Chang, S.-F. and J. R. Smith, 1997. Visual Information Retrieval from Large Distributed Online Repositories. Communications of the ACM, 40(12): 63-71.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   ACM   TOC   Related Articles   Check

....of images that are available. As one example, AltaVista has over 29 million images in its index as of May 1, 2002. 1] Another important issue is finding ways of searching through the enormous pool of information when users may be unable to accurately describe exactly what they are looking for [5]. A recent survey paper on Internet search identifies three important activities that are necessary for successful search [11] The first is indexing, which in the case of images, includes finding appropriate features to describe an image, as well as cataloging those features and the image s ....

....the authors determined that text based keyword searching for images increased the cognitive load on the user, requiring more work to visually inspect the results, determine relevance, and decide whether and how to reformulate the query. Specialized multimedia retrieval systems such as WebSEEk [5, 14] and AMORE [12] combine both textbased and content based retrieval of images. WebSEEk, for example, allows users to first narrow down their searches by selecting a category from a semi automatically defined hierarchy. Images are pre assigned to categories based on textual cues such as file names ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Chang, Shi-Fu, John R. Smith, Mandis Beigi, and Ana Benitez, "Visual Information Retrieval from Large Distributed Online Repositories," Communications of the ACM, vol. 40, December 1997, pp. 63-71.

....to identify the desired video manually. The title and description de nitely give the user a general idea about the video. However, a preview is usually required to give a better picture of the entire video. Conventional pipelining is unable to support this feature. Many digital video libraries [1, 2, 3, 4] have to use an extra preview le for each video. The preview le is created in advance by extracting only important frames from the original video using some image processing techniques. This approach has two drawbacks. First, it requires more storage space on the servers. Second, downloading the ....

S.-F. Chang, J. R. Smith, M. Beigi, and A. Benitez. Visual information retrieval from large distributed online repositories. Commun. ACM, 40(12):63-71, Dec. 1997.

....of video clips that is amenable to browsing. In particular [19] used graphs to represent the temporal relationships between scenes. The camera motion motion and gross statistics of motion in a given shot have also been used as descriptions of shots [8] Object based representations such as [2], in which one applies some sort of segmentation and or tracking to find potentially moving objects, are ways of more fully utilizing the spatialtemporal nature of video. 2] 4] and[13] all detected and indexed the trajectories of objects within shots. These approaches are low level and local in ....

....statistics of motion in a given shot have also been used as descriptions of shots [8] Object based representations such as [2] in which one applies some sort of segmentation and or tracking to find potentially moving objects, are ways of more fully utilizing the spatialtemporal nature of video. [2], 4] and[13] all detected and indexed the trajectories of objects within shots. These approaches are low level and local in nature, however, and only provide indexing capabilities for rather precise queries. Also, they provide access to video clips of a very small time scale. A few recent methods ....

S.-F. Chang et al. Visual information retrieval from large distributed online repositories. Comm. ACM, 1(1), 1996.

....domain, person culture, expert level, etc. For example, a query on heart may retrieve all heart X rays in medical domain and a photo of two lovers in pictorial one. Because manual procedures are used (key words with QBIC [3] or legend (text) indexed classically ( Mec 95] Leu 95] Sut 97] Cha 97] Yan 97] Li 98] and [Jia 99] the golden age of this approach was brief. The appropriate approach in medical domains must take into account firstly the complexity observed when describing semantic content of images (objects, their relations and properties) and secondly the graphical aspect ....

Chang, S. F. et. al., "Visual Information Retrieval from Large Distributed Online Repositories", Comm. ACM, Vol. 40, Dec 1997, pp. 63-71.

....wonder: how do they manage to retrieve exactly the video I want 6. Video databases on the Internet Making a VDBS accessible through the Internet, particularly on the Web, extends its usefulness to users anywhere in the world at the expense of new design constraints which are addressed below [11]: Visual information on the Web is highly distributed, minimally indexed, and schema less. The query and retrieval stages have no control over the cataloguing process and must rely on possible metadata stored in HTML tags associated with the images and video clips. In order to keep the ....

