B. Pfitzmann, M. Kohntopp. Information Hiding Terminology, LNCS 1174. Springer Verlag, Berlin 1996, pp. 347-350.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....of the steganographic systems, the most important and fundamental requirement is undetectability. The hidden message should not be detected byany other people. In addition, the media with hidden message, called the stego media, are indistinguishable from their original ones, called the cover media [7]. Thus, two aspects are usually addressed. First, the cover media and stego media should appear identical under all possible statistical attacks. Second, the embedding process should not degrade the media fidelity, that is, the difference between the stego media and the cover media should be ....

B. Pfitzmann, "Information hiding terminology," in Proc. 1st Internat. Work. on Information Hiding, 347-350 (1996).

....in another media such that the transmitted data will be meaningful and innocuous looking to everyone. For all of the steganographic systems, the most important and fundamental requirement is undetectability. In addition, the difference between the media with hidden message, called the stego media [2], and their original ones, called the cover media are imperceptible. Many factors must be involved in the design of a good steganographic system, such as payload, blindness and security. A great deal of image steganographic techniques were introduced in [3] Many steganographic tools in the ....

B. Pfitzmann. "Information hiding terminology". In Proceedings of 1st International Workshop on Information Hiding, pages 347--350, Cambridge, U.K., May 30-June 1 1996.

....The term steganography came into use in 1500 s after the appearance of Trithemius book on the subject Steganographia . A whole other branch of steganography, linguistic steganography , consists of linguistic or language forms of hidden writing. These are the semagrams and the open code [16, 19, 23]. A semagram is a secret message that is not in a written form. For example, a system can use long blades of grass in a picture as dashes in Morse code, with short blades for dots. People have also used musical notes for letters but it doesn t look anything at all like music and it doesn t sound ....

....hiding terminology. The various information hiding techniques can be classified as given in Fig. 1. Steganography Steganogrphy is the art science study work of communicating in a way which hides a secret message in the main information. Various steganography terminology is given in [16]. The model of steganography is given in Fig. 2(a) Embedded Something to be hidden in something else. Stego The output of hidding process; something that has the embedded message hidden in it. Cover datatype An inout which is an original form of the stego . ....

B.Pfitzmann, "Information Hiding Terminology", Proc. of First Int. Workshop on Information Hiding, Cambridge, UK, May30-June1, 1996, Lecture notes in Computer Science, Vol.1174, Ross Anderson(Ed.), pp.347-350.

....to thank our anonymous reviewers who guided our job of clarifying several issues in the original algorithm description. Appendix A: Watermarking Model An extended theoretical model for watermarking is out of the scope of this paper. Initial steps can be found in [17] as well as in [19] 20] 21] [22] [23] related research in the broader area of steganography and information hiding. Nevertheless, various comments and suggestions led us to believe it might be a good idea to include a short model introduction in order to make the present paper more self contained. Thus we are including a short ....

B. Pfitzmann. Information hiding terminology. In R. Anderson, editor, Information hiding: first international workshop, Cambridge, U.K., May 30--June 1, 1996.

....of the Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security. This work has appeared in the Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing, Las Vegas, Nevada, April 2002, Computer Society Press to exchange messages [1] 6] [15] in a manner as resilient and stealthy as possible, through a medium controlled by evil Mallory. On the other hand, digital watermarking is deployed by Alice to prove ownership over a piece of data, to Jared the Judge, usually in the case when Tim the Thief benefits from using selling that very ....

B. Pfitzmann. Information hiding terminology. In Ross Anderson, editor, Information hiding: first international workshop, Cambridge, U.K., May 30--June 1, 1996.

....the watermark for perusal is called extraction, as illustrated in Figure 2. The object in which the information is embedded is called cover datatype , the object with the watermark is called stego datatype , and the information embedded is called embedded datatype , following recommendations in [Pfitzmann96]. The suffix datatype varies according to the types of data such as image, text, or 3D model. For example, a text is embedded in a cover 3D model to produce a stego 3D model with embedded text. The remaining part of this paper is organized as follows. The rest of Section 1 presents a brief ....

B. Pfitzmann, Information Hiding Terminology, in R. Anderson, Ed., Lecture Notes in Computer Science No. 1174, pp347-350, Springer, 1996.

....in the fields of steganography, digital watermarking and fingerprinting. This led to some confusion in the terminology. We shall now briefly introduce the terminology which will be used in the rest of the paper and which was agreed at the first international workshop on the subject [5] [10] (figure 1) The general model of hiding data in other data can be described as follows. The embedded data is the message that one wishes to send secretly. It is usually hidden in Information hiding Steganography Covert channels Anonymity Copyright marking Fingerprinting Imperceptible ....

