Y. Shoham, Agent-Oriented Programming, Technical Report STAN-CS-1335-90 (1990), Department of Computer Science, Stanford University.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....the amount of inter agent communication and negotiation that would otherwise be necessary. 4 GOAL We decided to test this approach to refinement by applying it to agents written in an agent oriented programming language called GOAL (Goal Oriented Agent Language) Agent oriented programming [7] is a new programming paradigm which attempts to use mentalistic concepts such as beliefs, desires and intentions to formally describe the properties of agents. GOAL is based on Agent K [8] An Agent K agent is specified in terms of its capabilities, a set of initial beliefs and a number of ....

Y. Shoham, Agent-Oriented Programming, Technical Report STAN-CS-1335-90 (1990), Department of Computer Science, Stanford University.

....information required for learning, and have proposed a mechanism for coordinating refinement in a group of agents. 2 An Agent Language We have specified our agents in an extended version of the agent oriented programming language Agent K [ Davies and Edwards, 1994 ] Agent K is based on Agent0 [ Shoham, 1990 ] An Agent K agent has a number of beliefs, capabilities and commitments. A belief is a logical statement which the agent believes to be true at a particular point in time. Beliefs may change over time. An agent s capabilities are the actions which it can perform. When an agent decides to ....

Y. Shoham. Agent-Oriented Programming. Technical Report STAN-CS-1335-90, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, 1990.

....in [8] Non monotonic extensions of the ATMS were developed in [19, 9] A Prolog like theorem prover for predicate SLD resolution based on the TM systems was developed in [22, 23] None of the above TM systems allows updates of justifications during the calculation. A number of abductive planners [15, 17, 14, 25] use the cycle procedure [13] to cope with dynamic environments. It is straightforward to combine the cycle procedure with the procedure in the present paper. In [15, 17, 14] definitions of predicates cannot be changed. Although the treatment of undefined predicates is written in [15] the ....

....None of the above TM systems allows updates of justifications during the calculation. A number of abductive planners [15, 17, 14, 25] use the cycle procedure [13] to cope with dynamic environments. It is straightforward to combine the cycle procedure with the procedure in the present paper. In [15, 17, 14], definitions of predicates cannot be changed. Although the treatment of undefined predicates is written in [15] the occurrences of observation predicates are restricted to integrity constraints. In [25] when the invalidity of a plan is detected, the plan is constructed from the beginning. 7 ....

J. A. D'avila Quintero. Agents in logic programming. PhD thesis, Department of Computer Science, Imperial College, University of London, 1997.

....of the other agents involved. However, the agents are autonomous and their strategies are private. One way to deal with this problem is to endow agents with the ability to learn the strategies of others based on their interaction experience. Recent studies [ Littman, 1994; Sen et al. 1994; Shoham and Tennenholtz, 1994; Sandholm and Crites, 1995 ] describe various methods for incorporating learning into MAS. In this work, we suggest a model based approach for learning an efficient interactive strategy. In our framework an interaction among agents is represented as a repeated two player game 1 . The objective ....

Y. Shoham and M. Tennenholtz. Co-Learning and the evolution of social activity. Technical Report STAN-CSTR -94-1511, Stanford Univrsity, Department of Computer Science, 1994.

....a major research area in its own right. DAI techniques have been applied to domains as diverse as archaeology and economics, as well as more mundane problems such as distributed sensing and manufacturing control [7] Many testbeds for building and experimenting with DAI systems have been reported [2, 19, 21, 10, 26, 9, 24, 12]. And yet al..most no research has considered the important problems of specifying and verifying DAI systems. In short, the purpose of this paper is to address these issues: we present preliminary results on specifying and verifying systems implemented using Concurrent MetateM, a novel new ....

....described by Doran at al. in which each agent has virtual access to a sophisticated non linear planner) 10] More recently, Shoham has described AGENT0, an interpreted programming language for DAI which represents a first step towards the ideal of an agent oriented programming paradigm [26]. Several actor style languages for DAI have been developed [2] Bouron et al. describe MAGES, a system based on the ACTALK actor language [9] Ferber and Carle describe Mering IV, a reflexive concurrent object language [12] Maruichi et al. describe an autonomous agent model (similar in some ....

Y. Shoham. Agent Oriented Programming. Technical Report STAN--CS--1335--90, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, California, USA, 1990.

.... processes may be expected to lead to inter process disparities, especially if processing is asynchronous and the processes are addressing inter dependent problems [Burke 89] Prosser 91] This is a very active area and is a source of new programming paradigms such as agentoriented programming [Shoham 90] as well as throwing up fundamental problems of a general nature ( Yokoo 90] Sycara 90] There are lessons to be learned from developments in other areas, such as distributed databases. 5.2 Vision and Speech The last decade has seen the emergence of processor arrays and networks as practical ....

