of new constraints is necessary; ....

Simon, H.A. (1973) The structure of ill-structured problems. Artificial Intelligence, 4, 181-201.

....that people process. The Task Environment of Information Foraging It has been argued that most of our everyday tasks can be characterized as ill defined problems (Reitman, 1964; 1965) Such tasks require substantial acquisition and integration of knowledge, typically from external sources (Simon, 1973), in order to better define goals, available courses of action, heuristics, and so on. Such tasks might include choosing a good graduate school, developing a financial plan for retirement, developing a successful business strategy, or writing an acceptable scientific paper. The structure of ....

Simon, H. A. (1973). The structure of ill-structured problems. Artificial Intelligence, 4, 181-204.

....user interface design is an ill structured problem, that is, interface design requirements are incomplete and ambiguous, with poorly defined goals. In addition, they lack of well specified criteria for evaluating solutions, and have no definite mechanism for applying evaluation criteria [31]. Interface design is also a search process in a design space containing a huge number of alternatives. This space is defined by design decisions on, for example, the operations an application supports; the objects of interest to the application; the presentation of these objects, operations, and ....

H.A. Simon. The structure of ill-structured problems. Artificial Intelligence. 1973, 4. pp.

....as a multidisciplinary field which need input from the established areas of science and engineering as well as the new sciences of computer and artificial sciences. There are many facets to the design problem. It has been and continues to be seen as a complex problem which is ill structured [Simon,73] However, it is also seen as one of the paths for prosperity for nations. There are many proposed solutions in trying to understand the problem of design in general and software products in particular. Although, these proposed solutions are not exact models of say, the software process, they ....

Simon, H. A., "The Structure of Ill Structured Problems," Artificial Intelligence, 4, pp. 181-201, (1973).

....an agent determines to change the current status of the world. The purpose of design is then to give a specification how these changes may be done. The process that leads towards such specification is called design. Archer [2] sees design as a goal oriented, problem solving activity; and Simon [15] understands it as an example of an illstructured problem to which a solution may not be found until significant effort to understand the structure of the problem has been made. It is thus possible to agree with MacCallum [10] who claims that design must be viewed as an intellectual, ....

H.A. Simon, "The structure of ill-structured problems, " Artificial Intelligence, vol. 4, pp. 181-201, 1973.

....current understanding of how designers tackle problems in uncertain situations, defines problem formalisation, and summarises features necessary for the support. Key words: engineering design, problem formalisation, intelligent support, knowledge level models, ontologies. 1. INTRODUCTION Simon (Simon, 1973) identified features typically violated by ill defined problems. The characteristics include the availability of a well defined problem space for problem representation, and the existence of a criterion to test any problem description and or solution. ED is defined as a transformation of initial ....

Simon, H.A. (1973). The structure of ill-structured problems.

....involving complex problems in areas like medicine. From a psychological perspective, medical problems can be construed as being illstructured and cognitively complex, since initial states, definate goals and necessary constraints are often unkown at the beginning of the process of problem solving (Simon, 1973). In addition, the strategies and information required to solve particular medical problems have been shown to vary according to a number of complex factors, including the problem solvers prior knowledge, level of expertise, situational aspects, and the difficulty of the medical problem (Patel, ....

Simon HA. The structure of ill structured problems, Artificial Intelligence, 1973, 4: 145-180.

....perspectives and partitioning the knowledge base. We compare the two approaches and enumerate design guidelines for creating perspective based critiquing systems. 1. Introduction Design tasks require human creativity and judgment in indecisive circumstances. Design tasks are ill defined (Simon 1973) or wicked (Rittel, Webber 1984) because the processes of identifying design intentions (problem specification) and constructing a concrete design representation (solution construction) are intertwined. 2 K. Nakakoji, T. Sumner and B. Harstad J.S. Gero and F. Sudweeks (eds. Artificial ....

Simon, H.A.: 1973, The Structure of Ill-Structured Problems, Artificial Intelligence, Chap. 4, pp. 181-200.

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Simon, H.A. The structure of ill structured problems. Artificial intelligence, 4. 145-180.

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Simon, H. (1973). The Structure of Ill-Structured Problems. Artificial Intelligence, 4:181--202.

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Herbert A. Simon. The structure of ill structured problems. Artificial Intelligence, 4(3,4):181--201, Winter 1973.

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Simon, H.A. The structure of ill structured problems. Artificial intelligence, 4. 145-180.

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Simon, H.A., 1973, The structure of ill structured problems, Aritifical Intelligence, v4, 181-201.

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H. A. Simon, `The structure of ill--structured problems', Artificial Intelligence, 4, 181--201, (1973).

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Simon, H., 1973, The Structure of Ill{structured Problems, Articial Intelligence 4, 181{ 201.

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