....Covert channels Anonymity Copyright marking Fingerprinting Imperceptible watermarking Robust copyright marking Watermarking Visible watermarking Fragile watermarking Technical steganography Linguistic steganography Fig. 1. A classification of information hiding techniques based on [10]. Many of the ancient systems presented in Sections III A and III B are a form of technical steganography (in the sense that messages are hidden physically) and most of the recent examples given in this paper address linguistic steganography and copyright marking . an innocuous message ....

B. Pfitzmann, "Information hiding terminology." In Anderson

....in the fields of steganography, digital watermarking, and fingerprinting. This led to some confusion in the terminology. We shall now briefly introduce the terminology which will be used in the rest of the paper and which was agreed at the first international workshop on the subject [4] [9] (Fig. 1) The general model of hiding data in other data can be described as follows. The embedded data are the message that one wishes to send secretly. It is usually hidden in an innocuous message referred to as a cover text, cover image, or cover audio as appropriate, producing the stegotext ....

B. Pfitzmann, "Information hiding terminology," in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 1174. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1996.

....such that the transmitted data 1 will be meaningful and innocuous to everyone. Compared with cryptography techniques attempting to conceal the content of messages, steganography conceals the existence of the secret messages. The steganography terminology used in this paper agrees with that in [3]. A steganographic method will embed messages in a cover media and create a stegomedia. Some steganographic methods [4,5] use a stego key to embed messages for achieving rudimentary security. There are two kinds of image steganographic techniques: spatial domain and frequency domain based ....

PFITZMANN, B.: 'Information hiding terminology'. Proceedings of the first workshop on Information Hiding, 30 May - 1 June 1996, Cambridge, UK, pp. 347-350 (Lect. Notes in Comput. Sci. (Springer-Verlag), 1174)

.... to remove marks completely, or to alter them so that they are read incorrectly What sort of e#ect do various possible removal techniques have on the perceptual quality of the resulting audio or video We will use the terminology agreed at the first international workshop on Information Hiding [54]. The information to be hidden (watermark, fingerprint, or in the general case of steganography, a secret message) is embedded in a cover object (a cover CD, a cover video, a cover text, etc. giving a stego object, which in the context of copyright marking we may also call a marked object (CD, ....

Birgit Pfitzmann. Information hiding terminology. In Anderson [3], pages 347--350. Results of an informal plenary meeting and additional proposals.

....contents (a la v chip for broadcast TV in USA) or to prevent unauthorized duplication. Figure 1 illustrates flow of data in several data embedding scenarios. Data flow for the most basic scenario is shown with solid arrows. Terminology in the figure is adopted from the one compiled in [2]. The act of adding watermark is called (data) embedding or watermarking, and retrieving the information encoded in the watermark for perusal is called extraction. The object in which the information is embedded is called cover datatype , the object with watermark is called stego datatype , and ....

B. Pfitzmann, Information Hiding Terminology, in R. Anderson, Ed., Lecture Notes in Computer Science No.1174, pp. 347-350, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1996.

....a warden, here named Wendy, who will place both parties in solitary confinement at the first sign of any suspicious communication. Alice and Bob must trade inconspicuous seeming transmissions which contain hidden information that, they hope, Wendy will not notice. Using terminology agreed upon in [6], the inconspicuous data that is used to hide the real message is usually referred to as cover data or cover objects: a letter is often called a covertext, for instance, while an image may be called a cover image. The hidden or embedded message is placed therein, turning the cover object into a ....

B. Pfitzmann, "Information Hiding Terminology." in Information Hiding, Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science v 1174 (May/June 1996), pp 347--350.

....the transmitted data will be meaningful and innocuous to everyone. Compared with cryptography techniques attempting to conceal the content of messages, steganography conceals the existence of the secret messages. The steganography terminology used in this paper is identical with that introduced in [1]. A steganographic method will embed messages in a cover image and create a stego image. Those stegoimages produced using the LSB insertion method, which will be explained later, are called LSB embedded images. Some steganographic methods use a stego key to embed messages for achieving rudimentary ....