Y Shoham, Agent-Oriented Programming, Technical Report STAN-CS90 -1335, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, 1990.

....determine the causes of a fault and implement an effective set of refinements if they cooperate by sharing their knowledge and different perspectives on a failure. What is Learnt: Agents in our system are written in an Agent Oriented Programming Language, AgentK [8] which is based on Agent 0 [9]. The state of an agent consists of its current commitments, beliefs and capabilities. A belief is a statement which the agent considers to be currently true or false, e.g. it is raining . Beliefs may change over time. An agent s capabilities are the actions which it can perform. The formation of ....

Y. Shoham. Agent-Oriented Programming. Technical Report STAN-CS-1335-90, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, 1990.

....development 1 . 1 Back to school for a brand new ABC . The Guardian, March 12th, 1992, page 28. See [55] for a (somewhat inaccurate) overview of agent based computing from the popular science press. A whole programming paradigm has even been christened agent oriented programming [121]. Our aim in this paper is to survey what we perceive to be the most important issues in the design and construction of agents, from the standpoint of (D)AI. For convenience, we identify three key issues, and structure our survey around these (cf. 117, p1] Agent theories: What exactly are ....

....like it is going to work. What other properties of agency might one consider Shoham has suggested that the term agent in AI is often used to denote high level systems, that employ symbolic representations, and perhaps enjoy some cognitivelike function, such as explicit logical reasoning) [121]. This high level condition excludes systems such as transistors and thermostats, the neuron like entities of connectionism, and the objects of objectoriented programming. It implies that agents possess significant computational resources (though these resources will, of course, be finite) ....

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Y. Shoham. Agent-oriented programming. Technical Report STAN--CS--1335--90, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, 1990.

....temporal logics have been developed, for example [19, 1] but few have incorporated the notions of concurrency and we know of none that are based upon a computational model similar to the one described here. However, one comparable approach is Shoham s work on Agent Oriented Programming (AOP) [21]. Here, individual agents are represented within a multi modal logic, which is more concerned with the beliefs, intentions and actions of agents that we are here. Further, both the logical basis and the model of computation use in AOP are different to that considered here. 5.3 Future work Given ....

Y. Shoham. Agent Oriented Programming. Technical Report STAN--CS--1335--90, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, California, USA, 1990.

....a major research area in its own right. DAI techniques have been applied to domains as diverse as archaeology and economics, as well as more mundane problems such as distributed sensing and manufacturing control [7] Many testbeds for building and experimenting with DAI systems have been reported [2, 19, 21, 10, 26, 9, 24, 12]. And yet al..most no research has considered the important problems of specifying and verifying DAI systems. In short, the purpose of this paper is to address these issues: we present preliminary results on specifying and verifying systems implemented using Concurrent METATEM, a novel new ....

....described by Doran at al. in which each agent has virtual access to a sophisticated non linear planner) 10] More recently, Shoham has described AGENT0, an interpreted programming language for DAI which represents a first step towards the ideal of an agent oriented programming paradigm [26]. Several actor style languages for DAI have been developed [2] Bouron et al. describe MAGES, a system based on the ACTALK actor language [9] Ferber and Carle describe MERING IV, a reflexive concurrent object language [12] Maruichi et al. describe an autonomous agent model (similar in some ....

Y. Shoham. Agent Oriented Programming. Technical Report STAN--CS--1335--90, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, California, USA, 1990.

....and at the same time play a role in engendering the agent s overall behaviour. Smi87, page 3] Furthermore, an increasing number of researchers has been working on the application of propositional attitude formalisms in areas such as distributed problem solving [DS88] agent oriented programming [Sho90], actor based languages [AH88] concurrent object oriented programming [YBS88] and many others which can be classified under the general banner of Distributed Artificial Intelligence (henceforth DAI) The idea behind this is that ascribing mental states to processes e.g. computational ones ....

....of one of them. 2.1 Different forms of common assumptions The idea of taking mental states as being described by relations between agents and propositions has motivated many applications in computer science. Those vary from natural language processing [CL93] to agent oriented programing languages [Sho90], from semantics for distributed systems [Sin93] to methodologies for checking systems to which some notion of agenthood can be assigned [RG93] The reasons why I claim all the formalisms mentioned above share the same basic assumptions are the following: ffl No matter what particular logical ....

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Yoav Shoham. Agent-oriented programming. Technical Report STAN-CS-90-1335, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, October 1990.

.... Programming (AOP) is a new programming paradigm which proposes that mentalistic notions (such as belief, intention, commitment and so on) are useful abstraction mechanisms for describing complex, intelligent agents, and that they may therefore be used as a basis for programming such agents [17]. In this paper, we describe a Distributed Artificial Intelligence testbed called MYWORLD, in which individual agents are defined in terms of such notions. At run time, a MYWORLD system contains a simulated world, containing a number of agents, which are able to act in the world, for example by ....

