C. Perkins and Y. Rekhter, "Short-cut Routing for Mobile Hosts," expired Internet draft, July 1992.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....Originally it was included in IP not for this purpose, but to help debug network problems. path a packet follows (the list of addresses visited en route) is automatically recorded in the packet. The destination can reverse this list and send a reply back to the source along the reverse path. In [8, 9] authors show how this feature is used to design a mobile networking scheme that collocates the ATA with the source and the FA with the destination. In this section we showed how components of the proposed architecture mutually cooperate to overlay a packet forwarding service on top of an ....

....it makes updates very costly. Sony s proposal, therefore, has a scalability problem. When a host moves to a new location, it is required to send a broadcast in the network to purge all cached LD entries. LSR Scheme In contrast with other proposals, which are encapsulationbased, the LSR proposal [8, 9, 15, 16] (Fig. 9) is based on the use of an existing IP option, LSR. The LSR scheme also allows each mobile host to retain its home address regardless of its current location. Associated with each home network is a mobile router (MR) which is responsible for advertising reachability to the home network, ....

C. Perkins and Y. Rekhter, "Short-cut Routing for Mobile Hosts," expired Internet draft, July 1992.

....every time the user moves to a new cell) was deemed to be highly undesirable, so alternative mechanisms that could enable traffic to be transparently redirected were investigated. A number of solutions were proposed that added mobility support to IPv4, typically named Mobile IP [Ioannidis,93] Perkins,92] Teraoka,93] Under these schemes, a mobile host obtains a temporary IP address on the foreign network to which it attaches. This address is then registered with an agent on the host s home network which forwards traffic sent to the home IP address of the mobile host to its temporary IP ....

C. Perkins and Y. Rekhter, "Shortcut Routing for Mobile Hosts", Mobile IP Internet Draft, IBM Corporation, July 1992.

....from our work. 2 Background 2.1 IETF Mobile IP The IETF Mobile IP Working Group has defined a protocol called Mobile IP [18] to support (unicast) IP routing for mobile hosts in an IP internetwork. This protocol has roots in a few previously developed protocols for network mobility [13] [19] [20] 17] 14] 15] The ideas in these protocols were discussed in the Internet forum and, with additions and refinements, resulted in the IETF Mobile IP protocol. In Mobile IP, a mobile host (MH) is assigned an IP address on its home network, called the MH s home address. Packets from a ....

C. Perkins and Y. Rekhter, Short-cut Routing for Mobile Hosts, Internet Draft, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, 1992.

....of existing standards for IPv4. Unfortunately, loose source routing is not implemented on all platforms, and is often implemented incorrectly. Perkins and Reckter also proposed a generic architecture that was compatible with all three of the major proposals for mobility support presented above [PR92] These three proposals and the general architecture were examined in [MS93b] and [MS93a] After these proposals were investigated, they were found to have various deficiencies. This revelation led to the development by Andrew Myles and Charles Perkins of a new mobile protocol, MIP [Myl93] ....

....routing includes extensions to the basic IETF proposal which try to improve the reliability and efficiency of the mobile routing. The most significant research has been with respect to short cut routing protocols. Secure short cut routing was first proposed by Charles Perkins in 1992 (see [PR92] A version of route optimization for Mobile IP has been recently proposed by David Johnson [JP96] Although the end to end performance benefits are open for debate, it seems as if short cut routing is an extension which is desirable for adequate testing of proposals being made for IPv6, and for ....

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C. Perkins and Y. Rekhter. Short-cut routing for mobile hosts, July 1992. Internet Draft, T.J. Watson Research Center, IBM.

....the design issues of the second and the third generation cellular networks, the current section discusses few research works which aim for providing wireless data services, using the Internet Protocol (IP) Comer 91] in local and wide area environments. Although various works [Aziz 94, Perkins 92a, Ioannidis 92, Awerbuch 91, Bhagwat 93, Perkins 93, Perkins 92b] have been reported in this area, only three of them are chosen for discussion in this section. Mobile IP Routing in LANs In [Cohen 92] a campus wide local area network is considered where the entire campus is covered by a wired ....

