Shneiderman, B. (1983). Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages. IEEE Computer, 16(8):57-69.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....binding imposes on the user interface. Enhancing such systems, and hence using them over time, is made easier. 5. CONCLUSIONS There is no novelty in view binding as applied technique. There is novelty, however, in the concepts as such, in the ideal and in the intention. Like direct manipulation [16], view scopes and view binding are concepts to integrate and rationalise features applied imperfectly in some current interactive systems. Direct manipulation is inappropriate for some applications; for other applications, knowing the idealisation helps the interactive systems designer develop a ....

B. SHNEIDERMAN (1983), "Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages," IEEE Computer, 16(8) pp57--67.

....true of linguistic representations, where there is no limit on the abstract expressive power of the representation system [29] and hence no boundary that can be exploited to consWain reasoning during planning. These considerations lead to the well known cognitive benefits of direct manipulation [27]. In a direct manipulation system, the current status of the system should be continuously represented to the user, a single action should have a single visible effect in the representation, and In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposia on Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments, pp. 2 10. ....

Shneiderman, B. (1983). Direct manipulation: A step beyond programming languages. IEEE Computer, August, pp. 57-69.

....on these aspects, collaboration between sighted and blind subjects and an implementation of auditory drag drop in a file system. 1. INTRODUCTION Direct manipulation is a fundamental concept within HCI (human computer interaction) and is based on that the interface has the following properties: [3, 9] Continuous presentation of all interface objects Physical actions Rapid incremental reversible operations with immediate feedback This means that you for example move a file by simply pointing the mouse at the file you want to move, grab it by press ing down the mouse button, drag it to the ....

B. Shneiderman, "Direct manipulation: a step beyond programming languages", IEEE Computer, vol 16, pp. 57-69, 1983.

....i n the electroacoustic studio. Help the user in changing his creative processes and i n developing a physical thought , which we think is necessary for the optimal use of PM. 3.1. The Lutherie workbench GENESIS implements a direct manipulation approach to human computer interaction [9], 10] so that users can interact as directly as possible with modules and objects during modeling. 3.1.1. Representation of the modules and objects The graphical 2D representation we propose (figure 1) is a metaphor of an instrument maker or lutherie workbench. A module s representation ....

Shneiderman, B, "Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages," IEEE, vol. 16, no. 8, 1983.

....human computer interaction (HCI) and most graphical user interfaces rely on this concept. Some claims of direct manipulation are that it is easier to learn basic and new advanced features, it improves the user s confidence in using the system and it encourages usage by being more enjoying to use [1]. However, the notion of direct manipulation is not present in modern screen readers that many blind computer users use. The information in these applications is presented in a linear way using either speech synthesis or a Braille display, and does not allow the concurrent and spatial nature of ....

....many blind computer users use. The information in these applications is presented in a linear way using either speech synthesis or a Braille display, and does not allow the concurrent and spatial nature of the information to be displayed. Direct manipulation is based on the following properties: [1, 2] . Continuous representation of the object of interest. Physical actions or labeled button presses instead of complex syntax. Rapid incremental reversible operations whose impact on the object of interest is immediately visible. This means, for example, that when moving a file instead of ....

B. Shneiderman, "Direct manipulation: a step beyond programming languages," IEEE Computer, vol 16, pp. 57-69, 1983.

....user group at the time. DIRECT MANIPULATION Direct manipulation is a fundamental concept within HCI (human computer interaction) and is based on that the interface has the properties continuous presentation, physical actions and rapid incremental reversible operations with immediate feedback [5]. This means that you for example move a file by simply pointing the mouse at the file you want to move, grab it by pressing down the mouse button, drag it to the place you want it to be and drop it by releasing the button. This very direct and in many ways intuitive way of interaction has been ....

Shneiderman, B. (1983). Direct manipulation: a step beyond programming languages. IEEE Computer, 16(8), 5769.

....where it is still necessary to write textual code that manipulates invisible data structures, much like how command line interfaces dominated application interfaces years ago. One key component of Direct Manipulation and Graphical User Interfaces is visibility of the objects of interest. [1]. Visibility of abstract programmable objects has proved di#cult. Moji lisp shows how standard ASCII text and editor commands can bring the benefits of visibility to a programming system and possibly open to door to wider use of advanced user interface techniques in programming systems. Several ....

