Marcia J. Bates. Information search tactics. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 30(4):205--214, 1979.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... In the field of information retrieval (IR) the interactive and communicative aspects of IR have only recently been emphasized (cf. for example, Belkin and Vickery, 1985; Belkin et al. 1993) There exist approaches to distinguish various types of information retrieval strategies and tactics (cf. Bates, 1979) task hierarchies and global phases of the interaction. However, no elaborate inter action models are provided in this field (except simplistic iterative question answer models) In the area of conversational analysis and discourse theory, on the other hand, we find various discourse and ....

....dialogues, the tactics were employed by the information broker. An intelligent information retrieval system should also be able to handle at least some of these tactics. Tactics in elude replacement or addition of search terms, pursuing or neglecting search paths; for a detailed collection see Bates (1979). The short dialogue shown in figure 6 exemplifies the use of the tactic SUPERTERM, which is used to replace a specific term by a more general one. The system cannot give an appropriate answer to the original request for all known EC funded projects involving NL Generation because that search ....

Marcia Bates. Information search tactics. Journal of the American Society of Information Science, 30:205-214, 1979

....batch query processing, because it can serve as a form of pipelined, approximate sorting. Keywords: Online Reordering, Informix, Interactive Data Processing, User Control 1 Introduction It has often been noted that information analysis tools should be interactive [Blair and Maron 1985; Bates 1979; Bates 1990] since the data exploration tasks they enable are often only loosely specified. Information seekers work in an iterative fashion, starting with broad queries and continually refining them based on feedback and domain knowledge (see [O day and Jeffries 1993] for a user study in a ....

Bates, M. Information search tactics. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 30(4):205--214, 1979.

....the context of an IR system. Even within the context of an IR system, the relevance judgements made during an IR session may not be good indicators of the documents which really provide task relevant information. Other factors, e.g. the success of the task performer s current search strategy (Bates 1979, Marchionini 1995) and the technical expertise of the task performer (Borgman 1989) may have an influence. For example, a task performer may mark a particular document as relevant because he did not formulate a very effective query and needs to guide the search in a more appropriate direction. ....

Bates M (1979) Information search tactics. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 30:205-214.

....Surprisingly, preliminary experiments indicate that online reordering can also be useful in traditional batch query processing, because it can serve as a form of pipelined, approximate sorting. 1 Introduction It has often been noted that information analysis tools should be interactive [BM85, Bat79, Bat90] since the data Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the VLDB copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is ....

M. Bates. Information search tactics. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 30(4):205-- 214, 1979.

....the previous section are, in general, very primitive. However, search strategies employed by both novice and experienced searchers have been widely studied. These studies formed the basis of our expert system s searching knowledge base, which is described in detail in Section 3. Searching Studies Bates (1979) has compiled a thorough catalogue of search tactics. She outlines 29 search tactics in four areas: monitoring, file structure, search formulation, and term manipulation. The tactics for search formulation and term manipulation describe the available techniques to broaden and narrow queries. The ....

....many passages they wish to retrieve. 2.5.1 Query Reformulation Queries are reformulated based on the target number, the number of passages retrieved, and the history of broadening and narrowing techniques already applied. The expert system has a collection of reformulation tactics at its disposal. Bates (1979) and others have identified successful search tactics and Fidel (1991) discusses when to use free text terms versus descriptors. However, no one has outlined an overall query reformulation strategy for free text searching. The guiding principles for the expert system s query reformulation ....

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Bates, M.J. (1979). Information search tactics. Journal of the ASIS, 30(4), 205-214.

....are primary. Tactics are utilized with the intention of improving search performance in some way, either in anticipation of problems, or in response to them. An example tactic for dealing with a retrieved set that is too large maybe to reject unwanted elements when reformulating the query. Bates [23, 24] work on tactics provides many more examples. Stratagems are larger, more complex set of thoughts and or actions than tactics. A stratagem consists of multiple tactics and or moves, all designed to exploit the file structure of a particular search domain thought to contain the desired ....

M. Bates. Information search tactics. Journal of American Society for Information Science, 30(4):205--214, July 1979.

.... passages, performs a search and, if the results are not satisfying (i.e. not matching the desired number of hits) starts an automatic reformulation phase in which the knowledge bases of the system (domain knowledge, i.e. terms from a thesaurus and stemming, and expert knowledge, i.e. tactics [7]) are used for modifying the query and retrieve the wanted number of items. The query can be modified in three ways: via addition or replacement of related terms, via relaxation or reinforcement of the proximity operators, and via structural modification of the boolean operators. ISIR provides a ....

....has the main goal of emulating some of the functions of a human intermediary by interacting directly with end users and by supporting them during query reformulation. These capabilities are accomplished by FIRE through explicit representations of knowledge about the intermediary skills (tactics [7] and plans, namely predefined sequences of tactics, that a human intermediary executes for reformulating the query) and about the subject domain (thesaura and morphological knowledge) FIRE allows the user to enter a boolean query, to retrieve relevant documents, and to read and classify them. If ....

M.J. Bates. Information search tactics. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 30(4):205--214, 1979.

