Kurzweil, R., The Age of Intelligent Machines, MIT Press, 1990.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....can have access to the values of the previously created entities and possibly to supplementary information. The answer to a question is synthesized using a text to speech converter. I. INTRODUCTION Computer dictation systems that automatically generate the text of medical reports are appearing [1, 2]. DictaMed [3, 4] is a dictation system aimed at generating reports of Holter ambulatory monitoring. It integrates an off the shelf speech recognition device: Voice Navigator II [5] and a text to speech converter. It is based on a modular architecture and features three Knowledge Sources (KSs) ....

R. Kurzweil, The Age of Intelligent Machines, MIT Press, 1990.

....well as graphical alerts. I. INTRODUCTION Voice man machine dictation systems can be used to automate the reporting of medical analyses. These systems involve several techniques of speech and language processing: voice recognition, syntactic parsing, semantics analysis, and man machine dialogue [1, 2]. They allow the physician s report to be directly captured by a computer and to be immediately available for printing, modification, etc. The dictation system we describe uses an external word recognition circuit from the industry and is based on a modular architecture composed of three ....

R. Kurzweil, The Age of Intelligent Machines, MIT Press, 1990.

....sentence. It enables the incremental partial parsing of words and phrases coming from a speech recognition input. We report here first results obtained from a large corpus of cancer treatment reports. I. INTRODUCTION Text dictation systems enter a commercial age in the medical area. These systems [1, 2] available in several European languages enable the dictation of reports directly to a computer. Reports are immediately created in a computer readable format and can be saved in the patient record of a medical database. They are then available for subsequent re reading, modification, etc. ....

R. Kurzweil, The Age of Intelligent Machines, MIT Press, 1990.

....in the past. For example, Wabot 2 [2] a piano playing robot developed at Waseda University in Japan. MUBOT, the Musician Robot, was a project at the University of Electro Communications in Japan [1, 5] Several MUBOTs were developed, which could play the recorder, violin, or cello. Kurzweil [7] describes several examples of robots and Artificial Intelligence systems used in music as well as other arts. 2 System Description Overview Fig. 2 shows the system overview. A human plays notes on the keyboard, which sends information to the Right Arm Controller Left Arm Controller ....

Raymond Kurzweil. The Age of Intelligent Machines. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1990.

....problem solving, learning. Bellman 1978] Examples of the second type of definitions (systems that act like humans) are those of Kurzweil, and Rich and Knight s. Kurzweil thinks that AI is The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people [Kurzweil 1990]. Rich and Knight believe that AI is The Study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better [Rich and Knight 1991] Charniak and McDermott and Winston provided definitions of AI as systems that think rationally. Charniak and McDermott think that AI is The study ....

R. Kurzweil, The Age of Intelligent Machines, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1990.

....features that such a system should exhibit [5] One of these is the ability to make aesthetic judgements. Consequently, we tried to answer two basic questions, namely: Can this be achieved and How can it be achieved . The success of constructed artists is greater in music then in visual arts [4], this can be explained by the higher quantity of data required by image handling [4] but this explanation seems a little shallow. The fact is that music theory is more developed and quantitative than theory in visual arts [4] In music we can write down a piece, in visual arts we have neither ....

....judgements. Consequently, we tried to answer two basic questions, namely: Can this be achieved and How can it be achieved . The success of constructed artists is greater in music then in visual arts [4] this can be explained by the higher quantity of data required by image handling [4], but this explanation seems a little shallow. The fact is that music theory is more developed and quantitative than theory in visual arts [4] In music we can write down a piece, in visual arts we have neither the alphabet nor the grammar to do so. In other words, we also lack a notation ....

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Kurzweil, R. The Age of the Intelligent Machines, 1990.

....poetry, music and image generation. The success of these applications has been bigger in music than in visual art. This can be explained by the higher quantity of information required by image handling and by the fact that music theory is more developed and quantitative than theory in visual arts [16]. The majority of AI applications to the arts falls into two categories: 1) Systems performing some sort of art understanding task, such as musical analysis, and systems that work as intelligent tools for human artists [9] 2) and a new range of applications that is beginning to emerge, the ....

....aspects in this field. 2. STATE OF THE ART We will start by describing two approaches that have gained a vast acceptance. The first approach is rule based while the second relies on the use of genetic algorithms. Harold Cohen can be considered as the precursor of the rule based approach [16]. Cohen started his career as a painter and adquired a worthy reputation, he had a special interest in the way in which symbols could evoke significance or meaning to the viewer [4] He became involved in computer programming as a hobby and joined its two interests when he started developing ....

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R. Kurzweil, The Age of the Intelligent Machines, 1990.