....In DAI, many software tools have been developed to support experimentation (e.g. 1, 11, 12, 8, 21, 5, 2, 10] In parallel with this work, there has been an ongoing debate in (D)AI on the question of how best to construct the agents which make up a (D)AI system. One proposal, due to Shoham [17], is to program agents in terms of mentalistic notions: belief, intention, commitment, and so on. The result of such a treatment is a paradigm known as agent oriented programming. In this paper, we describe MYWORLD, an agent oriented programming testbed for DAI. MYWORLD is a software platform for ....

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Y. Shoham. Agent-oriented programming. Technical Report STAN--CS--1335-- 90, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, 1990.

....problem and broadcasts the whole solution. 4 Related Work The purpose of this section is to place Concurrent MetateM in the context of contemporary DAI research: to show how it stands in relation to other work in the field. Concurrent MetateM is in some respects similar to Shoham s AGENT0 system [29]. AGENT0 is a first attempt to build an Agent Oriented Programming (AOP) language. AOP is a new programming paradigm, based on a societal view of computation [29] central to AOP is the idea of agents objects as cognitive entities, whose state is best described in terms of mentalistic notions: ....

....to show how it stands in relation to other work in the field. Concurrent MetateM is in some respects similar to Shoham s AGENT0 system [29] AGENT0 is a first attempt to build an Agent Oriented Programming (AOP) language. AOP is a new programming paradigm, based on a societal view of computation [29]: central to AOP is the idea of agents objects as cognitive entities, whose state is best described in terms of mentalistic notions: belief, choice, commitment, and so on 4 . Both AGENT0 and Concurrent MetateM are based on temporal logics, though these logics have quite different forms. In ....

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Y. Shoham. Agent Oriented Programming. Technical Report STAN--CS--1335--90, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, California, USA, 1990.

....These choices are only made when a contradiction is derived. As long as no contradiction is derived, the knowledge is assumed to be consistent. This makes it possible to define an executable deduction process for the preference logic. For the logic a semantics based on the ideas of Y. Shoham [14, 15], is defined. It turns out that the semantics for the logic is a preferential semantics according to the definition S. Kraus, D. Lehmann and M. Magidor [9] Therefore the logic is a logic of system P and possesses all the properties of an ideal non monotonic logic. 1 Introduction In many ....

....in O(n) steps where n is the number of in justifications. begin B i = repeat P ) 2 J i ; J i : J i Gamma fP ) g; if P Delta i then B i : B i [ f g; until J i = return B i ; end. 6 The semantics for the logic The semantics of the logic is based on the ideas of Y. Shoham [14, 15]. In [14, 15] Shoham argues that the difference between monotonic logic and non monotonic logic is a difference in the definition of the entailment relation. In a monotonic logic a proposition is entailed by the premisses if it is true in every model for the premisses. In a non monotonic logic, ....

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Shoham, Y., Reasoning about change, Dissertation Yale University, Department of computer science (1986) 85-109.

....problem and broadcasts the whole solution. 4 Related Work The purpose of this section is to place Concurrent METATEM in the context of contemporary DAI research: to show how it stands in relation to other work in the field. Concurrent METATEM is in some respects similar to Shoham s AGENT0 system [29]. AGENT0 is a first attempt to build an Agent Oriented Programming (AOP) language. AOP is a new programming paradigm, based on a societal view of computation [29] central to AOP is the idea of agents objects as cognitive entities, whose state is best described in terms of mentalistic notions: ....

....to show how it stands in relation to other work in the field. Concurrent METATEM is in some respects similar to Shoham s AGENT0 system [29] AGENT0 is a first attempt to build an Agent Oriented Programming (AOP) language. AOP is a new programming paradigm, based on a societal view of computation [29]: central to AOP is the idea of agents objects as cognitive entities, whose state is best described in terms of mentalistic notions: belief, choice, com9 mitment, and so on 4 . Both AGENT0 and Concurrent METATEM are based on temporal logics, though these logics have quite different forms. In ....

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Y. Shoham. Agent Oriented Programming. Technical Report STAN--CS--1335--90, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, California, USA, 1990.

....the Contract Net protocol [30] 4 OTHER SYSTEMS 18 Languages and Platforms MICE is written in Common Lisp and versions exist for Unix Platforms, Macintosh Computers and TI Explorers. 3. 7 MYWORLD MYWORLD [33] is an attempt to construct a testbed based on the ideas of Agent Oriented Programming [29]. An agent s behaviour is determined by its beliefs and intentions. A MYWORLD system is a simulated grid world containing agents and perhaps other objects. The user defines characteristics of the world such as the grid size. All MYWORLD entities have one characteristic in common: a location in the ....

Y. Shoham. Agent-Oriented Programming. Technical Report STAN-CS-1335-90, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, 1990.

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