Davis, J. & Bobick, A. (1998). Virtual PAT: A virtual personal aerobics trainer. In Workshop on Perceptual User Interfaces (pp. 13--18).  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....research for several years, and should be distinguished from movement recognition. An interesting untagged vision system for movement recognition uses motion history images to preform recognition using temporal templates [4] This method has been used to give perception to environments, e.g. [5, 6]. However, vision systems su er when occlusion or background movement is present and operate in a limited workspace. Using a weight sensitive oor it is possible to recognise whole body movements of a person by tracking the position of the force [7] and or the magnitude of the force [8] over time, ....

James W. Davis and Aaron F. Bobick. Virtual PAT: A Virtual Personal Aerobics Trainer. In Workshop on Perceptive User Interfaces, San Francisco, California, November 4-6 1998.

....silhouette is binarized and after a morphology operation the silhouette is smooth. Finally they mention that the system has been used in a project with a virtual aerobic trainer. Comments: Very good idea to get stable silhouette images. Title: Virtual PAT: A Virtual Personal Aerobics Trainer [31] Author(s) J.W. Davis and A. Bobick Location: Vision and Modeling Group, Media Lab, MIT, USA Year: 1997 Published: Type: Technical Report No. 436 Key words: Virtual aerobic trainer Summary: This work is about a virtual aerobic trainer. The idea is that the user put on his own music, choose ....

J.W. Davis and A. Bobick. Virtual PAT: A Virtual Personal Aerobics Trainer. Technical Report 436, MIT Media Lab, 1998.

.... Turk [138] 1996 Wren et al. 144] 1997 Aggarwal and Cai [1] 1997 Bobick [20] 1997 Bregler [25] 1997 Bregler and Malik [26] 1997 Christensen and Corneliussen [36] 1997 Christensen and Corneliussen [35] 1997 Davis and Bobick [43] 1997 Davis and Bobick [41] 1997 Hunter et al. 70] 1997 Iwasawa et al. 74] 1997 Lerasle et al. 95] 1997 Meyer et al. 107] 1997 Oren et al. 119] 1997 Rohr [128] 1997 Wachter and Nagel [141] 1997 Wren et al. ....

....of using only a small part of the body to recognize the walking person is also used in the work by Heisele and Wohler [64] They segment the area containing the legs over time and process it by a neural network. In this way they can recognize whether it is a pedestrian or not. Davis and Bobick [41, 43] also use temporal templates which are created based on motion. They use the information about where and how much motion has been present in a sequence of frames. They use both a motionenergy image and a motion history image. By representing the templates by its seven Hu moments [68] a Mehalanobis ....

J.W. Davis and A. Bobick. Virtual PAT: A Virtual Personal Aerobics Trainer. Technical Report 436, MIT Media Lab, 1998.

....recognise the walking person is also used in the 44 THOMAS B. MOESLUND AND ERIK GRANUM work by Heisele and Wohler [54] They segment the area containing the legs over time and process it by a neural network. In this way they can recognise whether a pedestrian is present or not. Davis and Bobick [33, 35] also use temporal templates which are created based on motion. They use the information about where and how much motion has been present in a sequence of frames. Both a motion energy image and a motion history image are used. By representing the templates by its seven Hu moments [60] a ....

J.W. Davis and A. Bobick. Virtual PAT: A Virtual Personal Aerobics Trainer. In Workshop on Perceptual User Interfaces, San Francisco, November 1998.

....on [149] and on a simple reasoning system (inspired by [144] that compensates for the weaknesses of the inference methods with extensive sensing and actuation in the real world. A third trend is the increasing interest in the construction of interactive, immersive systems for entertainment [42, 44, 94, 121, 172], workplace [98] and simulation of real world conditions [77] After the initial surge of interest in virtual reality (VR) applications (see [79] a current research trend points towards the creation of full body immersive worlds that have narrative structure [18, 41, 84] Our research has been ....

