Eli Biham, A fast new DES implementation in software, proc. FSE 1997, LNCS 1267, 260--272, Springer, 1997  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....0 , # k 1 , # 0 , # k 1 ) and corresponding MDS complexity is not as straightforward as in the former two matrix types. Hence, it is di#cult to select coe#cients to construct a Cauchy matrix that can be e#ciently implemented in hardware. 2. 4 A Method to Simplify S box Circuits In [16], a method of generating a Boolean function through nested multiplexing is introduced to optimize gate circuits for the 64 S boxes in DES implementations. Consider that a Boolean function f(a, b, c) with three input bits a, b, and c can be written as c f 2 (a, b) c where f 1 (a, b) and f ....

....the implementation of an S box in hardware, the upper bound of the gate count increases exponentially with the S box size n, as shown in Figure 4. Simultaneously, the upper bound of delay increases linearly, as shown in Figure 5. In these two figures, the S box optimization model described in [16] and presented in Section 2 is used as a reference and the decoder switch encoder model is labelled DSE. When the size of an S box is less than 6, the delay of the two models are similar and the gate count of the reference model is slightly lower. As the size of the S box increases, the ....

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E. Biham, "A Fast New DES Implementation in Software", Workshop on Fast Software Encryption - FSE '97, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1267, Springer-Verlag, pp. 260-272, 1997.

....time because computers were not fast enough. In this project, we rst implement an ecient DES function, then run Matsui s attack and nally make a statistical analysis of its complexity. DES was an US encryption standard issued by NIST (previously NBS) in 1977 ( 16] In 1997, Biham proposed in [3] a parallel implementation inspired by SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) architectures on regular computers which is the fastest at this time. According to Biham s analysis, one can perform 64 parallel DES computations within 16000 elementary CPU instructions on a 64 bit microprocessor, ....

....and much time is wasted in dealing with the permutations, which can be seen as not calculating parts of the algorithm (this is more a data routing problem than a data transforming one ) 1.3. 2 The Bitslicing Concept The bitslicing technique was rst used in the cryptography eld by Biham in [3]. In fact, this a known implementation trick among the electronicians. The idea behind the bitslicing concept is quite simple: one allocates one register for each bit of data, instead of storing all the bits in an unique register. This allows to process in a parallel way a number of bits which is ....

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E. Biham. A fast new DES implementation in software. In FSE'97, volume 1267 of LNCS, pages 260-272. Springer-Verlag, 1997.

....the quality of the output of our algorithm, we applied it to two applications which use Galois Field arithmetic: Rijndael block cipher [12] and Reed Solomon error correcting codes [20] We got signi cant performance improvements for both the applications. Our algorithm uses bit slicing [8] and it s generalization data slicing to fully explore the full potential of SIMD instructions. The implementations require minimal architectural support from any wide path SIMD processor: parallel table lookup, bitwise EXOR AND and LOAD STORE operations. Further, in the case of bit slicing ....

....codes also typically have the operations in the same eld. For both applications we present ecient SIMD implementations that achieve signi cant speedup. Our implementations involve taking advantage of subword parallelism by rearranging the underlying computations either through bit slicing [8] or by using wider, multi bit slices. Our slicing based implementations require only the following instructions to be supported by the target SIMD architecture: parallel table lookup, bitwise XOR and AND, LOAD and STORE operations. Further, in the case of bit slicing, only the last four ....

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E. Biham. A fast new des implementation in software. In Proceedings of Fast Software Encryption 4, 1997.

....overhead and the savings obtained. The design task is to carefully evaluate these trade o s to minimize the computational cost. In addition to an ecient hardware implementation, a good circuit design is also useful in obtaining fast software implementations. Using the technique of bit slicing [2] a circuit with a small number of gates can be simulated using a wide word processor. Multiple instances of the underlying computation are thus performed in parallel to exploit the parallelism implicit in a wide word computer. This technique is used in [2] to obtain a fast DES implementation. In ....

....Using the technique of bit slicing [2] a circuit with a small number of gates can be simulated using a wide word processor. Multiple instances of the underlying computation are thus performed in parallel to exploit the parallelism implicit in a wide word computer. This technique is used in [2] to obtain a fast DES implementation. In this paper, we study the use of composite eld techniques for Galois Field arithmetic in the context of the Rijndael cipher. We show that very substantial gains in performance can be obtained through such an approach. We obtain a very compact gate circuit ....

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Eli Biham, \A Fast New DES Implementation in Software". In Proc. Fast Software Encryption 4,1997. http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/~biham/publications.html

....personal computers are general purpose and are not optimized for block cipher implementation, resulting in a performance degradation when compared to hardware implementations. Even the fastest software implementations of block ciphers cannot obtain the required data rates for bulk data encryption [14, 22, 44, 58, 17, 136, 155]. As a result, hardware implementations are necessary in order for block ciphers to achieve this required performance level. The down side of traditional hardware implementations are the lack of flexibility with respect to algorithm and parameter switching. Reconfigurable hardware devices are a ....

