Carl Pollard and Ivan Sag, Information-Based Syntax and Semantics, Vo 1 , CSLI Lecture Notes, No. 13, CSLI Publications, Stanford, CA, 1987.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....such formalisms. We show that the problem whether a set of constraints is satisfiable in this logic is decidable in polynomial time and give a solution algorithm. 1 Introduction Many of the current constraint based grammar formalisms, as e.g. FUG [Kay 79, Kay 85] LFG [Kaplan Bresnan 82] HPSG [Pollard Sag 87] PATR II [Shieber et al. 83] and its derivates, model linguistic knowledge in recursire fea ture structures. Feature (or functional) equa tions, as in LFG, or feature terms, as in FUG or STUF [Bouma et al. 88] are used as con straints to describe declaratively what proper ties should be ....

Carl Pollard and Ivan A. Sag. Information-Based Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 1. CSLI Lecture Notes 13, CSLI, Stanford University, 1987.

....Instead, extractions are handled by a novel mechanism involving multi rooted graphs (cf. Concluding Remarks) We assume that all lexically governed rules such as Passive, Dative Advancement and Pising are compiled into the lexical entries governing them. Io, 11 Yl [ca] Ar [c] 2,1, o] [7] [ Figure 2: S graph for John seemed ill [o, 1) Figure 3: Raising Rule Graph (1] 5 1 John [H] seemed [Cat] Ar [HI in Figure 4: Surface Graph for John seemed ill [cq [2) Eli on Figure 5: Predicate Argument Graph for John seemed ill 99 Thus, given has four entries (Ditransitive, ....

.... [Cat] Ar [HI in Figure 4: Surface Graph for John seemed ill [cq [2) Eli on Figure 5: Predicate Argument Graph for John seemed ill 99 Thus, given has four entries (Ditransitive, Ditransitive Dative, Passive, Dative Passive) This aspect of our framework is reminiscent of LFG [4] and HPSG [7], except that in SFG, relational structure is transparently recorded in the stratified features. Moreover, SFG relies neither on LFGstyle annotated CFG rules and equation solving nor on HPSG style SUBCAT lists. We illustrate below the process of constructing a lexical entry for given from rule ....

Carl Pollard and Ivan Sag. Information-based Syntaz and Semantics. CSLI Lecture Notes. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1987.

....often illu strated in a Prolog like notation using DCG rules. The infix function symbol is used in each ca tegory to separate the syntactic from the semantic part. Rule (1) introduces complements in an llPSGstyle manner by removing the complement from the VP s subcategorization list (cf. [Pollard Sag 1987]) The relation between the semantics and the semantics of ompl is established in tire lexical entry for the verb (2) 113 (1) vp(Subcat) S vp( CompllSubcat] S, Compl. 2) vp( np( Obj, np(3rd sing) Subj] kiss(Subj, Obj) kisses] Recent work on semantic head driven ....

....that is guided by semantic information in a top down fa.shion. Tile benefits of integrated senantics are manifold. Elegant analyses of linguistic phenomena are possible that relate syntactic and semantic properties to each other (cf. the treatment of e.g. raising and equi constructions in [Pollard Sag 1987]) LF is defined on purely linguistic grounds and as such, it is well suited to tile computational linguist s work. llowever, if a generator based on an integrated semantics is to be used for conveying the results of some application system into NL, expressions of the application system s SRL ....

Carl J. Pollard and Ivan A. Sag (1987), ln]ormation-Based Syntax and Semantics. Volume I, Center for the Study of Language and Information, CSLI Lecture Notes 13, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

....of individual words, and externally to limit the possible sister constituents that can occupy specific positions within larger linguistic structures. Subcategorization is an example of the external application of such constraints. For example, in the HPSG (Head driven Phrase Structure Grammar) of [10] and [11] the principle type of linguistic structure is the sign, where signs include both words and phrases. Each sign bears, among other things, a complex of syntactic and semantic objects called a synsem object. In turn, each synsem object bears, among other things, a finite list of synsem ....