Ben Shneiderman. Direct manipulation: A step beyond programming languages. IEEE Computer, 16(8):57-69, August 1983.

....an example [12] Its control structure is limited to a fixed sequence for testing rules. However, it embodies some important programming concepts, such as conditional execution, subroutines, iteration, and variables. Users work on SC simulations using direct manipulation techniques [11] to program each character s behaviors. The behaviors are represented as a set of if then rules. A very common operation in SC is to create a rule. One or more preconditions is specified, and must be satisfied for the actions to be carried out. To demonstrate a rule, the user indicates that ....

B. Shneiderman, "Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages", Computer, 16, 1983.

....window on a web page as an example. A version of a Drobs object library in DHTML is presented. Keywords: drag and drop , web page development, user interface, interaction, programming, object libraries. 1. INTRODUCTION Drag and drop interaction has become intrinsic to direct manipulation [7] interfaces. Interaction using drag and drop implements transfer operations , as described in [4] Dragging an item and dropping it into a given area transfers data from one place to another. The application and utility of interactive 212 In Drobs the goal is to provide maximum degrees of ....

Shneiderman, B., (August 1983). Direct manipulation: A step beyond programming languages, IEEE Computer 16, 8, 57-69.

....This led to use referring expressions that were shorter and more direct. This kind of joint action to create new relationships for referring to things of interest is problematic for DM, particularly as implemented via WIMP interfaces. The principles of DM were originally articulated by Shneiderman [1983]: Continuous representation of the objects of interest . Physical actions on objects vs. complex syntax . Fast, incremental and reversible operations with an immediately apparent effect on the objects of interest . Layered or spiral approach to learning As implemented in typical WIMP ....

Ben Shneiderman. Direct manipulation: A step beyond programming languages. IEEE Computer, 16(8):57-69, 1983.

.... that have developed slightly better all the time since the introduction of Xerox Star workstations [Lipkie et al. 1982; Bewley et al. 1983; Baecker and Buxton, 1987] and Apple Lisa [Baecker and Buxton, 1987; Perkins et al. 1997] The phrase direct manipulation was introduced by Ben Shneiderman [1982; 1983]. According to his definition, a direct manipulation interface should: present the objects visually with an understandable metaphor; have rapid, complementary and reversible commands; display the results of an action immediately; and . replace writing with pointing and selecting. ....

....tool and tries to understand the user through all different input modalities that the system recognizes. The user is always responsible for initiating the operations. Thus, if the user does not know what to do, nothing gets 9 done. The goal is to use the computer as a tool and it follows Ben Shneiderman s [1982; 1983] principles of direct manipulation interfaces. 2. The multiple modalities are used to increase anthropomorphism in the user interface: the computer as a dialogue partner. This paradigm makes multimodal output important, and the systems in this category often make use of talking heads, speech ....

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Ben Shneiderman, Direct manipulation: a step beyond programming languages. IEEE Computer, 16 (8), 57-69.

....gap between the user s intentions and the actions necessary to communicate them into the computer. Such natural interfaces build on the equipment and skills humans have already acquired and exploit them for human computer interaction. A prime reason for the success of direct manipulation interfaces[6] is that they draw on analogies to existing human skills (pointing, grabbing, moving objects in space) rather than trained behaviors. Virtual reality interfaces, too, gain their strength by exploiting the user s pre existing abilities and expectations. Navigating through a conventional ....

B. Shneiderman, "Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages," IEEE Computer, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 57-69, 1983.

....the attribute sheet. 3 APPLICATION MIGRATION We used the agent migration paradigm described in the previous section to implement migratory applications in Visual Obliq. 3. 1 Visual Obliq Visual Obliq is an environment for rapidly constructing user interface applications by direct manipulation [18]. It consists of: An interactive application builder that allows the user interface to be drawn and programmed. The builder generates code in Obliq. Runtime support, consisting of libraries and network services. In previous work [3] we showed how the Visual Obliq environment supported the ....