....of an algorithm in a commercially available processor. These processors may range from a simple 8 bit mi crocontroller, such as the 8051, to a highly complex 64 bit processor, such as the Alpha AXP 21164A. Numerous software implementations of block ciphers have appeared throughout the literature [14, 15, 19, 22, 23, 25, 36, 44, 55, 58, 83, 87, 94, 97, 98, 105, 114, 118, 122, 128, 132, 136, 137, 147, 148, 149, 155, 158]. General purpose processors provide algorithm agility but fall short of the performance requirements, especially when considering most modern block ciphers. When high end processors are considered, the cost per unit also becomes a limiting factor. Processors suffer a performance degradation due ....

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E. Biham. A Fast New DES Implementation in Software. In Fourth International Germany, 1997. Springer-Verlag.

....DES, the most common block cipher implementation targeted to FPGAs, has been shown to operate at speeds of up to 400 Mbit s [6] We believe that this performance can be greatly enhanced using today s technology. These speeds are significantly faster than the best software implementations of DES [7] [8] 9] which typically have throughputs below tOO Mbit s, although a 137 Mbit s implementation has been reported as well [7] This performance differential is an expected result of DES having been designed in the t9 0s with hardware implementations in mind. Other block ciphers have been ....

....[6] We believe that this performance can be greatly enhanced using today s technology. These speeds are significantly faster than the best software implementations of DES [7] 8] 9] which typically have throughputs below tOO Mbit s, although a 137 Mbit s implementation has been reported as well [7]. This performance differential is an expected result of DES having been designed in the t9 0s with hardware implementations in mind. Other block ciphers have been implemented in FPGAs with varying degrees of success. A typical exam ple is the IDEA block cipher which has been implemented at ....

E. Biham, "A Fast New DES Implementation in Software," in Fast Software Encryption. Jth International Workshop, FSE'97 Proceedings, (Berlin), pp. 260-272, Springer-Verlag, 1997. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volume 1267.

....on parallel machines or in hardware but also has an additional advantage: It is possible that even on a sequential machine b parallel evaluations of E would be faster than b sequential evaluations. An interesting way to amortize several (e.g. 64) evaluation of DES was proposed by Biham [4]. A Few Words on Security In [9] it is proven that if E is a pseudo random permutation then so is Pi. As noted above, this gives a strong notion of security. The only other place we are aware of that explicitly refers to the problem of constructing a pseudo random permutation on the entire ....

E. Biham, A fast new DES implementation in software, Proc. Fast Software Encryption, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer-Verlag, 1997.

....required for such a software exhaustive key search is underestimated as 0.5 MMY (cf. 1. 3) This estimate is based on the Pentium based figures that a single DES block encryption with a fixed key requires 360 Pentium clock cycles (cf. 7] or 500 Pentium clock cycles with a variable key (cf. [2]) Furthermore, our estimate lies between two DEC VAX 11 780 estimates that can be found in [8] and [24] It follows that our Mips Years convention is sufficiently accurate. Half a million Mips Years is roughly 13,500 months on a PC. This is equivalent to 4 months on 3,500 PCs, because an ....

....the sizes may be halved assuming the hash function is properly used. Software data points. In [4] 241, 345, 837, and 1016 Pentium cycles are reported for MD4, MD5, SHA 1, and RIPEMD 160, respectively. This compares to 360 to 500 cycles for DES depending on fixed or variable keys (cf. [2,7]) Thus, the software speed of a hash function application as used by a birthday paradox attack is comparable to the software speed of a single DES block encryption. Special purpose hardware data points. Special purpose hardware has been designed for several hash functions. We may assume that ....

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Eli Biham, A fast new DES implementation in software.

....required for DES can be done at zero cost by changing the order in which the words (which correspond to 64 separate 1 bit quantities) are addressed. A 300 MHz Alpha CPU running 64 simultaneous DES operations in this manner provides a throughput of 17 MB s for single DES or 6 MB s for triple DES [Biham 1997]. This comes to about 2.5M DES keys second for keysearching. A single computer could recover a CDMF key in 2 days; 10 such machines could do it in 6 hours. A machine which Cray computer developed for the NSA could break the key in around 4 minutes; another one at Sandia National Labs could do it ....

Eli Biham, "A Fast New DES Implementation in Software", Fast Software Encryption, Springer-Verlag Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1997 (to appear).

