Gaines, B.R. (1994). The collective stance in modeling expertise in individuals and organizations. International Journal of Expert Systems 7(1) 21-51.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....pressure may be called conformity. Complementary to this homogenizing influence, is the diversifying effect of the division of labor. Since the cognitive capacity of a subject is limited, individuals within a complex society will tend to specialize in a particular domain. As illustrated by Gaines s (1994) computer simulation, this process of cognitive differentiation occurs spontaneously, driven by a positive feedback mechanism: individuals who were successful in solving a particular type of problem will get more of these problems delegated to them, and thus develop a growing expertise or ....

Gaines B.R. (1994) The Collective Stance in Modeling Expertise in Individuals and Organizations.

....dependent on reciprocation by others for providing the other resources (s)he needs. Therefore, division of labor can only evolve on a solid basis of cooperation. But once the process has started, division of labor will spontaneously grow, driven by a positive feedback mechanism (as illustrated by Gaines s (1994) computer simulation) individuals who were successful in providing a particular type of service because of opportunity, competence or simply accident will get more demand for that type of services, and thus develop a growing competence in the specific domain. For example, an individual who ....

Gaines, Brian R.: "The Collective Stance in Modeling Expertise in Individuals and Organizations", in: International Journal of Expert Systems 71 (1994), p. 22-51.

....however, is based on the division of labor: different individuals have different forms of expertise, and they typically limit their contributions to the domains they are most competent in. Cognitive specialization emerges spontaneously through a positive feedback mechanism: as illustrated by Gaines (1994) simulation, individuals who were successful in solving a particular type of problem are likely to get more problems of that type delegated to them, and thus will develop a growing expertise in the domain. Specialization helps to overcome individual limitations: since not everybody can know ....

Gaines B.R. (1994), "The Collective Stance in Modeling Expertise in Individuals and Organizations", International Journal of Expert Systems 71, 22-51.

....provide it. In logical terms, this can be termed extensional awareness because the specific resource and provider are known, as contrasted to intensional awareness in which only the characteristics of suitable resources or providers are known. 16 A team can be treated from a collective stance (Gaines, 1994) as a single psychological individual that behaves as a compound role generated by the distributed activities of roles in a number of people. Each resource provider in a team has an extensional awareness of their actual resource users, and each resource user has an extensional awareness of the ....

Gaines, B.R. (1994). The collective stance in modeling expertise in individuals and organizations. International Journal of Expert Systems 7(1) 21-51.

.... Much of the user interaction with Mediator is through an open architecture visual language system developed to support graphic interaction with computers on a wide range of topics including knowledge representation (Sowa, 1984; Gaines, 1991b) concept mapping (Gaines and Shaw, 1994; Kremer and Gaines, 1994), Petrinets (Reisig, 1985) bond graphs (Karnopp, Rosenberg and van Dixhorn, 1989) and so on. The system was developed as an alternative to textual interfaces to take advantage of modern graphic workstations through a simple and natural visual language of great generality. The generality is ....

....technology. There are models of human society that treat it as a layered system of compound entities in which individuals, groups, and organizations are functional agents, each recursive sub divisions of humanity itself conceptualized as an intelligent agent (Miller, 1978; Tracy, 1989; Gaines, 1994). From such a collective stance, the GNOSIS project may be seen as an intelligent compound entity consisting of distributed agents coordinated through the communication systems described in the previous section (Figure 17) Coordinating Distributed Agents Intelligent Compound Entity Internet ....

Gaines, B.R. (1994). The collective stance in modeling expertise in individuals and organizations. International Journal of Expert Systems 7(1) 21-51.

.... was set up in 1985 with a dual mandate (Gaines, 1985) to study and model the knowledge economy (Bell, 1973; Machlup, 1980) with a view to forecasting trends and modeling knowledge processes; and to innovate in selected areas that might lead to insights into the impact of knowledge support systems (Gaines, 1990). One conclusion of the KSI studies is that a major anachronism in human knowledge processes has, until recently, been the continued reliance on paper media for knowledge dissemination (Gaines, 1993) While book production technology has gone through several major technological advances, the ....