Shneiderman, B., "Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages", Computer, 16(8), 1983, pp. 57-68

....the user s intentions and the actions necessary to input them into the computer. The motivation for doing this is that it builds on the equipment and skills humans have acquired through evolution and experience and exploits them for communicating with the computer. Direct manipulation interfaces[16] have enjoyed great success, particularly with new users, largely because they draw on analogies to existing human skills (pointing, grabbing, moving objects in space) rather than trained behaviors. Virtual reality interfaces, too, gain their strength by exploiting the user s pre existing ....

B. Shneiderman, "Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages," IEEE Computer, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 57-69, 1983.

....to exploit the advantages of each. Tangible user interfaces can also be viewed as the further evolution of GUI or direct manipulation style interaction. The essence of a GUI is that the user seems to operate directly on the objects in the computer rather than carrying on a dialogue about them[12]. However, while the objects are depicted realistically on the GUI display, the input and output devices themselves are generic and malleable, typically a mouse and a raster display. The price paid is that their physical form gives no useful information to the user about the objects, the task, ....

B. Shneiderman, "Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages," IEEE Computer, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 57-69, 1983.

....for applications such as graphical design editors and interactive simulation. In this style, a user articulates commands user initiated operations that affect the state of the underlying application by manipulating graphical objects rather than making a sequence of selections or typing text [20]. We are investigating how to design these systems as a hierarchy of software layers, where each layer represents the system at some useful level of abstraction. Our layering criterion is based on the time honored principle of model view separation, which aims to decouple the user interface (UI) ....

B. Shneiderman. Direct manipulation: A step beyond programming languages. IEEE Computer, 16(8):57--63, 1983.

....coverage for each student. User interface acceptability As briefly introduced above, the ConBa system aims at providing a proactive user interface capable of supporting students in the navigation of instructional Web sites. Classic user interfaces, often called direct manipulation interfaces [18], respond to specific requests of the user acting on explicit interface objects. The ConBa system instead, is based on a proactive interface. Such interfaces are generally based on the notion of indirect management [6] The user does not have to explicitly indicate every action for the system, ....

B. Shneiderman, Direct Manipulation: a step beyond programming languages, IEEE Computer 1983 16(8) 57-69

....testing is also done in terms of concrete values, concreteness during program development automatically performs incremental testing on at least one test value. Directness in the context of direct manipulation is usually described as the feeling that one is directly manipulating the object [18]. From a cognitive perspective, directness in computing means a small distance between a goal and the actions required to achieve the goal [7, 8, 10] In VPLs, both of these definitions are relevant. As Green and Petre point out in their distillation of psychology of programming literature for VPL ....

B. Shneiderman, Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages. Computer Vol.16, No.8 (Aug. 1983) 5769.

....Scenario RWAV extends the messy desk metaphor. RWAV combines multiple display surfaces hand held displays, and walls or counter sized displays for presenting visual output together with several different techniques for generating computer input. These use principles of direct manipulation [13]. The following is a scenario using the RWAV environment. Early Monday morning, my office is dark as I approach the open door. Inside is a table and a few chairs. The walls and tables are bare. The exception is a set of objects that look like pads of paper or clipboards. As I turn on the ....

Ben Shneiderman. Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages. IEEE Computer, (August):57-69, 1983.

....an efficient interface for employing various kinds of applications on a computer, e.g. word processing or web browsing. One of the main reasons for the wide acceptance of GUI is that it can provide direct manipulation of objects on a computer monitor by means of input devices such as a mouse [16]. This property provides a user a clear model of what commands and actions are possible and what their affects will be. Unfortunately, however, GUI is not a suitable option for some types of applications which inherently require controls with a high degree of freedom. For instance, manipulation ....

Shneiderman, B. Direct manipulation: a step beyond programming language, IEEE Computer, Vol. 16, No. 8, 1983, pp. 57-69.

....buttons. The result of the data retrieval based on the query is almost simultaneously done, which gives users a feeling of direct manipulation; a fast feedback reflecting changes in a user s query makes users feel as if the user manipulates data directly by changing the query specification [11]. Because moving a slider bar in such a dynamic query system changes the visual display on time, this gives users a feeling that the user is producing animation for data display. However, the goal of dynamic query systems is different from that of animated information visualization in two ways. ....

