Toy, W. N., "Fault--Tolerant Design of Local ESS Processors," Proceedings of IEEE, pp. 1126--1145, October 1978.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....inversion of the Laplace transform may be straightforward in some cases and more complex in others. MODELING A DUPLEX SYSTEM Duplex systems or Parallel Redundant systems have been utilized in electronic central office switching systems and other high reliability systems for the past 35 years [Toy78] Parallel redundant systems depend on fault detection and recovery for their proper operation. In most dual redundant architectures both system are monitored continuously, providing fault detection in the primary subsystem as well as the standby subsystem. This section describes the detailed ....

Toy, W. N., "Fault--Tolerant Design of Local ESS Processors," Proceedings of IEEE, pp. 1126--1145, October 1978.

....strategies. However, the loss of critical real time processes can disrupt the whole system. This suggests that different fault tolerance techniques should be adopted for upper and lower level processes since their reliability requirements are quite different. The standby replacement approach [2,6,7,12] is an economical and efficient way of achieving fault tolerance at reasonable cost for processes in the control hierarchy. In one scheme, termed cold standby, only one copy of each process is active at a time, and each copy is allocated to a processor that is designed to be fail stop [11] ....

W. Toy, "Fault-tolerant design of local ESS processors," Proc. IEEE, Vol. 66, Oct. 1978, pp. 1126-1145.

....caused by inadequate exception handling in code. The approach taken is to regard instances of inadequate exception handling as errors in coding; such errors are effectively design errors or, ultimately, human errors. Cristian [6] would appear to support this position when he says, citing Toy [17], that approximately two thirds of system failures are due to design faults in exception handling (or recovery) algorithms. His use of the term design fault raises the following kinds of questions. What kinds of errors do programmers make when they fail to cover exception conditions Why do ....

Toy, Wing N., Fault-tolerant Design of Local ESS Processors, In The Theory and Practice of Reliable System Design, Daniel P. Siewiorek and Robert S. Swarz (Eds.). Bedford, Massachusetts: Digital Press, 1982. pp. 461-496, Ch. 12.

....describes the common fault tolerant system measurements, such as reliability, availability, MTTF, etc. Depending on the mission, one or more of these measurements are used in the system specification [8] For instance, electronic switching systems (ESSs) are designed to achieve high availability [9]. Avionics control systems, such as FTMP and SIFT are designed to achieve ultra high reliability for a short mission time. For military and space bound applications, a long MTTF is required to ensure the operation under severe circumstances [8] Distributed systems are potentially fault tolerant. ....

W. N. Toy, "Fault-tolerant design of local ESS processors," Proc. IEEE, vol. 66, pp. 1126--1145, October 1978.

....presents a potentially easier implementation and verification task than if the support software needed to achieve high reliability. For example, this could be achieved in the hardware with a dual redundant system that compared the results of each operation and stopped if there was a discrepancy [51]. 5. Dependable computing services The basic computing services of the computing platform must either function as specified or be fail stop [31] The memory pages of the kernel will be locked in place to obviate the need for reliable swapping. 51 6. Dependable resources The management of ....

Toy, W. N., "Fault-Tolerant Design of Local ESS Processors," Proc. IEEE Vol. 66 (Oct. 1978) pp. 1126-1145.

....occur rarely, the exception handling code of a system is in general the least documented, tested, and understood part. Most of the design faults existing in a system seem to be located in the code that handles exceptional situations. For instance, field experience with telephone switching systems [Toy82] indicates that approximately two thirds of system failures are due to design faults in exception handling (or recovery) algorithms. In the early stages of programming methodology development in the 60s, research has mostly focused on mastering the complexity inherent in the usual or standard ....

W. N. Toy, "Fault-tolerant design of local ESS processors", in The theory and Practice of Reliable System Design, D. P. Siewiorek and R. S. Swarz, Eds., Digital Press, 1982.

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Toy, W. N., "Fault-tolerant design of local ESS processors," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 66, no. 10, pp. 1126--1145, Oct. 1978.

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