....[21] relevant records are frequently found through informal mechanisms. There are three types of learning that can occur during browsing: learning about the subject area (say, history) learning about the specific database system and learning about system independent browsing strategies (e.g. [1, 2]) These three aspects are interlinked learning about information searching tends to be unsuccessful if it is abstract [8] However, as the number and variety of online systems increases it is precisely these abstract browsing skills that are crucial to effective information searching. However, ....

Bates, M.J. Information search tactics. J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. 30, 205-14 (1979).

....knowledge base, together with stemming algorithms, is the source of the terms proposed to the user. The domain independent Expert Knowledge Base, that provides the criteria for selecting the terms to be offered to the user during the automatic query reformulation. It is constituted by: tactics [Bates, 1979], i.e. elementary operations utilized to appropriately modify a single aspect of a query; plans, i.e. sequences of one or more tactics exploited for performing more extensive modifications to a query; and preference criteria, used to identify the order to be used for processing the various ....

M.J. Bates, Information Search Tactics. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, July 1979, 1979, pp. 205-214.

.... In the field of information retrieval (IR) the interactive and communicative aspects of IR have only recently been emphasized (cf. for example, Belkin and Vickery, 1985; Belkin et al. 1993) There exist approaches to distinguish various types of information retrieval strategies and tactics (cf. Bates, 1979), task hierarchies and global phases of the interaction. However, no elaborate interaction models are provided in this field (except simplistic iterative question answer models) In the area of conversational analysis and discourse theory, on the other hand, we find various discourse and dialogue ....

....dialogues, the tactics were employed by the information broker. An intelligent information retrieval system should also be able to handle at least some of these tactics. Tactics include replacement or addition of search terms, pursuing or neglecting search paths; for a detailed collection see Bates (1979). The short dialogue shown in figure 6 exemplifies the use of the tactic superterm, which is used to replace a specific term by a more general one. The system cannot give an appropriate answer to the original request for all known EC funded projects involving NL Generation because that search ....

Marcia Bates. Information search tactics. Journal of the American Society of Information Science, 30:205--214, 1979

....abstract query type will initiate a dialog between the system and the user wherein the system can gather enough information about the query to search effectively; the nature of the dialog will depend upon the abstract query type selected. Examples of search strategies can be found in the [ Bates, 1979 ] and [ Smith et al. 1989 ] and, indirectly, in the work on question transformations described in [ Kolodner, 1984 ] The search strategies developed in conjunction with this project will be closely tied with the abstract query types described above. 4.4 Qualitative relevance feedback The ....

Marcia Bates. Information search tactics. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 1979.

....been able to identify a set of search strategies, which we believe are reflective of such models, and which appear to have had some relationship to the behaviors in which our searchers engaged. Although these are similar to search strategies and tactics that have been identified by, for instance, Bates (1979) and Hewitt Scott (1987) there are also some differences. These strategies are indicated in Table 5. Many of our searchers indicated that they were able to use their familiar strategies in this unfamiliar system, by adapting them to the new features. For instance, Restriction was approximated ....

....in this unfamiliar system, by adapting them to the new features. For instance, Restriction was approximated by marking many similar documents for relevance feedback. For strategies which could not be used, such as Boolean search, searchers found alternative behaviors. I. TERM STRATEGIES (TERM in Bates (1979)) 1. Identifying keywords 2. Identifying synonyms 3. Identifying controlled vocabulary 4. Specifying phrases II. DATABASE STRATEGIES (FILE STRUCTURE in Bates (1979) 5. Understanding database III. INTERACTION STRATEGIES 6. Interaction with thesaurus 7. Interaction with documents 8. Magnitude ....

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Bates, M.J. (1979) Information search tactics. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 30: 205-213.

....improve the search in some way. To SUPER may increase the recall, since broader terms often describe larger sets of documents. Or, the searcher may use SUPER because she now realizes that an initial term used covered only part of the concept she wanted to express. The reader is referred to Bates [35 36] for fuller lists of tactics. Other techniques specific to searching in operational database retrieval systems are discussed in Harter [37] and Fidel [34] Table 3 here] A stratagem is a complex of a number of moves and or tactics, and generally involves both a particular identified ....

....So dropping or adding OR and AND elements can increase or decrease output sets as desired by the searcher. Ability to implement these tactics quickly, without laborious re entering of terms, could make fast, powerful improvement in search formulations and results possible. See also discussion in [35, 39]. 2 3: At this level the searcher can call up stratagems from the system. Stratagems involve a search domain and a method of searching the domain. The searcher calls up the stratagem and 14 the system asks for any information it needs to implement it. The purpose here is to make it possible for ....

Bates, Marcia J., "Information Search Tactics," Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 30, 4, 1979, 205-214.

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Marcia J. Bates. Information search tactics. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 30(4):205--214, 1979.

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Bates, M.J. (1979). Information search tactics. Journal of the ASIS, 30(4), 205-214.

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M. Bates. Information search tactics. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 30(4):205--214, 1979.

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Bates, M.J. Information Search Tactics. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 30, July 1979, 205-214.

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Bates, M.J.: Information Search Tactics. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 30 (1979) 205--214

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M. J. Bates. Information search tactics. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 30:205--214, 1979.

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Bates, M.J. (1979b), Information search tactics, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 30(4), 205-14.

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Bates, M.J. (1979b). Information search tactics. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 30(4), 205-214.

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Bates, M.J. (1979b), Information search tactics, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 30(4), 205-214.

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