B. Shneiderman, Direct Manipulation: a Step Beyond Programming Languages, IEEE Computer, Vol.16 No.8, pp.5769, 1983.

....Other systems Many other systems for generating programming environments exist of which we only mention a few. For instance, Pan [BGV92] features a hybrid editor in the PSG style. Mjlner ORM [MBD 90, Min90] editors are of the structure kind. The editor is equipped with a direct manipulation[Shn83] user interface. Pregmatic [Bra92] editors are of the structure kind and use an existing text editor, xedit, in the Mentor Centaur style. None of the systems mentioned feature extensible graphical user interfaces based on software generation techniques. 1.1.6 The ASF SDF Meta environment In this ....

....Note that, in principle, this approach allows concurrent evaluation of actions. In the direct manipulation interface approach [WR82, SM88, Mye90, MGD 90, MSK90, BL90, Rem92] the dialogue developer uses a drawing package to build a UI. Typically, the drawing package has a direct manipulation [Shn83] user interface. In some systems using this approach, the dialogue developer may connect a function to a user interface object by selecting one from a list of all functions present in the computational component. In other systems in this category, result values of these functions (and also ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

B. Shneiderman. Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages. IEEE Computer, 16(8):57--69, 1983.

....Overload Section 5.3 stressed that the user s memory is a fundamental, and highly fallible, resource when navigating with standard browsers such as Mosaic, Netscape, and tkWWW. WebNet s graphical overview diagrams replace much of the need for user centred recal l with user centred recognition. Shneiderman (1987) emphasises the value of supporting see and point versus learn and remember. In WebNet, navigation to a previously visited page requires the user to scan the visual display of pages, recognise the node, and click on it. In standard browsers the user must scan the History List, normally by ....

Shneiderman, B. (1987), Direct manipulation: A step beyond programming languages (excerpt) , in R. Baecker & W. Buxton, eds, `Readings in Human-Computer Interaction: A Multidisciplinary Approach', Morgan Kaufmann, pp. 461--467.

....will be looked at in more detail in the next section. Direct manipulation allows people to directly control objects, which are graphically represented by the computer. The impact of an operation on an object is immediately visible. Objects remain visible while the user interacts with them [SHNE83]. See and Point: On the desktop users perform actions by choosing from alternatives presented on the screen. There are two major ways to specify action either by using a verbnoun or a noun verb based language. Typically command languages are verb noun based, for example: copy file a to file ....

Shneiderman B.: "Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages", IEEE Computer, August 1983, pp. 57-69

....of Lisp programs for the index placing facility and a C program for the index processor. The resulting system has been successfully used in producing indexes for some books [6,7] and a number of technical reports and manuals. Indexing issues under both source language and direct manipulation [8,9] paradigms are considered. In a source language based system, the user speci es the document with interspersed commands, which is then passed to a formatter, and the output is obtained. The source language usually provides some abstraction and control mechanisms such as procedures, macros, ....

Ben Shneiderman. Direct manipulation: A step beyond programming languages. IEEE Computer,

....point of view, XML GL is more like general purpose visual programming languages. In contrast, our proposal to represent XML documents in a form like way by nested rectangles with attached labels achieves a higher degree of usability, in particular, in the sense of concreteness [1] and directness [13]. A form based query interface is also provided by EquiX [4] However, the form metaphor is only used on the outermost level, and nesting is expressed by simple indentation. The forms are generated semiautomatically, driven by a DTD. This means a severe restriction since only data sources ....

B. Shneiderman. Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages. Computer, 16(8):57-- 69, 1983. 11

....of NESSY. During the specification of the simulation network, the user interface ensures the dialogue with the user and the graphic displays of simulation model abstractions. This dialog is made as easy as possible and userfriendly. The interaction style is based upon the direct manipulation (Shneiderman 1983) with the metaphor of the communication networks area. Thanks to the interface, the user is able to describe, in a graphic way, his her real network by a collection of icons representing the network components. Like this, the visual representation of the user is mapped on his her mental ....

Shneiderman, B. 1983. "Direct Manipulation: a Step Beyond Programming Languages." Computer 16, no. 8 (Aug.): 57-69.