S.-F. Chang, J. R. Smith, M. Beigi, and A. Benitez, "Visual Information Retrieval from Large Distributed Online Repositories". Communications of the ACM, Vol. 40, No. 12, December 1997.

....show that D EM has a satisfactory performance in image retrieval applications. D EM algorithm has the potential to many other applications. 1 Introduction Recent years have witnessed a rapid increase of the volume of digital image collections, which motivates the research of image retrieval [2, 9, 11]. Early research of image retrieval is searching by manually annotating every image in a database. However, these text based techniques are impractical for two reasons: large size of image databases and subjective meanings of images. To avoid manual annotating, an alternative approach is ....

....feature space instead of raw image space. Physical features and mathematical features are two typical representations. Many research e#orts have been made to extract physical features such as color features, texture features, edge features, structure features, or combination of these features [2, 7, 12]. However, images are too rich to represent by these physical features. An alternative representation is mathematical features, which only performs dimension reduction in mathematical senses. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a typical technique to obtain such mathematical features [14] ....

S.Chang, J.Smith, M.Beigi and A.Benitez, "Visual Information Retrieval from Large Distributed Online Repositories", Communications of ACM, Dec. pp.12-20, 1997

....manual annotating large image databases, an alternative approach of retrieving images is content based image retrieval (CBIR) by which images would be indexed by their visual contents such as color, texture, shape, etc. Many research efforts have been made to extract these lowlevel image features [1, 4, 9], evaluate distance metrics [7, 10] and look for efficient searching schemes [11, 14] However, images are too rich to represent by these lowlevel physical features. An alternative representation is mathematical features, which only performs dimension reduction in mathematical senses. Principal ....

S.Chang, J.Smith, M.Beigi and A.Benitez, "Visual Information Retrieval from Large Distributed Online Repositories", Communications of ACM, Dec. pp.1220, 1997

....unit in video production. The quality and the direction of the observed motion help clarify and intensify visual events for a viewer and therefore serve as powerful search cues in content recollection and retrieval. They are employed in generating useful descriptions of what is happening in videos [2, 3], especially in genres such as sports and movies. For example, swift motion indicates increased attention tempo tension while slow tracking sets up an intimate mood in a video. High motion scenes are often used to identify high action scenes and can be used in summarizing a video. This paper ....

....vectors Extractoin of Figure 1: An overview of an end to end MPEG [1,2] compressed domain motion annotation system. 2 Previous Work Research on the analysis of MPEG 2 video streams so far relates only to extracting the DCT coefficients from the streams [7, 8] While several research efforts [2, 3, 5] have been directed at analyzing MPEG 1 videos to extract motion annotations, there is very little work on analyzing MPEG 2 videos for content annotation and understanding, especially the observed motion. Our system is the first, to our knowledge, to fully develop and demonstrate an end to end ....

S.-F. Chang, J. Smith, M. Beigi, and A. Benitez, "Visual information retrieval from large distributed online repositories," Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery, vol. 40, pp. 63--71, December 1997.

....this type of organization can be done in several ways, a hierarchical approach has multi fold advantages: i) easy browsing and navigation through the database, ii) efficient retrieval, and (iii) ergonomically friendly presentation of the database. For instance, WebSEEK, a web image search engine [4], uses hierarchical semantic structure for collecting and searching images from the web. The image categories and hierarchies are preset by human design. An image is classified into one of the classes by first extracting key words from its html tag and then mapping the key words to classes. This ....

S-F. Chang, J.R. Smith, M. Beigi, and A. Benitez. Visual information retrieval from large distributed online repositories. Communications of the ACM, 40:12, pp. 63--67, 1997.