....to automatically deduce classificatory systems from general linguistic theories is obvious in such circumstances. 3 Speciate Re entrant Logic The SRL (Speciate Re entrant Logic) of [6] provides a formal language designed specifically to support formalisms for both the information based HPSG of [10] and the object based HPSG of [11] Here we review those aspects of the formal language of SRL that are germane to the present paper. We recommend the reader interested in the logic of SRL or the use of SRL to express a HPSG theory to consult [1] 5] 6] 7] and [9] Underlying a typical ....

Carl J. Pollard and Ivan A. Sag. Information-Based Syntax and Semantics, vol. 1. CSLI Lecture Notes 13. CSLI, Stanford, California, USA. 1987.

....structure and IS to interface structure . T1 and T2 are intermediate levels. IS source IS target T2 source T2 target T1 source T1 target CS source CS target MS source MS target Fig. 1: Translation Path of the CAT2 System Following current sign based approaches in linguistics (cf. [3] Pollard Sag 87) syntactic and semantic analysis is done simultaneously at the constituent level (CS) By the joint cooperation of syntax and semantics, the creation of spurious analyses due to structural ambiguities can be reduced. The levels T1 and T2 are intermediate levels which serve the ....

Carl Pollard and Ivan Sag.Information--Based Syntax and Semantics. CSLI Lecture Notes 13, Stanford, 1987.

....auf interessante Ausnahmen abgesehen, identisch sind. Die Grundprinzipien der lexikalischen Steuerung der sprachunabh angigen Phrasenstrukturen durch lexikalische Strukturierung werden in drei komplexen Merkmalen sichtbar: HEAD, FRAME und RESTR. ffl HEAD Features werden wie im HPSG Formalismus (Pollard Sag 1987) an die maximale Projektion weitergegeben. ffl FRAME Features spezifizieren die potentiellen Argumente eines lexikalischen Heads. Eine solche Spezifikation unifiziert direkt mit den Features des entsprechenden Konstituenten und enth alt u.a. thematische Rollen, Selektionsbeschr ankungen und ....

POLLARD, C. and I.Sag (1987): Information--Based Syntax and Semantics, CSLI Lecture Notes 13, Stanford, CSLI.

....using tree structures at all levels. In our diagram MS refers to morphological structure , CS to constituent structure and IS to interface structure . MS source 6 CS source 6 IS source IS target CS target MS target Following current sign based approaches in linguistics (cf. PS87] syntactic and semantic analysis is done simultaneously at the constituent level (CS) By the joint cooperation of syntax and semantics, the creation of spurious analyzes due to structural ambiguities can be reduced. The IS level, having no linguistic justification other than that of serving ....

Carl Pollard and Ivan Sag. Information-Based Syntax and Semantics. CSLI Lecture Notes 13, Stanford, 1987.

....level in order to find sufficient solutions in the large. In contrast to written language fluent speech is rich in structuring signals such as intonation, pauses, changes of constructions like false starts and repetitions of words or 2 Head oriented Phrase Structure Grammar, see Pollard and Sag [5] 9 word sequences. Prosodic factors provide useful information for the distinction between questions and non questions and can give hints on the thematic structure of an utterance. Some of these phenomena have a rather systematic structure, but not all of them do and not always. These are ....

Pollard, C., Sag, I.A.: An Inform!ation-based Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 1, CSLI Lecture Notes 13, Stanford, 1987.

....language as a set of rule generated strings by a view that defines language by giving general principles, constraining the set of linguistic structures. This trend, initiated by the Principles and Parameters Approach to syntax ( 3] is also reflected in Head driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG, [9], 10] HPSG is a unification based grammar formalism using feature structures to model linguistic entities. Being a lexically based grammar formalism these feature structures originate mainly from the lexicon. How these feature Financial support for the Austrian Research Institute for ....

....structural unification. Furthermore, types in many cases allow a more natural and efficient encoding of linguistic information than this would be the case with untyped structures. 2.2 Principles of Grammar The second source of constraints on feature structures are the principles of grammar. [9] allowed general implicative and negative constraints in the form of conditional feature structures, interpreted via the relative pseudo complement operation in a Heyting algebra. In [10] principles are given only verbally. Recent work on formalizing the basis of HPSG (e.g. 2] models them as ....

C. Pollard and I. Sag. Information-Based Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 1: Fundamentals. CSLI Lecture Notes 13. CSLI, Stanford, CA, 1987.