....involve some eight major issues: Graphic user interfaces subject to the guidelines that have been developed over the years. The usual issues of uniformity in style of layout, presentation, vocabulary, use of color, and so on apply, and human factors design may be modeled on existing practice (Shneiderman, 1983; Smith and Mosier, 1986; Shackel and Richardson, 1991) Typography, layout and visualization which have human factors guidelines arising in graphic design and information visualization (Bertin, 1983; Tutte, 1990) Hypermedia navigation where issues such as cognitive overload in hyperspace ....

Shneiderman, B. (1983). Direct manipulation: a step beyond programming languages. Computer 16(8) 57-69.

....1 Introduction Advances in computing technology that generate new opportunities for interactive computing generally also introduce new human factors considerations. In the 1980s the major new technology was the personal computer with graphic interaction leading to the direct manipulation paradigm (Shneiderman, 1983). In the 1990s it is the interconnection of such personal computers world wide through the Internet that is leading to innovation through clientserver distributed interaction. New paradigms for groupware and agent based computing are some well known outcomes. However, there are other impacts of ....

Shneiderman, B. (1983). Direct manipulation: a step beyond programming languages. Computer 16(8) 57-69.

....into two interconnected areas; the user interface and the application s functionality. The application s functionality is still developed in a traditional fashion in a programming language but the user interface is created interactively though the direct manipulation of user interface objects [Shneiderman 83] Dirt allows non programmers to design the layout and operation (commonly termed the look and feel) of the user interface. Figure 1 shows a typical dialog box in an user interface. It is made up of seven distinct interface objects, shown in the exploded view of Figure 2. Each object is an ....

Ben Shneiderman. "Direct Manipulation : a step beyond programming languages". IEEE Computer, 16(8):57--69, 1983.

....it would then be expected that multimodal interaction should lead to still greater benefits. However, the existence and magnitude of any such performance advantages with implemented systems have yet to be documented. This paper reports on a case study comparison of a directmanipulation based [14] graphical user interface with the QuickSet pen voice multimodal interface [15, 16] for supporting the task of military force laydown. In this task, a user places icons representing military units, such as the 82 nd Airborne Division, and control measures, such as various types of lines, ....

B. Shneiderman, "Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages," IEEE Computer, vol. 16, pp. 57-69, 1983.

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Shneiderman, B. (1983). Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages. IEEE Computer, 16(8):57-69.

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Shneiderman, B. (1983). Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages. IEEE Computer, 16(8):57-69.

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Shneiderman, B. Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages. IEEE Computer 16, 8 (August, 1983) 57-69.

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Shneiderman, B. Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages. IEEE Computer, August 1983.

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Shneiderman, B. (1983). Direct manipulation: A step beyond programming languages. IEEE Computer 16, 8, 5769.

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Shneiderman, B., Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages, IEEE Computer, August 1983

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Shneiderman, B., (1983). Direct manipulation: A step beyond programming languages, IEEE Computer 16(8), 57-69.

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B. Shneiderman, "Direct manipulation: A step beyond programming languages," Computer, vol.16, pp.57--69, 1983.

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Shneiderman, B., "Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages," IEEE Computer, 16(8), pp57--69, 1983.

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Shneiderman, B. Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages. IEEE Computer, August 1983.

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B. Shneiderman. Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages. IEEE Computer, 16(8):57--69, 1983.

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B. Shneiderman. Direct manipulation: A step beyond programming languages. IEEE Computer, 16(8):57--69, August 1983.

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Ben Shneiderman. Direct manipulation: A step beyond programming languages. IEEE Computer, 16(8):57-- 69, 1983.

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Shneiderman, B. "Direct manipulation: A step beyond programming languages." In IEEE Computer, 16, pp. 57-69.

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B. Shneiderman. Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages. Computer, 16(8):57--69, 1983.

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Ben Shneiderman. 1983. Direct manipulation: A step beyond programming languages. IEEE Uomputer, 16:57-69.

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Ben Shneiderman, `Direct manipulation: a step beyond programming languages', IEEE Computer, 16, (8), 57--69 (1983).

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B. Shneiderman, `Direct manipulation: a step beyond programming languages', IEEE Computer, 16, (8), 57--69 (1983).

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B. Shneiderman, "Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages," Computer 16(8), August 1983, 57-69.

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