....process and detect non winning keys as early as possible. A 200 MHz Pentium system was able to test approximately 1 million keys second, and a 250 MHz PowerPC 604e based system reached 1.5 million keys second. Towards the end of the contest, we introduced a client 3 that used the Biham method [2] which was extremely fast on 64 bit systems, as well as slightly faster on most other systems. With this new client, a 500 MHz Alpha was able to test 5.3 million keys second, and a 167 MHz UltraSPARC was able to test 2.4 million keys second. In the end, Intel compatible systems accounted for ....

Eli Biham. A Fast New DES Implementation in Software. CS 0891, Fast Software Encryption 4,

....power required for such a software exhaustive key search is underestimated as 0.5 MMY (Subsection 1. 2) This estimate is based on the Pentium based gures that a single DES block encryption with a xed key requires 360 Pentium clock cycles [8] or 500 Pentium clock cycles with a variable key [2]. Furthermore, our estimate lies between two DEC VAX 11 780 estimates that can be found in [9, 29] It follows that our Mips Years convention is suciently accurate. Half a million Mips Years is roughly 13,500 months on a PC. This is equivalent to 4 months on 3,500 PCs, because an exhaustive key ....

....to 2 x=2 , where x is the size of the hash function. 2.7.3 Software data points. In [4] 241, 345, 837, and 1016 Pentium cycles are reported for MD4, MD5, SHA 1, and RIPEMD 160, respectively. This compares to 360 to 500 cycles for the DES depending on xed or variable keys, as reported in [2, 8] (cf. 2.2.4) Thus, the software speed of a hash function application as used by a birthday paradox attack is comparable to the software speed of a single DES block encryption. 2.7.4 Special purpose hardware data points. Special purpose hardware has been designed for several hash functions. We ....

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E. Biham, A fast new DES implementation in software, Proceedings of Fast Software Encryption, LNCS 1267, Springer 1994.

....Using standard logic gates, an average of 56 gates per S box was achieved, while an average of 51 was produced when non standard gates were utilized. This is an improvement over the previous best result, which used an average of 61 non standard gates. 1 Introduction In his 1997 paper [1], Dr Eli Biham described an implementation of the Data Encryption Standard (DES) 7] that produced significant performance advantages on 64 bit RISC architectures. It essentially involved converting the DES algorithm into an equivalent logic circuit, using AND, OR, XOR, and NOT gates. When this ....

....per S box using standard instructions, and 51 using non standard instructions. This compares with the previously best known average of 61 (using non standard gates) 9] and the previously best published average of 88 (using standard gates) 4] 5] 6] 2 The Original Algorithm In Biham s paper [1], he describes an algorithm that produces an average of approximately 100 gates per S box. What follows is a brief recap. Basically, for each S box, the technique is to take two of the input bits, expand them to all 16 possible functions of two variables, and use the remaining four S box inputs ....

E. Biham, A Fast New DES Implementation in Software, proceedings of Fast Software Encryption - Fourth International Workshop, Haifa, Israel, Springer-Verlag, pp. 260-272, 1997

.... that linear cryptanalysis of DES, given 2 43 known plaintext ciphertext pairs, has a success probability of 85 within a complexity of 2 43 DES evaluations, it was conjectured that this value is pessimistic [9, 3] Motivated by this fact, by the parallel implementation concept of Biham [1] and the actual 64 bit processor performances, we propose in this paper pascal.junod epfl.ch 1 a theoretical and experimental complexity analysis. By using a fast DES routine implemented for the Intel MMX architecture, the production part of the attack has been run several time, virtually ....

....which is negligible almost all the time. The biggest part of the attack work load being data encryption, the involved DES routine speed is a key parameter regarding the time needed to process 2 43 plaintexts. We have thus implemented a very fast DES routine using the bitslicing concept [1] and some attack related optimisations. Our routine has been designed for the Intel MMX architecture which has eight 64 bit registers at disposal. Although this platform has several drawbacks regarding the application of the bitslicing concept [8] it has the advantage of being very common. Kwan s ....

E. Biham. A fast new DES implementation in software. In Fast Software Encryption '97, pages 260-272. Springer-Verlag, 1997. LNCS Volume 1267.

....as the extension degree n increases, however, we can reduce the number of calculations by using successive extension. 3 In [25] they call them log table and alog table. y Actually the DES implementation in software using the similar method ( Bit slice DES ) gains a significant speedup[2]. When n can be factorized to some integers n 1 and n 2 , an element of GF (2 n ) can be represented as a polynomial ff n101 x n101 1 1 1 ff 1 x ff 0 , where ff i are elements of GF(2 n2 ) Here GF (2 n ) is the extension field of GF(2 n2 ) with extension degree n 1 . When n 1 ....

E. Biham, "A Fast New DES Implementation in Software," in Proc. of the Fourth Fast Software Encryption Workshop, pp.241--253, 1997.