....same in content apart from some slight clarifications. 2 Markus Walther and Bernd Kr oger A crucial feature of this model is that it employs a computer implemented constraint based conception of phonology, thus being amenable to embedding into declarative formal theories of grammar such as HPSG (Pollard Sag 1987). It follows that it is possible in principle to give a parallel description of the contribution of different linguistically relevant dimensions (e.g. morphological word accent, semantic focus, syntactic sentence modus) to detailed phonetic realisation. A characteristic of our approach is the ....

Pollard, C. J. & Sag, I. A. (1987): Information-based Syntax and Semantics. CSLI Lecture Notes 13, Chicago University Press.

....of such grammar models and they can be classified into three main classes: linguistic grammars, task oriented grammars and data oriented grammars. The most interest is in the area of linguistic grammars. Examples of currently used grammars are: ffl Head Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) [46], which is a constraintbased, lexicalist approach to grammatical theory that seeks to model human languages as systems of constraints on typed feature structures. ffl Categorial Grammar [1] which has a strong relation to HPSG but has it s roots in Lambek s mathematics of sentence structures ....

Pollard, C. and Sag, I. Information-based Syntax and Semantics. Vol. 1: Fundamentals. Chicago/IL: University of Chicago press, CSLI Lecture Notes, Number 13, 1987

....( can be thought of as implication) However the lack of variables in in the type system of both ALE and CUF makes them quite different from a language like TFS. In particular, this makes it impossible to define, for instance, the HPSG subcategorisation principle or the head feature principle ([PS87] pp. 148) as a type, since they require the use of variables. 2.1 Feature Typing While type definitions provide a definitional mechanism for type symbols, feature typing is another mechanism that is employed by typed feature formalisms to restrict the possible interpretation of feature symbols ....

Carl Pollard and Ivan Sag. Information based syntax and semantics, VOL I. CSLI Lecture Notes. CSLI, 1987.

....language fragments requires a more precise formalism. Since mathematics offers peerless precision of expression, many grammarians espouse mathematical formalisms. In particular, researchers have provided a succession of mathematical formalisms for the HPSG (head driven phrase structure grammar) of [Pollard and Sag 1987] and [Pollard and Sag 1994] This paper resolves a troubling aspect of the mathematical formalism [Pollard and Sag 1994] envisages for HPSG. However, an understanding of what troubles me and the method I use to resolve it requires a review of earlier HPSG formalisms and a summary of the ....

....paper resolves a troubling aspect of the mathematical formalism [Pollard and Sag 1994] envisages for HPSG. However, an understanding of what troubles me and the method I use to resolve it requires a review of earlier HPSG formalisms and a summary of the formalism[Pollard and Sag 1994] envisages. [Pollard and Sag 1987] originally gave HPSG a formalism that uses mathematical entities called feature structures to represent partial information about linguistic entities, and Page 2 expresses an account of a natural language fragment as a feature structure representing the partial information about linguistic ....

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Carl J. Pollard and Ivan A. Sag. Information-based syntax and semantics. CSLI lecture notes, volume 13. CSLI, Stanford, California, USA. 1987.

....of individual words, and externally to limit the possible sister constituents that can occupy specific positions within larger linguistic structures. Subcategorization is an example of the external application of such constraints. For example, in the HPSG (Head driven Phrase Structure Grammar) of [8] and [9] the principle type of linguistic structure is the sign, where signs include both words and phrases. Each sign bears, among other things, a complex of syntactic and semantic objects called a synsem object. In turn, each synsem object bears, among other things, a finite list of synsem ....

....deduce classificatory systems from general linguistic theories is obvious in such circumstances. 3 Speciate Re entrant Logic The SRL of [5] is a sound, complete (see [5] and decidable (see [4] logic designed specifically to support formalisms for both the information based HPSG of [8] and the object based HPSG of [9] Here we review only those aspects of SRL that are germane to the present paper, and discuss neither the logic of SRL nor the use of SRL to express a HPSG theory (see instead [5] 4] and [6] Underlying a typical interpretable logic is the intuition that an ....

Carl J. Pollard and Ivan A. Sag. Information-Based Syntax and Semantics, vol. 1. CSLI Lecture Notes 13. CSLI, Stanford, California, USA. 1987.