....image retrieval. The best known implementation is probably Query By Image Content (QBIC) 3] developed at the IBM Almaden Research Center. Other notable systems include MIT s Photobook [9] and its more recent version, FourEyes, the search engine family of WebSEEk, VisualSEEk, and MetaSEEk [2], which all are developed at Columbia University, and Virage [1] a commercial content based search engine developed at Virage Technologies Inc. We have implemented an image retrieval system called PicSOM, which tries to adapt to the user s preferences regarding the similarity of images using ....

Chang S.-F., Smith J. R., Beigi M., and Benitez A. Visual information retrieval from large distributed online repositories. Communications of the ACM, 40(12):63-- 69, December 1997.

....and Section 4 presents the proposed image database system. Performance evaluation is addressed in Section 5 and the last section gives conclusions and further research directions. 2. Image Database Requirements It can be argued that a visual database system should address three key issues [9, 7] to be effective and efficient, namely, efficient search algorithms, progressive image transmission, and user interactivity during both query and transmission of results. 2.1. Efficient Search Algorithms In an image database system, searching is the most computationally expensive operation due ....

S.-F. Chang, J. Smith, M. Beigi, and A. Benitez. Visual information retrieval from large distributed online repositories. Communications of ACM, 40:63--71, Dec. 1997.

....video data. Image processing is commonly used for information extraction in the automatic techniques. Techniques include automatic partitioning of video based on information within video data [4] extraction of camera and object motion [5, 18] and object, face, texture, visual text identification [6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17]. The metadata describing large digital video libraries can also be extracted off line and stored in a database for fast query processing and retrieval [6] Transcripts associated with video data can provide an additional source of metadata associated with video segments. Brown et al. 8] use ....

S.-F. Chang, J.R. Smith, M. Beigi, and A. Benitez, "Visual Information Retrieval from Large Distributed Online Repositories," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 40, No. 12, pp. 63-72, 1997.

....image database system. Performance evaluation is addressed in Section 5 and the last section gives conclusions and further research directions. 2. IMAGE DATABASE REQUIREMENTS To be effective and efficient, we argue that a visual database system should address the following three key issues [4, 5]: ffl Efficient search algorithms; ffl progressive image transmission; and ffl user interactivity. 2.1. Efficient Search Algorithms Efficient search algorithms are prerequisite of any visual database system due to the large number of images available in the database. In most systems, image ....

S.-F. Chang, J.R. Smith, M. Beigi, and A. Benitez, "Visual information retrieval from large distributed online repositories," Communications of ACM, vol. 40, pp. 63--71, Dec. 1997.

....based on probabilistic expressions. The Acoi project addresses these issues with a flexible architecture and sizable demonstrator. Related research Multimedia (database) indexing issues are studied at various places [ARYA96, GUPT97, SPIE95] In the area of image analysis Photobook[PENT94] WebSEEk[CHAN97] and QBIC[FLIC95] illustrate that within a limited domain and relatively small databases it is possible to retrieve similar objects using easy computable image properties, such as color histograms. A major research force has been triggered by the US Digital Library Initiative. The Initiative s ....

S. Chang, J.R. Smith, M. Beigi and A. Benitez. Visual Information Retrieval from Large Distributed Online Repositories. Communications of the ACM, December 1997, pp. 63-71.

....how much time person spends looking at certain types of objects, etc. but also in determining what is deemed as important during the process (i.e. areas looked at are probably more important than areas not looked at) In the last few years, research in the field of Content Based Retrieval [3] has focused on facilitating access to multimedia information (e.g. images, video, etc. in large digital databases. In particular, there has been a strong interest in being able to automatically classify multimedia data. Images and video, for example, can be placed into categories depending on ....

Chang, S.-F., Smith, J.R., Beigi, M. and Benitez, A. "Visual Information Retrieval from Large Distributed On-line Repositories," Communications of the ACM, 40(12):63-71, December, 1997.