C. Perkins and Y. Rekhter, "Short-cut Routing for Mobile Hosts," Internet Draft, July 1992.

....several proposals for handling mobile unicast have been presented. The proposals differ in the manner in which location information is represented and propagated, and the details of the mechanisms used to forward packets to mobile hosts. Myles and Skellern [MS93] evaluated three proposals [IDM91, PR92, TCT92] based on compatibility with existing infrastructure, route optimality, migration procedures and other considerations. Subsequent work [MP93, Joh94, JMP94] sought to address the problems of the earlier proposals in areas such as robustness, scalability and security. 1.2 Goals of this ....

....a timestamp mechanism for the purpose of determining which of two address mappings for a given home address is the more recent. 3. 6 MIP using the LSRR Option The use of source routing via IP s Loose Source and Record Route (LSRR) option was independently proposed by two researchers, Perkins [PR92] and Johnson [Joh94] Here, MNs are associated with Mobile Routers that each advertise reachability to a virtual network. The Mobile Router is responsible for keeping track of the current location of each MN that has been assigned an address on that network. Each wireless cell has a transceiver, ....

C. Perkins and Y. Rekhter. Short-cut routing for mobile hosts. Internet Draft, T.J. Watson Research Center, IBM, July 1992.

....is allocated a home mobile router (MR) which must be informed once the client has registered with the BAS. However, unlike the protocols discussed previously, the IBM protocol makes use of an existing IP protocol option called loose source routing to forward packets between the home and local BAS [Perkins,92] Loose source routing enables a host to specify a list of addresses by which the packet must be routed. When a destination host receives a loose source routed packet, the IP protocol definition requires it to use the reverse route back to the source for any traffic to that destination. Thus, ....

Perkins, C., and Y. Rekhter. "Shortcut routing for mobile hosts", draft RFC, IBM. July 1992.

....identification information but not able to represent the current location information. To solve this problem, various researches and developments have focused on how to integrate the functionality of host mobility into the IP layer, preserving the compatibility with the conventional IP protocol [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Although these mobile host protocols vary on how to represent and maintain location information for efficient tracking of MHs, the techniques of using the IP options and IP encapsulation have been considered. Typical examples of the first technique are Virtual Internet Protocol (VIP) 2, 3] and ....

....and maintain location information for efficient tracking of MHs, the techniques of using the IP options and IP encapsulation have been considered. Typical examples of the first technique are Virtual Internet Protocol (VIP) 2, 3] and the mobile host protocol using IP Loose Source Routing option[4]. IPwithin IP (IPIP) 1] and Internet Packet Forwarding Protocol[6] use the second technique. Even though the details of these mobile host protocols are different, we consider one representative mobile host protocol for each technique, VIP and IPIP, to illustrate common features and problems of ....

Charles Perkins and Yakov Rekhter, T. J. Watson Research center, IBM Corp., "Short-cut Routing for Mobile Hosts," draft RFC, July 1992.

....limited focus, choosing to address issues at lower levels of the OSI hierarchy. In a recent survey[26] the authors found that a overwhelming majority of research publications in the area of mobile computing dealt with either wireless MAC protocols [3, 30, 29, 5] networking (including mobile IP) [16, 18, 39, 36, 35] or data management [17, 9] It is evident, though, that merely solving these problems does not, by itself, lead to applications that can run on mobile platforms. For applications to truly thrive in this environment, they must be mobile aware at all levels. A similar position was articulated as ....

C. Perkins and Y. Rekhter, Short-Cut Routing for Mobile Hosts, Work in Progress, 1992.

....therefore be designed to operate in both the local and wide area. 2 The first goal of this paper is to evaluate and compare three leading proposals for mobile host protocols from Columbia University [Ioannidis, 92a] Ioannidis, 92d] Sony [Teraoka, 91] Teraoka, 92a] Teraoka, 92b] and IBM [Perkins, 92a] that are compatible with the TCP IP protocol suite. After discussing the meaning of mobility in Section 2, each of the proposals is briefly described in Section 3. Section 4 evaluates and compares the proposals in the context of a purely network layer solution to mobility. Section 5 discusses ....