....9.9 and 9.13 where the user envisions a screen of changing information not a succession of different documents. 10 CONCLUSIONS This article was intended to be a practice and experience presentation complementing more sociological and strategic analyses of the future of scholarly discourse (Gaines, 1990; Gaines, 1993; Gaines, 1994b) with material explaining how to use the existing and evolving digital medium now. The level of detail necessary to understand the practical issues has made this a long article. Hopefully, the length does not detract from the utility of the paper, and the practicality ....

Gaines, B.R. (1994b). The collective stance in modeling expertise in individuals and organizations. International Journal of Expert Systems 7(1) 21-51.

....of discourse on the Internet may be viewed as computer networks providing vehicles to explore Popper s World 2 of mental processes, and draws attention to the need for deeper models of communities of discourse. A useful perspective from which to examine such communities is a collective stance (Gaines, 1994) in which humanity is viewed as a single adaptive agent recursively partitioned in space and time into subsystems that are similar to the whole. In human terms, these parts include societies, organizations, groups, individuals, roles, and neurological functions (Gaines, 1987) A third framework ....

.... process (Gaines, 1988b) In recent years I have integrated these concepts in a model of Worlds 2 and 3 which adopts a collective stance to World 2 and models the human species as a single adaptive organism recursively partitioned in space and time into sub organisms that are similar to the whole (Gaines, 1994). These parts include societies, organizations, groups, individuals, roles, and neurological functions. The organism adapts as a whole through adaptation of its interacting parts, leading to distribution of tasks and functional differentiation of the parts. The mechanism is one of positive ....

Gaines, B.R. (1994). The collective stance in modeling expertise in individuals and organizations. International Journal of Expert Systems 7(1) 21-51.

....goals, their rationales and example applications. A COLLECTIVE STANCE The theoretical position underlying the methodologies and tools described is a collective stance that models humanity as a single organism distributed in time and space by recursive partitioning into parts similar to the whole (Gaines, 1994). The phrase is chosen by analogy with Dennett s (1987) intentional stance, because its primary justification is one of utility. A collective stance provides a convenient perspective from which to view phenomena of human existence, including behavioral and knowledge processes, and the role of ....

Gaines, B.R. (1994). The collective stance in modeling expertise in individuals and organizations. International Journal of Expert Systems 7(1) 21-51.

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B.R. Gaines. The collective stance in modeling expertise in individuals and organizations. International Journal of Expert Systems 7(1) 21-51, 1994.

....to the current stage of information technology. There are models of human society that treat it as a layered system of compound entities in which individuals, groups, and organizations are functional agents, each recursive sub divisions of humanity itself conceptualized as an intelligent agent [4, 13, 18]. From such a collective stance, the GNOSIS project may be seen as an intelligent compound entity consisting of distributed agents coordinated through the communication systems described in the previous section (Figure 9) Coordinating Distributed Agents Intelligent Compound Entity Internet ....

B.R. Gaines, "The collective stance in modeling expertise in individuals and organizations," International Journal of Expert Systems, vol. 7, no. 1 pp. 21-51, 1994.

....Kelly and Thibaut s (1978) Interactional Matrix model) which emphasize dyadic interactions between individuals, collective social exchange theory focuses on interactions between individuals and their virtual organization. Conceptually, the Internet community is viewed from a collective stance (Gaines, 1994) as an entity to whom individual participants exchange information resource with. This collective entity offers participants a valuable informational service (namely, as a pool of human knowledge (Berners Lee et al., 1994) in exchange for their contributions. The norm of reciprocity is ....

Gaines, B. R. (1994). The Collective Stance in Modeling Expertise in Individuals and Organizations.

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