No context found.

S.-F. Chang, J.R. Smith, M. Beigi and A. Benitez, "Visual Information Retrieval from Large Distributed On-line Repositories," Communications of the ACM, 40(12):63-71, December, 1997.

....focus on di erent sections of users and content. As a result, the indexing features and the subject taxonomies are also di erent, causing the concern of interoperability. Several recent e orts in standards have started to address this issue [2, 163] Several research systems on image metaservers [13, 22, 95] have also investigated frameworks for integrated access to distributed image libraries. 5.4. High Dimensional Indexing A by product of the web expansion is the huge collection of images. Most currently existing research prototype systems only handle hundreds or at most a few thousand of images, ....

S.-F. Chang, J. R. Smith, M. Beigi, and A. Benitez. Visual information retrieval from large distributed online repositories. Communications of ACM, Special Issue on Visual Information Retrieval, 40(12):12-20, Dec 1997.

.... Even though some of these measures are difficult to quantify for a human observer, these global low level features have been successfully used in various content based retrieval systems to organize the contents of a database for browsing and to perform query by example (QBIC, VisualSEEk, Virage) [6]. 5.1.4 Local Structure In contrast to Global Structure, which does not provide any information about the individual parts of the image or the video sequence, the Local Structure level is concerned with the extraction and characterization of the components. At the most basic level, those ....

....box) Figure 5c shows images in which attributes of this type may be of importance. In x rays and microscopic images there is often a strong concern for local details. Such elements have also been used in content based retrieval systems, mainly on query by usersketch interfaces such as VisualSEEk [6]. The concern here is not with objects, but rather with the basic elements that represent them and with combinations of such elements a square, for example, is formed by four lines. 5.1.5 Global Composition At this level, we focus on the specific arrangement or composition of the basic elements ....

S.-F. Chang, J. R. Smith, M. Beigi, and A. B. Benitez, "Visual Information Retrieval from Large Distributed On-line Repositories", Communications of ACM, Vol. 40, No. 12, pp. 63-71, Dec 1997. J.

....metasearch engine using the proposed image DS. Metasearch engines act as gateways linking users automatically and transparently to multiple search engines. Our metasearch engine, MetaSEEk [1] explores the issues involved in querying large, distributed, on line visual information systems [2]. In this section, we will describe how the proposed image DS will be used to enhance the metasearch systems. MetaSEEk is designed to intelligently select and interface with multiple on line image search engines by ranking their performance for different classes of user queries. The three main ....

S.-F. Chang, J. R. Smith, M. Beigi, and A. B. Benitez, "Visual Information Retrieval from Large Distributed On-line Repositories", Communications of the ACM, Vol. 40, No. 12, pp. 63-71, Dec. 1997.

....image search systems can be greatly improved. There has been substantial progress in developing powerful tools which allow users to specify image queries by giving examples, drawing sketches, selecting visual features (e.g. color and texture) and arranging spatial temporal structure of features [27]. Much success has been achieved, particularly in specific domains, such as sports, remote sensing, and medical applications. New challenges remain in applying the above content based image search tools to meet real user needs. Our experience indicates that use of the image search systems varies ....

S.-F. Chang, J. R. Smith, M. Beigi, and A. Benitez. Visual information retrieval from large distributed online repositories. Communications of ACM, Special Issue on Visual Information Management, 40(12):63-- 71, Dec. 1997.

....index visual content. Some of these techniques are based on similarity or query by sketch approaches (e.g. an image that looks like another one; an image that resembles a drawing) Examples of systems that use similarity search or query by sketch techniques include QBIC, and VisualSEEk [4]. Other recent work has focused on the automatic extraction of higher level descriptions of the visual content, via classification. In that scenario, the image or video is automatically placed into a semantic category. Examples of this approach include the classification of images according to ....

