Horn, Laurence. 1972. On the semantic properties of logical operators in English. Doctoral dissertation, U.C.L.A.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....than is required to make his her message clear to H. Complementing these is a principle of interpretation by H: s Given the semantic content of the utterance and H s perception of the contextually relevant facts, the strongest inference possible is to be drawn from the utterance. Horn 1972 identified a category of scalar implicatures (cf. Horn 1989:232, Gazdar 1979:55 62, Levinson 1983:134) s Given any scale of the form e 1 , e 2 , e 3 , e n , if S asserts e i then s he potentially conversationally implicates that it is not the case that e i#1 holds nor e i#2 nor any e ....

Horn, Laurence R. 1972. On the Semantic Properties of the Logical Operators in English. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club.

....or whether or not the scrambled element is presented prominently enough. It is interesting to note that Dik et al. include as contrastive the restricting and the expanding focus which involve focus particles such as only, also, and even (upperbounded and lower bounded scalars respectively in Horn (1972)) This class of words, 7 In fact, a contrastive focus usually receives a stronger pitch accent than a completive focus, although I put both of them in upper case. This may be because in a contrastive focus, its prominence contributes to the pitch accent in addition to its newness doing so. ....

Horn, Larry. 1972. On the Semantic Properties of Logical Operators in English. Doctoral dissertation, UCLA.

.... we adopt Rooth s semantics for only, we have a straightforward account of the interpretation of sentences like (6) In addition to the ordinary semantic value, which conveys the information that dogs bark (I ignore for present purposes the question of whether this is presupposed or asserted, cf. Horn 1972, Krifka 1991) the focus semantic value asserts that if anything satisfies the expression bark(x) then it must be a dog. 6) Only dogs bark. Ordinary semantic value: bark(dogs) Focus semantic value: x (bark(x) x = dog Applied to a sentence fragment like (7) we may assume the following ....

Horn, L. 1972. On the semantic Properties of Logical Operators in English. Ph.D. dissertation, UCLA.

.... (1) 4) are infelicitous and will notice that in all of them a pragmatic inference is infelicitously defeated: utterance (1) tries to cancel a conversational implicature that is triggered by the maxim of quality (Grice 1975) utterance (2) tries to cancel a conventional scalar implicature (Horn 1972; Gazdar 1979) utterance (3) tries to cancel a conversational implicature that is triggered by the maxim of 1 This research was supported in part by a grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. manner (Grice 1975) and (4) tries to cancel a presupposition ....

....inferences are derived from general rules that govern the use of language. They can be lexical in nature, as in the case of a factive (Kiparsky Kiparsky 1971) syntactic, as in the case of a cleft sentence (Atlas Levinson 1981) semantic, as in the case of some conventional implicatures (Horn 1972; Gazdar 1979) or purely pragmatic, as in the case of the conversational implicatures (Grice 1975) None of these inferences are derivable from purely semantic information. Rather, an utterance is necessary in order to bring them to life, and that is the reason we call them pragmatic. When we ....

Horn, L. 1972. On the Semantic Properties of Logical Operators in English. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.

.... that utterances (1) 4) are infelicitous and will notice that in all of them a pragmatic inference is infelicitously defeated: utterance (1) tries to cancel a conversational implicature that is triggered by the maxim of quality [6] utterance (2) tries to cancel a conventional scalar implicature [7, 4]; utterance (3) tries to cancel a conversational implicature that is triggered by the maxim of manner [6] and (4) tries to cancel a presupposition carried by an implicative verb [8] The simple fact that cancelling a pragmatic inference can yield an infelicity or anomaly is puzzling, since it is ....

....triggered by commonsense knowledge, pragmatic inferences are derived from general rules that govern the use of language. They can be lexical in nature, as in the case of a factive [11] syntactic, as in the case of a cleft sentence [1] semantic, as in the case of some conventional implicatures [7, 4], or purely pragmatic, as in the case of the conversational implicatures [6] None of these inferences are derivable from purely semantic information. Rather, an utterance is necessary in order to bring them to life, and that is the reason we call them pragmatic. When we study pragmatic ....

L.R. Horn, On the Semantic Properties of Logical Operators in English, Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1972.

....on first, or else d. They said we had to get out, or else. e. They were surprised that we had to get out, or else. Sometimes, however, the relevant mental state of the speaker does not involve intentions at all. This is the case with ignorance polarity constructions and idioms (WH the hell (Horn 1972, 1978) sluicing (Green 1981) which are acceptable only in contexts where a relevant being (typically the speaker) is ignorant of the answer to an indicated question, as in (13) and (14) 13) a. Where the hell is it b. I couldn t figure out where the hell it was. c. We went back to the place ....