....the greater a gray value is, the more change of the gray value we can make. Based on this property, we set the upper bound U of embedding capacity for each pixel as U = log 2 ( X ) 1, 2) where X is the gray value of pixel x. In order to scatter the message, a random number with value in [0,1] is generated for each pixel to decide whether the pixel is used to embed message. The embedding ratio P is defined as P = AM C, where AM is the amount of message that would be embedded, and C is the predictive embedding capacity of a cover image. If the random number is less than P, the pixel ....

Birgit Pfitzmann, "Information Hiding Terminology", First Workshop of Information Hiding Proceedings, Cambridge, U.K. May 30 - June 1, 1996. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol.1174, pp 347-350. Springer-Verlag (1996).

....image invariants can be used to construct watermarks that are unaltered by some of the most basic operations encountered in image processing; namely rotation, translation and changes of scale. 1. 1 Nomenclature This paper will make use of terms agreed during the 1996 Workshop on Information Hiding [18]. The term cover image will be used to describe the unmarked original image and stegoimage for an image with one or more hidden embedded marks. One significant deviation from the recommended steganographic nomenclature is the frequent use of the term watermark to describe the embedded mark. ....

B Pfitzmann. Information hiding terminology. In Ross Anderson, editor, Proceedings of the First International Workshop in Information Hiding, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 347--350, Cambridge, UK, May/June 1996. Springer Verlag.

....owner of the document to testify about property. The rapid growth of digital imagery, coupled with the intensive network activity on the web, have generated interest in the development of effective protection mechanisms. But the development of watermarking is rather new: despites important efforts [34],the terminology is not yet completely established, even the purpose of watermarking is not identical in many different domains [31] Therefore, several propositions have been made which may look as compeeting but are indeed addressing different problems. The profile of the traitor (as denoted in ....

Birgit Pfitzmann. Information hiding terminology. In Ross Anderson, editor, Information Hiding, volume 1174. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1996.

.... have been developed whose effects are barely perceptible for humans but can withstand tampering by data transformations that essentially conserve its contents [CKLS96, BGML96] A common model and terminology for information hiding has been established at the 1996 Information Hiding Workshop [Pfi96] An original, unaltered message is called covertext; the sender Alice tries to hide an embedded message by transforming the covertext using a secret key. The resulting message is called the stegotext and is sent to the receiver Bob. Similar to cryptography, it is assumed that the adversary Eve ....

Birgit Pfitzmann, Information hiding terminology, Information Hiding (Ross Anderson, ed.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 1174, Springer, 1996.

....## # ######## ## # ######## ## # Trqr. Srpvfvr# # # ## # ## # ######## ## # # # # ## ## ## ## ######## ## # 347 3 Related work 3. 1 The basic model of a steganographic system The model in Figure 2 is based on the results of the discussions at the Information Hiding Workshop in Cambridge [2], which were continued in [3] and [4] We will call this model the Embedding Model. s # p o oor. ri Fnan Fnan Fnan xr #rt Fnan Fnan Fnan xr s # Trqr. Srpvfvr# p o oor. # ri# f E : steganographic function embedding f E 1 : steganographic function extracting cover: ....

B. Pfitzmann, "Information Hiding Terminology". In R. Anderson, Information Hiding: first international workshop, Proceedings (Lecture notes in computer science; Vol. 1147), Berlin: Springer, 1996.

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B. Pfitzmann, M. Kohntopp. Information Hiding Terminology, LNCS 1174. Springer Verlag, Berlin 1996, pp. 347-350.

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Pfitzmann, B.: Information hiding terminology. In Anderson, R., ed.: Information Hiding: Proceedings of the First International Workshop, Cambridge, U.K., Springer (1996) 347--349

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B. Pfitzmann. Information hiding terminology. In Int. Workshop on Information Hiding, volume 1174 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 347--350, Cambridge, UK, May 1996.

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B. Pfitzmann, "Information hiding terminology," in Information Hiding, First International Workshop (R. Anderson, ed.), vol. 1174 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 347--350, Springer, 1996.

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B. Pfitzmann. Information hiding terminology. In Ross Anderson, editor, Information hiding: first international workshop, Cambridge, U.K., May 30--June 1, 1996.

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B. Pfitzmann, Information Hiding Terminology, in R. Anderson, Ed., Lecture Notes in Computer Science No. 1174, pp. 347-350, Springer, 1996.

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B. Pfitzmann, "Information Hiding Terminology," Proc. First Int'l Workshop Information Hiding, Lecture Notes in Computer Science No. 1,174, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1996, pp. 347-356.

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B. Pfitzmann, "Information hiding terminology", In R. Anderson, editor, Information Hiding, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 347--350. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1996.

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