S.-F. Chang, J.R. Smith, M. Beigi and A. Benitez, "Visual Information Retrieval from Large Distributed On-line Repositories", Communications of the ACM, December, 1997. ACM.

....annotations are used for indexing a cataloguer manually assigns a set of key words or expressions to describe an image. Users can then perform text based queries or browse through manually assigned categories. In contrast to text based approaches, recent techniques in content based retrieval [38], have focused on indexing 3 images based on their visual content. Users can perform queries by example (e.g. images that look like this one) or user sketch (e.g. image that looks like this sketch) More recent efforts attempt automatic classification of images based on their content: a system ....

....[24] 25] classification [26] 29] query analysis [20] 21] and indexing schemes [27] 30] among others. Most work in content based retrieval has focused mainly on using low level features for automatic classification based global features [56] 59] query by example (QBIC, Virage, VisualSEEk) [38], and query by user sketch [42] More recent work has been performed on object based classification [44] There have also been recent efforts related to the organization of multimedia data. Some of that work includes [40] 41] 46] 55] and [48] In addition, the development of the MPEG 7 standard ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

S.-F. Chang, J.R. Smith, M. Beigi and A. Benitez, "Visual Information Retrieval from Large Distributed On-line Repositories", Communications of the ACM, December, 1997.

.... Even though some of these measures are difficult to quantify for a human observer, these global low level features have been successfully used in various content based retrieval systems to organize the contents of a database for browsing and to perform query by example (QBIC, VisualSEEk, Virage) [5]. 4.2.3 Local Structure In contrast to Global Structure, which does not provide any information about the individual parts of the image or the video sequence, the Local Structure level is concerned with the extraction and characterization of the components. At the most basic level, those ....

.... the image in Figure 6, a binary shape mask could describe the Pitcher Region and the Goalkeeper object in Figure 7 (see Figure 9) and Figure 11 (see Figure 13) Such elements have also been used in content based retrieval systems, mainly on query by usersketch interfaces such as VisualSEEk [5]. The concern here is not with objects, but rather with the basic elements that represent them and with combinations of such elements a square, for example, is formed by four lines. 4.2.4 Global Composition At this level, we focus on the specific arrangement or composition of the basic elements ....

S.-F. Chang, J. R. Smith, M. Beigi, and A. B. Benitez, "Visual Information Retrieval from Large Distributed On-line Repositories", Communications of ACM, Vol. 40, No. 12, pp. 63-71, Dec 1997. 17

....in the following subsection. 3.2.2 Different Search Modalities Images and videos contain a wealth of information, and thus cannot be characterized easily with a simple indexing scheme. Many promising research systems have been developed by integrating multiple modalities of visual search [34][15]. 3.2.2.1 Text Based Query The use of comprehensive textual annotations provides one method for image and video search and retrieval. Today, text based search techniques are the most direct and efficient methods for finding unconstrained images and video. Textual annotation is obtained by ....

....multimedia curriculum (e.g. Eiffel project described later) can be used to establish an ideal testbed for evaluating the various research components discussed above. In addition to a real application testbed, the following includes a partial list of critical research issues in this area (see [15] for more discussion) multimedia content analysis and feature extraction; efficient indexing techniques and query optimization; integration of multimedia; automatic recognition of semantic content; visual data summarization and mining; interoperable metadata standard; ....

S.-F. Chang, J. R. Smith, M. Beigi, and A. Benitez, "Visual Information Retrieval from Large Distributed On-Line Repositories," Communications of ACM, Special Issue on Visual Information Management, Vol. 40 No. 12, pp. 63-71, Dec. 1997.

....classification, video classification, model based classification, detection, machine learning. 1. INTRODUCTION Digital image databases have been growing in size and popularity. Recently, there have been many efforts to support searching and browsing based on the visual content of images videos [8]. Existing approaches to content based retrieval of visual information can be divided into two groups: those in which users perform queries by example or user sketch, and those in which a priori classification of the information is performed. Some systems include both, allowing query by sketch or ....