....We can roughly divide sensing systems in interactive systems according to the modality being sensed: vision, audition, touch, and presence. Cameras are very popular to track the presence and the position of the occupants of interactive systems [18, 39, 79, 94] sometimes in the infrared spectrum [44]. Microphones have been used mostly associated with speech recognition systems [39] but also to detect simple sound events like screams [18] Pressure sensitive floors have been developed and employed in the context of interactive spaces [41, 119] Besides that, it is possible to make machines ....

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J. W. Davis and A. F. Bobick. "Virtual PAT: a Virtual Personal Aerobics Trainer", Proc. of Workshop on Perceptual User Interfaces (PUI'98), San Francisco, California, pp. 13-18. November. 1998.

....of views of known actions (using moments to provide invariance to scale and translation) Actions are recognized in real time, but are only invariant to linear changes in speed. This system has been applied to an interactive play space for children [8] and to an interactive aerobics trainer [11] (in which they note difficulty in synchronizing the actions with the music) Black and Yacoob [7] use a rule based reasoning system to recognize facial expressions of people. The input to the reasoning system are actions such as inward lowering of brows and mouth contracting. These inputs are ....

J. Davis and A. Bobick. Virtual pat: A virtual personal aerobics trainer. Technical Report 436, MIT Media Laboratory Vision and Modeling Group, 1997.

....robust 3 D face tracking system employing color, intensity templates, and point features for positioning a cursor on the computer monitor in real time. Other related vision based interfaces include an interactive playspace for children (The KidsRoom) 4, 5] and a reactive virtual exercise trainer [10]. We present a perceptual user interface that uses real time computer vision to recognize yes no acknowledgements from head gestures. We begin with a description of the face detection method using the IBM PupilCam technology and anthropometry of the head and face (Sect. 2) Then we outline our ....

J. Davis and A. Bobick. Virtual PAT: a virtual personal aerobics trainer. In Proc. Wkshp. Percept. User Interfaces, pages 13--18, 1998.

....When designing interactive environments, it s imperative for the system to be engaging as well as be reliably aware of the person (or people) interacting within the space. Many installations are designed with a single large video display, which is the main focus of attention for the user [9, 7, 8, 1, 2]. As for sensing the person in the space, some installations use specialized light, lasers, or electric field sensing to detects hands or objects [9, 7, 8, 4] Other approaches use similar variants of chroma keying (i.e. blue screening) 1] background subtraction [10, 3] or rear light projection ....

....participant and offers an additional interaction screen. We have recently begun to develop our own interactive project in this space. To incorporate our additional research efforts of recognizing human movement, we developed a prototype system for a virtual Personal Aerobics Trainer (virtual PAT) [2]. Unlike workout video tapes or TV exercise shows, this system allows the user to create and personalize an aerobics session to meet the user s needs and desires. Various media technology and computer vision algorithms are used to enhance the interaction of the virtual instructor (See Figure 6) by ....

Davis, J. and A. Bobick. Virtual pat: a virtual personal aerobics trainer. MIT Media Lab Perceptual Computing Group Technical Report No. 436, MIT, 1997.

....highly un interactive media forms of video tapes and TV shows by having the system watch and respond to the user (instead of just the user watching the TV) Here, the user s actions are clearly reflected in the responses of the virtual instructor. A fuller description of the system is presented in [12]. A related environment, where the actions of the participant have consequence on the interactive experience, was the KidsRoom [8] Designed in the spirit of Peter Pan, Bedknobs and Broomsticks, and Where the Wild Things Are, the KidsRoom was a fully automated, interactive narrative playspace for ....

Davis, J. and A. Bobick. Virtual PAT: a virtual personal aerobics trainer. MIT Media Lab Perceptual Computing Group Technical Report No. 436, MIT, 1997. 11

....movements. This method of recognition has shown promising results using a large database of movements. Already, interactive systems have been successfully constructed using the underlying motion template technology as a primary sensing mechanism. One example includes a virtual aerobics trainer (Davis 1998) that watches and responds to the user as he she performs the workout (See Figure 2(a) In this system, motion templates are used to watch and recognize the various exercise movements of the person, which in turn affects the response of the virtual instructor. Another application using the motion ....

