Black, M. (1979). More about metaphors. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and thought (pp. 19-43). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....till so far. On the other hand, I want to show that logic can play a key part in understanding creative reasoning processes, such as, for example, the use of metaphors in science. 2 An interactionist View on Metaphors Interactionism was described by Max Black in [4] and further developed in [5]. On this view, a metaphor consists of two parts: a primary subject and a secondary subject. The primary subject is the central element of the metaphor what the metaphor is about and is represented in literal language. The secondary subject modifies the primary subject and is represented in ....

Max Black. More about metaphor. In Ortony [22], pages 19 -- 42.

....cases where the metaphor is already known, but it cannot explain the conceptual innovations this metaphor caused (see also [14] One of the merits of interactionism is that it can explain scientific innovations like this. The interactionist view was developed by Max Black in [8] and revised in [9]. According to Black, a metaphor consists of two parts, a primary subject and a secondary subject. The primary subject is the subject the sentence expression is about in metaphor (2) man is the primary subject. In the same metaphor, the secondary subject is wolf . It is typical for the ....

Max Black. More about metaphor. In Ortony [19], pages 19 -- 42.

....salience of an existent feature of the topic (like in Sermons are like sleeping pills) The attribute introducing occurs when the hearer is informed of a new, unknown property of the topic (like in Roger is a tiger in our board meetings) 3. 2 Interaction Theory The interaction theory is due to Black [Black 1979] (with origins in the work of I. A. Richards. Black argues that any criterion for metaphorhood (i.e. for distinguishing metaphors from other forms of language) is doomed to failure. He believes that some metaphors help us to understand new aspects of the reality; and that these aspects are ....

....be seen as an implicative complex , made by beliefs and properties commonly held to be true. Then The metaphorical utterance works by projecting upon the primary subject a set of associated implications comprised in the implicative complex, that are predicable of the secondary subject . [Black 1979] The metaphorical utterance actually reorganizes and emphasizes the features of the primary subject by applying to it statements isomorphic with the members of the secondary subject s implicative complex. Black 1979] It is central for the interaction view to remark that such a projection ....

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Black M., 1979. More About Metaphor. In A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought. Cambridge University Press.

....of serendipity, that of insight solutions resulting from metaphors or analogies. This is closely related to the notions of generative metaphor and frame restructuring proposed by Schn (1993) the concept of generative processes by analogical transfer expounded by Finke (1994) and the argument, by Black (1993), that metaphors can generate new knowledge and insight by changing relationships between the things designated. It should be stressed, however, that serendipity may freely occur in the absence of any metaphors. As pointed out by Umberto Eco, it can even occur as a result of incorrect knowledge ....

Black, M. 1993. More About Metaphor. In: Ortony, A. (ed.): Metaphor and Thought. 2 nd edn., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 19-41.

.... scientific progress tends to begin with a metaphor, which is gradually refined as the original metaphor is transformed into a precise scientific model, a theoretical framework that can be shared by the larger scientific community (Pribram, 1990) Every metaphor is the tip of a submerged model (Black, 1979). All the psychology of metaphor, then, also plays a role in the psychology of the models, and therefore in science. These connections have serious implications for psychology. If people have inherent tendencies to certain kinds of metaphorical reasoning because of common sense psychology, and if ....

Black, M. (1979). More About Metaphor. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and Thought (pp. 19-43). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

.... scientific progress tends to begin with a metaphor, which is gradually refined as the original metaphor is transformed into a precise scientific model, a theoretical framework that can be shared by the larger scientific community (Pribram, 1990) Every metaphor is the tip of a submerged model (Black, 1979). All the psychology of metaphor, then, also plays a role in the psychology of the models. These connections have serious implications for psychology. If people have inherent tendencies to certain kinds of metaphorical reasoning because of common sense psychology, and if science is necessarily ....