....variation for objects in the same class is smaller than in others (i.e. house) We use this criterion to differentiate between classification and detection. 1. 1 Related work This approach to content based retrieval differs significantly from previous techniques (QBIC, Photobook, WebSEEk, Virage) [8] that do not attempt content classification based on visual features, and from others that use specialized algorithms (e.g. 11] s face detection) It also differs from the work in [9] that is based on the formulation of sketch queries and from other approaches in which images are classified ....

S.-F. Chang, J.R. Smith, M. Beigi and A. Benitez, "Visual Information Retrieval from Large Distributed On-line Repositories", Communications of the ACM, December, 1997. ACM.

....Metasearch engines act as gateways linking users automatically and transparently to multiple search engines. Most of the current metasearch engines work with text. Our metasearch engine, MetaSEEk [2] explores the issues involved in querying large, distributed, on line visual information systems [4]. In this section, we will describe the impact that an interoperable content description for multimedia data such as MPEG 7 can have in metasearch engines. MetaSEEk is designed to intelligently select and interface with multiple on line image search engines by ranking their performance for ....

S.-F. Chang, J. R. Smith, M. Beigi, and A. B. Benitez, "Visual Information Retrieval from Large Distributed On-line Repositories", Communications of the ACM, Vol. 40, No. 12, pp. 63-71, Dec. 1997.

....of multimedia data, an increasing amount of online multimedia information from various sources is now available. A recognized technical challenge is the development of accurate algorithms to support different functionalities that are useful across different multimedia contentfocused applications [ Chang et al. 1997 ] For example, based on our experience in a previous Web image search engine, WebSEEk, we found that subject navigation and browsing is the most popular user operation in interactive image retrieval [ Chang et al. 1997 ] Users usually first browse through the subject hierarchy to get general ....

.... that are useful across different multimedia contentfocused applications [ Chang et al. 1997 ] For example, based on our experience in a previous Web image search engine, WebSEEk, we found that subject navigation and browsing is the most popular user operation in interactive image retrieval [ Chang et al. 1997 ] Users usually first browse through the subject hierarchy to get general ideas about the collection and then issue specific queries using keywords, visual features, or a combination of both. Robust image classification is critical in successfully mapping images to specific classes in an image ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

S.-F. Chang, J. R. Smith, M. Beigi, and A. Benitez. Visual Information Retrieval from Large Distributed On-Line Repositories. Communications of the ACM, 40(12):63--71, December 1997. Special issue on Visual Information Management.

....These search engines allow a combination of text and image content queries and return a list of archival sites which contain the images whose descriptions match the pattern. The work that comes closest to selection of relevant image databases (rather than images directly) is the work in MetaSEEk [5]. MetaSEEk is a meta image search engine designed to query large distributed online visual information sources. MetaSEEk s target search engines include VisualSEEk [22] QBIC [8] and Virage [2] For each query, MetaSEEk selects the target search engines that support the specified method of the ....

S. Chang, J. Smith, M. Beigi, and A. Benitez. Visual Information Retrieval from Large Distributed Online Repositories. Communications of the ACM, 40(12):63--71, December 1997.

....on different sections of users and content. As a result, the indexing features and the subject taxonomies are also different, causing the concern of interoperability. Several recent efforts in standards have started to address this issue [2, 164] Several research systems on image metaservers [14, 23, 96] have also investigated frameworks for integrated access to distributed image libraries. 5.4. High Dimensional Indexing A by product of the web expansion is the huge collection of images. Most currently existing research prototype systems only handle hundreds or at most a few thousand of images, ....

S.-F. Chang, J. R. Smith, M. Beigi, and A. Benitez. Visual information retrieval from large distributed online repositories. Communications of ACM, Special Issue on Visual Information Retrieval, pages 12--20, Dec 1997.