....had a stronger influence in music than in visual arts. This outcome is not surprising since the memory requirements necessary for image handling are substantially bigger than those necessary for sound. Additionally, music theory is more developed and quantitative than theory in visual arts (Kurzweil 1990). In section two, we make an assessment of the current state of the art in this field. In doing so, we specify a set of features that current systems lack, and that should be present. The third section pertains to the origins of art and aesthetic judgement, we give a short biological ....

....own, with minimal human intervention. Spector Alpern 1994) Restricting ourselves to the field of visual arts, which is our main field of interest, we will describe two approaches that have gained a vast acceptance. Harold Cohen can be considered as the precursor of the rule based approach (Kurzweil 1990). His system, Aaron, is probably the most acclaimed constructed artist. The development of Aaron took approximately one decade, which gives an idea of the amount of work involved in coding the knowledge necessary to do artworks into rules. This set of rules is extremely valuable since it provides ....

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Kurzweil, R. (1990). The Age of the Intelligent Machines.

....allow entire plays and movies to be synthetically generated. It will also allow a face to face Turing between a computer synthesized image and a person. It would seem unlikely that a computer posing as a person will be able to interact visually with a person without detection within 50 years (Kurzweil, 1990). To illustrate evolution of a constant cost, increasing performance computer, we can look at the time when it is possible to render and view a movie at film resolution (approx. 20 Mpixels) in real time. Using 1994 SUN computers 7 , each high resolution film frame of Toy Story took seven ....

Kurzweil, Ray "The Age of Intelligent Machines", The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. 1990, p448.

....to some that emotions and knowledge are more than just incidental to each other: There is a strong link between our emotions and our knowledge. If information is presented in a way that elicits an emotional response, we are far more likely to change our knowledge structures (and hence our minds) (Kurzweil, 1990, p 289) It would seem then that some fairly influential thinkers believe that emotions should be studied as a valid cognitive element of thought and mind. We may now choose to ask whether they can be understood using computational models. Certainly some believe that this is possible. Dennett ....

....comments: The level of description and explanation we need is analogous to (but not identical with) one of the software levels of description of computers: what we need to understand is how human consciousness can be realised in the operation of a virtual machine . in the brain (p 210) Kurzweil (1990) comments that the mind asmachine school tends to analyse emotion as another form of logical thought, subject to its own rules. In this view, our emotions are a complex set of algorithms that motivate our behaviour in a way that supports the greater goals of our culture (p 24) The idea ....

Kurzweil (1990). The Age of the Intelligent Machine. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.

....a little imagination we can replace the people with pencils with computers. Maybe we should think of Leibniz as the founder of AI. Almost two centuries later, inspired by the writings of Leibniz, Boole developed the theory of propositional logic, and modestly called it The Laws of Thought (1854) [Kurzweil, 1990]. Frege finally layed the mature foundations of modern logic as we know it (1879) From his work it followed that arithmetic, and pure mathematics generally, is nothing but a prolongation of deductive logic. He remained without recognition until Russell drew attention to him in 1903. Russell s own ....

Kurzweil, R. (1990). The age of intelligent machines. MIT Press.

....of lexicon Figure 1.1: The visual word recognition problem. Given a digitized image of a word and a lexicon containing the word, the objective is to order the lexicon such that the word in the image is ranked as close to the top as possible. cations include providing reading aids to the blind [77], and quick reading of large volumes such as in mail sorting. In addition, solutions to the problems encountered in studying some marginally legible images (Figure 1.2) may provide insights to our understanding of the pattern recognition abilities of human beings. Many algorithmic solutions have ....

....classes, its vote is split evenly among them. Nadal et al. in [94] describe several heuristic rules for combining decisions by a similar set of classifiers. In a many class problem such as character recognition, more information from the classifiers than merely the top choices is useful. Kurzweil [77] discusses the advantages of using multiple experts to solve a recognition problem. Seeing the difficulty in recognizing noisy characters, he suggests, one way to deal with the vagaries of real world patterns is to have redundant experts and multiple ways of describing the same type of pattern. ....

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R. Kurzweil, The Age of Intelligent Machines, Chapter VII, The MIT Press, 1990.

....OCR hardware and software are widely available commercially, a survey of the literature shows that the problem of OCR has not by any means been satisfactorily solved. A system that can recognize letters in many typefaces that it has never seen (or been trained on) has yet to be developed. In [Kurzweil, 1990], OCR pioneer Raymond Kurzweil states, While machines exist today that can accurately recognize many type styles in common usage, no machine can successfully deal with the level of abstraction required by : ornamental forms. The types of letters he is referring to are those shown in our ....

Kurzweil, R. (1990). The Age of Intelligent Machines. MIT Press, Cambridge. MA.

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Kurzweil, R., The Age of Intelligent Machines, MIT Press, 1990.

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