Black, M. (1979). More About Metaphor. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and Thought (pp. 19-43). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

.... Also, the type of inferencing we have in mind is related to elaborative reasoning within source cases as commonly proposed in the field of case based reasoning (Kolodner, 1993) Metaphor researchers sometimes state that patterns of inference are mapped from the source domain to the target domain (Black 1979 1993, Lakoff Turner 1989) However, these claims are usually vague from an algorithmic point of view, and typically it is not clear how much source based inference is envisaged, or of what type, or to what extent it is performed on the fly during understanding. In any case, we make another ....

Black, M. (1979/1993). More about metaphor. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and Thought, 2nd edition, pp.19--41. New York and Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. Reprinted from first edition, 1979.

....predicts there is only one candidate antecedent: politics. But the type hierarchy in the constraintbased grammar prevents that greasy pole from being identified with politics, unless it undergoes type coercion. Therefore, using a principle of Charity familiar from philosophical work on metaphor (Black 1962, 1979, Searle 1979) we learn that that greasy pole is to be interpreted metaphorically, and is identified with politics (and so greasy is assigned a metaphorical interpretation, which is ascribed to politics) Thus, through calculating the anaphora resolution, with the aid of the discourse structure, ....

Black, M. [1979] More About Metaphor, in Ortony, A. (ed.) Metaphor and Thought, Cambridge University Press, 1979, pp19--45.

....during the on line processing of those innovative expressions (1994:338 9) Metonymy is different from metaphor because it works by a different set of principles. While metaphor is a relationship of similarity bridging two domains, metonymy is a relationship of contiguity within a single domain (Black 1979; Lakoff Johnson 1980; Ortony 1979) Metonymy has been seen as a subtype of metaphor (Genette 1972; Searle 1979) without intrinsic value. For Bredin (1984) and Jakobson (1956) on the other hand, metaphor and metonymy are opposed because metonymy is a feature of syntagmatic juxtaposition while ....

Black, M. 1979. More about Metaphor. In Ortony 1979, pp.19--45.

.... and ontology, is not only supported by realist philosophers of science (eg Aronson, 1984; Bhaskar, 1978) but also by developmental psychologists (eg Carey, 1985) The metaphorical nature of knowledge also provides details of theoretical entities as we seek to specify the nature of a domain (see Black, 1979) so that an abstraction of a real world complexity is partly constructed by relating what there is to a set of metaphors which are deeply embedded in our thought and language (Pepper, 1928; Lakoff Johnson, 1980) Thus, our conceptualisation of a model shows that it is theory dependent and an ....

Black, M. (1979), "More about Metaphor" In Ortony, A. (ed.), Metaphor and Thought, London: Cambridge University Press, 19-43.

....pole anymore. The default unification that is used to build the phrase (9b) from the conventional CoL verb and the resolved anaphoric expression fails, because the latter expression is not of the type physical space, and so using a principle of Charity familiar from philosophical work on metaphor (Black 1962, 1979, Searle 1979) climb must be interpreted in a different way. The constraints described in the Metaphor Lexical Rule, together with the circumscriptive reasoning, that as many properties of climb as possible are preserved in the metaphorical interpretation, predicts that all the properties of ....

Black, M. [1979] More About Metaphor, in Ortony, A. (ed.) Metaphor and Thought, Cambridge University Press, 1979, pp19--45.

....and argued. The examples in the present paper focus on metaphors for the particular domain of mental states and processes; also, the examples involve only metaphors that are already familiar to the understander. However, these restrictions are not essential to the arguments. 1. INTRODUCTION Black (1979) discusses a metaphor of MARRIAGE AS ZERO SUM GAME. He says that part of the implication complex for the vehicle domain of this metaphor might be the following pair of propositions: 1 (G1 2) A game is a contest between two opponents. G3) In a game, one player can win something [points, say] ....

Black, M. (1979). More about metaphor. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and Thought, pp.19--43.

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Black, M. (1979). More about metaphors. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and thought (pp. 19-43). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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