....DES, the most common block cipher implementation targeted to FPGAs, has been shown to operate at speeds of up to 400 Mbit s [7] We believe that this performance can be greatly enhanced using today s technology. These speeds are significantly faster than the best software implementations of DES [8] [9] 10] which typically have throughputs below 100 Mbit s, although implementations operating in the 130 Mbit s range have been reported as well [8] 11] This performance di#erential is an expected result of DES having been designed in the 1970s with hardware implementations in mind. Other ....

....performance can be greatly enhanced using today s technology. These speeds are significantly faster than the best software implementations of DES [8] 9] 10] which typically have throughputs below 100 Mbit s, although implementations operating in the 130 Mbit s range have been reported as well [8] [11] This performance di#erential is an expected result of DES having been designed in the 1970s with hardware implementations in mind. Other block ciphers have been implemented in FPGAs with varying degrees of success. A typical example is the IDEA block cipher which has been implemented at ....

E. Biham, "A Fast New DES Implementation in Software," in Fourth International Workshop on Fast Software Encryption, vol. LNCS 1267, (Berlin, Germany), pp. 260--272, SpringerVerlag, 1997.

.... (due to pipelining, parallel low level hardware, multiple instruction issue and parallelism between the processor and memory system) Compilers are becoming increasingly effective at automatically extracting this parallelism from programs, but careful coding can result in substantial improvements [22, 6, 25]. The majority of our results focus on data locality, but we also consider ways to improve speed using word level parallelism. 1.2 Result Summary We start with the most basic data structures and compare arrays and linked lists for storing a sequence of integers when the basic operation is to ....

Eli Biham. A fast new DES implementation in software. Technion, Computer Science Dept. Technical Report CS0891-1997.

....basicstrc. B of MISTY1 is shown in the last page of this paper. # ur 2 shows the entir str O . ofMISTY1.Figur 3 to 5 shows its interBC functions.For mor detail, see [1] The re.OO why we use Alphapr cessor isfir H to compar with the number ofinstr; 300 in DES which was studied by Biham [2], and to know the fastest possibility of theencr .3C speed of MISTY1 because the per;O.3; of Alpha is one of the highest incur# t wor#0.3 0 pr cessor [10] Fir] we apply a new method by Biham at the Manuscript received March 27, 1998. Manuscript revised July 31, 1998. The author is ....

....March 27, 1998. Manuscript revised July 31, 1998. The author is System LSI Development Center Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Kamakura shi, 247 8501 Japan. The author is Information Technology R D Center Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Kamakura shi, 247 8501 Japan. same worH ; [2] to MISTY1.This method is called bitslice. His idea is that, by rHH O; 3 thetar#B cipher as a collection of logic gates with two input bits and one output bit, 64 blocks can bepr cessed inpar allel on 64 bitpr cessor 0C0.3H#O this implementation can be applied to anycipher inprHOCB . and has ....

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E. Biham, "A fast new DES implementation in software," Proc. Fourth International Workshop of Fast Software Encryption, pp.260--272, Jan. 1997.

....transformation and reverse order of the subkeys. 3 An Efficient Implementation Much of the motivation for the above design will become clear as we consider how to implement the algorithm efficiently. We do this in bitslice mode. For a full description of a bitslice implementation of DES, see [9]; the basic idea is that just as one can use a 1 bit processor to implement an algorithm such as DES by executing a hardware description of it, using a logical instruction to emulate each gate, so one can also use a 32 bit processor to compute 32 different DES blocks in parallel in effect, ....

E Biham, "A Fast New DES Implementation in Software", in Fast Software Encryption --- 4th International Workshop, FSE '97, Springer LNCS v 1267 pp 260--271

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Eli Biham, A fast new DES implementation in software, proc. FSE 1997, LNCS 1267, 260--272, Springer, 1997

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E. Biham, \A Fast New DES Implementation in Software", Fast Software Encryption Workshop, 1997

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E. Biham, A Fast New DES Implementation in Software, Workshop on Fast Software Encryption (FSE '97), LNCS 1267, Springer-Verlag, pages 260-272, 1997.

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Biham E. A Fast New DES Implementation in Software In Proc. of the Fourth Fast Software Encryption Workshop, pp.241253, 1997 12

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E. Biham. "A Fast New DES Implementation in Software. In Workshop on Fast Software Encryption - FSE '97, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1267, Springer-Verlag, pages 260--272, 1997.

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E. Biham, "A Fast New DES Implementation in Software," Proc. Int'l Symp. Foundations of Software Eng. (FSE '97), pp. 260-273, 1997.

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Eli Biham. A fast new DES implementation in software. Technion, Computer Science Dept. Technical Report CS0891-1997. Graph and Hashing Algorithms for Modern Architectures: Design and Performance 12

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