....is in how the location information is represented and propagated. In the following subsections the techniques used by each proposal are described and the differences highlighted. The reader may obtain further details by referring to the appropriate draft RFC ( Teraoka, 92a] Ioannidis, 92a] Perkins, 92a] for each proposal. 3.1 Sony MHP The Sony MHP identifies a MH using two 32 bit, IP style addresses; the virtual IP address (VIP) and the temporary IP address (TIP) The VIP is a permanent address that is used by the higher protocol layers. The network part of the VIP identifies the MH s home ....

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Charles Perkins, Yakov Rekhter, T.J.Watson Research Centre, IBM, Short-cut Routing For Mobile Hosts, draft RFC, 17 July 1992.

....we present our LD design and implementation in the mobile IP network. Wu is supported by an IBM Fellowship. y Bhagwat is supported by an IBM Fellowship. 1 Introduction Recently, the problem of providing continuous network connectivity to mobile computers has received considerable attention [8, 9, 2, 1, 4, 6, 7, 3]. One key issue in achieving high performance mobile networking is to provide optimal routing with dynamic location directory (LD) information. Under the assumption that mobile hosts in a mobile networking system move randomly and frequently, it is critical to have an efficient scheme to ....

Charles Perkins and Yakov Rekhter. Short-cut Routing for Mobile Hosts. Internet draft, July 1992.

....points past the last address. As natural consequence of the LSR option processing, the path that a packet follows (the list of addresses visited en route) is automatically recorded in the packet. The destination can reverse this list and send a reply back to the source along the reverse path. In [17, 19], authors show how this feature is used to design a mobile networking scheme that co locates the ATA with the source, and the FA with the destination. 3 Originally it was included in IP not for this purpose, but to help in debugging network problems Data header Destination Source MH S Data ....

....location, it is required to send a broadcast in the network to purge all cached LD entries. LD g f Source S cache f Home Network cache MH f cache MH f g MAS MAS MR 1 2 Figure 9: Mapping to LSR Scheme 5. 3 LSR Scheme In contrast with other proposals which are encapsulation based, the LSR proposal [5, 17, 19, 12] is based on the use of an existing IP option called Loose Source Route. The LSR scheme also allows each mobile host to retain its home address regardless of its current location. Associated with each home network is a Mobile Router (MR) which is responsible for advertising reachability to the ....

Charles Perkins and Yakov Rekhter. Short-cut Routing for Mobile Hosts. Internet draft, July 1992.

....follows (the list of addresses visited en route) is automatically recorded in the packet. The destination can reverse 3 Originally it was included in IP not for this purpose, but to help in debugging network problems this list and send a reply back to the source along the reverse path. In [14, 15], authors show how this feature is used to design a mobile networking scheme that co locates the ATA with the source, and the FA with the destination. In this section we showed how components of the proposed architecture mutually co operate to overlay a packet forwarding service on top of an ....

....location, it is required to send a broadcast in the network to purge all cached LD entries. LD g f Source S cache f Home Network cache MH f cache MH f g MAS MAS MR 1 2 Figure 9: Mapping to LSR Scheme 5. 3 LSR Scheme In contrast with other proposals which are encapsulation based, the LSR proposal [5, 14, 15, 11] is based on the use of an existing IP option called Loose Source Route. The LSR scheme also allows each mobile host to retain its home address regardless of its current location. Associated with each home network is a Mobile Router (MR) which is responsible for advertising reachability to the ....

Charles Perkins and Yakov Rekhter. Short-cut Routing for Mobile Hosts. Internet draft, July 1992.

....protocol is very simple; the mobile host notifies the Home Agent whenever it moves to a new location. Since the LD entries are never cached, the question of maintaining consistency doesn t even arise. 5. 4 LSR Scheme In contrast with other proposals which are encapsulation based, the LSR proposal [5, 12, 13, 9]is based on the use of an existing IP option called Loose Source Route. The LSR scheme also allows each mobile host to retain its home address regardless of its current location. Associated with each LD g f Source S cache f Home Network cache MH f cache MH f g MAS MAS MR 1 2 Figure 11: Mapping ....

Charles Perkins and Yakov Rekhter. Short-cut Routing for Mobile Hosts. Internet draft, July 1992.

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C. Perkins and Y. Rekhter. Short-cut Routing for Mobile Hosts. Draft RFC, T. J. Watson Research Center, 1992.

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