Horn, Laurence R. 1972. On the semantic properties of logical operators in English. Ph.D.

....predictions. I motivate this treatment with an analysis of until and suggest a treatment of the interaction of negation with adverbials. Finally I discuss how this treatment can be extended to other prepositions, such as for and in. Karttunen [1974] following Lakoff [1969] Lindholm [1969] Horn [1971; 1972], and others) proposes that until is ambiguous between a durative until and a punctual, negative polarity item. Consider the following sentences from Karttunen [1974] 1 : 1) The princess slept until the prince kissed her. 2) #The princess woke up until the prince kissed her. In (1) The ....

Horn, Laurence (1972). On the Semantic Properties of Logical Operators in English. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.

....might run as follows: Mats said that he passed. If he had not only passed but aced, he would have said so. Therefore he must not have aced. This pattern of reasoning, which is an example of Gricean quantity implicature, can be generalized using the notion a scale of alternative assertions (see (Horn, 1972) or (Gazdar, 1979) Since my acing implies my passing, but not conversely, we can set up a partially ordered set of two propositions ordered by entailment: 18) Mats aced # Mats passed A partially ordered set is an underlying set C together with a partial order C on C. In this case, C is ....

Horn, L. (1972). On the Semantic Properties of Logical Operators in English.

.... Montague semantics of natural language [Montague, 1973] Dowty et al. 1981] the Boolean algebra mathematical model of [Keenan and Faltz, 1985] the theory of generalized quantifiers [Barwise and Cooper, 1981] Hamm, 1989] the theory of the pragmatic inference of quantity based implicature of [Horn, 1972] [Horn, 1989] and the theory of negation in natural language of [Horn, 1989] 2.3.2 UNO NLP System The practical significance of the uniformity of the UNO natural language based representation and inference, is a simple, flexible, nonsequential architecture of our NLP system (see Figure 1) 6 ....

....denotations of lexically simple items. It is this entailment relation between always and sometimes that accounts for the fact that when told John always smiles , one automatically understands that John sometimes smiles . LUNO improves upon Horn s theory of quantity based implicature [Horn, 1972] [Horn, 1989] by providing a formal, computational model allowing for the representation and comparison of complex Boolean predicates, particularly negated and nonnegated values, by defining the operators of negation, conjunction, and disjunction, and by computing relations like contradiction ....

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Horn, L. R. (1972). On the Semantic Properties of Logical Operators in English. IULC.

....context, however, English speakers infer the c sentences from the a sentences, via the Maxim of Quantity. That is, upon hearing a scalar term in an unmarked context, English speakers infer that that term marks the highest point on the scale that the assertion can be true of, for the speaker. See Horn 1972, Gazdar 1979a,b for discussion. Speakers who lacked this Maxim, then, could not draw such inferences and would, for example, infer from 8a simply that the set of John s legs is not null. Second, a speaker lacking the Maxim of Quantity could not infer 11b,c from 11a: 11)a. I ll give you five ....

Horn, L. 1972. On the semantic properties of logical operators in English. Ph.D.

....you [ Green, 1989, p. 92 ] one presumably implicates that because his car is not working, he cannot provide a ride for B. However, the implicature is felicitously defeasible if A utters: 1.19) A: My car s not working, but I ll take my wife s. Further work in the field of quantity implicatures [ Horn, 1972, Gazdar, 1979 ] gave rise to two important sub cases of what today are called conventional implicatures. The first is scalar implicatures. For any linguistic scale arranged in a linear order by degree of informativeness or semantic strength he 1 ; e 2 ; e n i, the utterance of a ....

L.R. Horn. On the Semantic Properties of Logical Operators in English. PhD thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 1972.

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Philadelphia. Horn, Laurence R. (1972) On the semantic properties of logical operators in English. U.C.L.A.

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Horn, Laurence. 1972. On the semantic properties of logical operators in English. Doctoral dissertation, U.C.L.A.

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Horn, Laurence, R. (1972), On the Semantic Properties of Logical Operators in English, Ph.D. thesis, UCLA.

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Horn, L. (1972), On the Semantic Properties of Logical Operators in English, Ph.D. thesis, UCLA.

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Laurence R. Horn. 1972. On the semantic properties of logical operators in English.

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Laurence R. Horn. 1972. On the semantic properties of logical operators in English. Ph.D.

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