....Structures : 8 2.3 Abstract Feature Structures : 12 2. 4 Disjunctive Feature Structures : 14 3 The [Pollard and Sag 1987] Formalism 16 3.1 The Formalism : 16 3.2 A Shortcoming : 17 3.3 Conversion Table : ....

.... h person friend h person subsumes married eh spouse oe h married friend h married oe k , and person eh friend h single subsumes single eh friend h single . 78 Proposition. For each signature Sign, hDFS Sign ; Sign i is a partial order. 16 3 The [Pollard and Sag 1987] Formalism 3.1 The Formalism The [Pollard and Sag 1987] formalism can be summarised by the following slogans: A natural language can be identified with partial information held in common by all mature users of the natural language. Partial information can be modelled by a certain kind of ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Carl J. Pollard and Ivan A. Sag. Information-Based Syntax and Semantics. CSLI Lecture Notes, number 13. CSLI, Stanford, California, USA. 1987.

....those which occur within a single tfs but rather function to copy information between distinct nodes of different tfss. Linguistically, the rule is inelegant in that what remains the same between base and derived entry must be stipulated in addition to what changes. As we will now 17 Note that Pollard and Sag (1994) omit shared information from their descriptions of lexical rules for notational convenience. describe, the third person sing rule could be simplified to a simple statement of the form base 7 third person sing, by reinterpreting 7 in terms of u . The operation of lexical rules involves a ....

Pollard, C. and I. Sag (1994) ??, CSLI Lecture Notes, Stanford, CA.

....device takes as input a finite HPSG theory written using the SRL (Speciate Re entrant Logic) of [King 1989] SRL is a sound, complete and decidable logic (see [King 1989] and [Kepser 1994] designed specifically for HPSG formalisms. SRL can support formalisms for both the information based HPSG of [Pollard and Sag 1987] (see [King 1989] and the object based HPSG of [Pollard and Sag 1994] see [King 1994] hS; F; A i is a signature iff (i) Sis a finite set of species, ii) F is a finite set of features, and (iii) A is a total function, called appropriateness, from S Theta F to Pow(S) 1 For notational ....

Carl J. Pollard and Ivan A. Sag. Information-Based Syntax and Semantics. CSLI Lecture Notes, number 13. CSLI, Stanford, California, USA. 1987.

....one can easily build data structures such as feature structures and sets into declarative natural language processing systems. These data structures are widely used in constraint based grammar formalisms, e.g. Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) 11] and Head Driven Phrase Structure Grammar HPSG [19,20]. Our framework combines positive disjunctive logic programming with constraint domains (i.e. typed feature structures and finite sets) and constraint techniques (e.g. coroutining) 1.1 Typed Feature Structures as a Basis Many approaches in computational linguistics are based on feature ....

....who sees the woman is laughing. The grammar uses negation of types. These negated types are interpreted by UBS with the help of CLP. The declaratively stated HPSG principles such as the Head Feature Principle (HFP) were implemented straightforwardly. Also, the lexicon entries look like those of [19]. However, to increase efficiency, the linear precedence (LP) rules of HPSG are not stated explicitly. Instead, they are implicit in the predicate orderconsts 2, which is called by the Constituent Order Principle. Furthermore, immediate dominance (ID) rules have been added in order to decrease the ....

Carl J. Pollard and Ivan A. Sag. Information-Based Syntax and Semantics. Volume 1: Fundamentals. CSLI, Leland Stanford Junior University, 1987. CSLI Lecture Notes 13.

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Carl Pollard and Ivan Sag, Information-Based Syntax and Semantics, Vo 1 , CSLI Lecture Notes, No. 13, CSLI Publications, Stanford, CA, 1987.

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Carl Pollard and Ivan A. Sag. Information-Based Syntax and Semantics. CSLI Lecture Notes 13, Chicago University Press, 1987.

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C. Pollard and I.A. Sag. Information--based Syntax and Semantics. CSLI Lecture Notes, No. 13. CSLI Publications, Stanford, 1987.

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Carl Pollard and Ivan Sag Information Based Syntax and Semantics, Chicag University Press, Chicago, CSLI Lecture Notes, 13, Vol. 1: Fundamentals, 1987.

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