....and industrial sponsors of Columbia s ADVENT project. Much progress has been made and lessons have been learned. While techniques continue to advance, a standardized description of the multimedia content is urgently needed to solve the inter operability problem over large scale distributed DIVLs [9]. With a broader theme, MPEG has started a new work called MPEG 7, i.e. Multimedia Content Description Interface. Its objective is to specify a standard set of descriptors that can be used to describe various types of multimedia information [4] In view of the importance of and synergy between ....

....techniques for cross mapping image classification between the high level using textual cues and the low level using the visual cues will very likely bear fruit. 2.5. Metadata and Heterogeneity Unlike the text documents, images or videos do not share consistent formats, indexes, or meta data [9]. For example, dozens of formats are used for representing images and videos on the Web; many different techniques are used for implementing the indexing features in DIVL systems. In addition, there is no standard for inter operability between different DIVL systems. The issues of heterogeneity ....

S.-F. Chang, J. R. Smith, M. Beigi, and A. Benitez. Visual information retrieval from large distributed online repositories. Communications of ACM, Special Issue on Visual Information Retrieval, pages 12--20, Dec 1997.

....Metasearch engines act as gateways linking users automatically and transparently to multiple search engines. Most of the current metasearch engines work with text. Our metasearch engine, MetaSEEk [2] explores the issues involved in querying large, distributed, on line visual information systems [4]. In this section, we will describe the impact that an interoperable content description for multimedia data such as MPEG 7 can have in metasearch engines. MetaSEEk is designed to intelligently select and interface with multiple on line image search engines by ranking their performance for ....

S.-F. Chang, J. R. Smith, M. Beigi, and A. B. Benitez, "Visual Information Retrieval from Large Distributed On-line Repositories", Communications of the ACM, Vol. 40, No. 12, pp. 63-71, Dec. 1997.

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Chang, S.-F. and J. R. Smith, 1997. Visual Information Retrieval from Large Distributed Online Repositories. Communications of the ACM, 40(12): 63-71.

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S.-F. Chang, J. R. Smith, M. Beigi, and A. Benitez. Visual information retrieval from large distributed online repositories. Communications of the ACM, 40(12):63--71, Dec. 1997.

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S. Chang, J. Smith, M. Beigi & A. Benitez (1997) Visual information retrieval from large distributed online repositories. Communications of ACM 40, 63}71.

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Shih-Fu Chang, John R. Smith, Mandis Beigi and Ana Benitez, "Visual Information Retrieval From Large Distributed Online Repositories", Communications of ACM, Vol.40, No.12, 1997.

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S. Chang, J. Smith, M. Beigi, and A. Benitez, "Visual information retrieval from large distributed online repositories," Commun. ACM #, 12--20 #1997#.

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Chang S. F., Smith J. R., Beigi M., Benitez A., Visual information retrieval from large distributed online repositories , Communications of the ACM, 40 :12, pages 63-67, 1997.

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S.-F. Chang, J. Smith, M. Beigi, and A. Benitez, "Visual information retrieval from large distributed online repositories," Comm. ACM 40(12), pp. 63--71, 1997.

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S. Chang, J. Smith, M. Beigi and A. Benitez, "Visual information retrieval from large distributed online repositories", Communications of ACM, Dec. pp. 12-20, 1997.

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S. Chang, J. Smith, M. Beigi & A. Benitez 1997. Visual information retrieval from large distributed online repositories. Communications of the ACM 40(12), 63 -- 71.

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S.-F. Chang, J. R. Smith, M. Beigi, and A. B. Benitez, "Visual Information Retrieval from Large Distributed On-line Repositories", Communications of ACM, Vol. 40, No. 12, pp. 63-71, Dec 1997. J.

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S. -F. Chang, J.R. Smith, M. Beigi, and A. Benitez, "Visual Information Retrieval from Large Distributed Online Repositories," Comm. of the ACM, Vol. 40, No. 12, 1997, pp. 63-72.

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