....background. Then a pixel dilation and region growing method is applied to remove noise and extract the silhouette. A typical silhouette extracted from a uniform background using the method is shown in Figure 3(b) Other methods are obviously applicable and desirable for more complex backgrounds (Davis 1998; Wren 1995) but for simplicity and speed we opted for this approach. One immediate limitation of using silhouettes is that no motion inside the body region can be seen. For example, a silhouette generated from a camera facing a person would not show the hands moving in front of the body. One ....

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Davis, J. and A. Bobick. Virtual PAT: a virtual personal aerobics trainer. In Proc. Perceptual User Interfaces, pages 13-18, November 1998.

....or secure area) Thus only those motions belonging to human activity are of importance. In the entertainment domain, an increasing interest in people watching systems is growing. Here the systems watch for the gestures made by participants which control drive the program or interaction [7, 3]. Thus one requirement (or demand) of such machine vision systems is their ability to perform in real time. It would not be of much use for the monitoring system to report that a person entered into a dangerous area an hour after the fact. Also, systems incorporating human gestures for input must ....

Davis, J. and A. Bobick. Virtual PAT: a virtual personal aerobics trainer. MIT Media Lab Perceptual Computing Group Technical Report No. 436, MIT, 1997.

....ways to move and act on the stage. We see It I as part of a continuing work of understanding and developing technology for story based, interactive, immersive environments. which started with SingSong [23] followed by The KidsRoom [5] and after It I, by PAT, a virtual aerobics personal trainer [8]. To our knowledge, It I is the first play ever produced involving a character automatically controlled by a computer that was truly interactive. We believe that this was possible only because a flexible scripting system was developed to describe the story interplay and the computer and human ....

James W. Davis and Aaron F. Bobick. Virtual PAT: a virtual personal aerobics trainer. Technical Report 436, M.I.T. Media Laboratory Perceptual Computing Section, January 1998.

....and implementation of a virtual Personal Aerobics Trainer (PAT) employing the above IR silhouetting environment 4 . The aerobics application demonstrates the usefulness and capability of the IR silhouetting approach. 4 An extended description of the virtual aerobics system can be found in [5]. a) b) c) d) Fig. 5. Image processing. a) Reference image. b) Input image. c) Binarized difference image. d) Image morphology and region growing result. The PAT system creates a personalized aerobics session for the user and displays the resulting instruction on a large front screen (or ....

Davis, J., Bobick, A., "Virtual PAT: a virtual personal aerobics trainer," Workshop on Perceptual User Interfaces (1998)

....lightless world. 4 Control Architecture The production of It I is part of our continuing research on developing technology for interactive, immersive environments which started with SingSong [21] followed by The KidsRoom [4] and after It I , by PAT, a virtual aerobics personal trainer [7]. Figure 3 displays the control architecture for It I . It is a 3 layer architecture where the upper layer contains the story control module, followed by a layer of systems to control each individual character, and a final layer of modules to deal with the actual input and output devices. This ....

James W. Davis and Aaron F. Bobick. Virtual PAT: a virtual personal aerobics trainer. Technical Report 436, M.I.T. Media Laboratory Perceptual Computing Section, January 1998.

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Davis, J. & Bobick, A. (1998). Virtual PAT: A virtual personal aerobics trainer. In Workshop on Perceptual User Interfaces (pp. 13--18).

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J. W. Davis and A. Bobick, "Virtual PAT: a virtual personal aerobics trainer", Workshop on Perceptual User Interface, San Francisco, pp13-18, 1998.

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J. W. Davis and A. Bobick, "Virtual PAT: a virtual personal aerobics trainer", Workshop on Perceptual User Interface, San Francisco, pp13-18, 1998.

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J. Davis and A. Bobick. Virtual pat: a virtual personal aerobics trainer. MIT Media Lab Perceptual Computing Group Technical Report, (436), 1998.

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Davis, J. and Bobick, A. "Virtual PAT: A Virtual Personal Aerobics Trainer." Workshop on Perceptual User Interfaces, 1998.

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