Grudin, J. The computer reaches out: The historical continuity of interface design. In CHI'90 [731], pp. 261--268.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....of tool use. Scenario 2 contains a portrait of exploratory verbal protocol based observation. These techniques have become relatively popular because verbal protocols have shown to be good at discovering new and unexpected facts, especially for the so called higher level cognitive activities [280]. Developers and researchers of all stripes have made use of observational techniques based in verbal protocols (see e.g. Nielsen [458] Lang et al. 373] Suwa et al. 627] Grudin noted this trend: Studies of planning and interaction dialogue rely less on controlled experiments measuring time ....

Grudin, J. The computer reaches out: The historical continuity of interface design. In CHI'90 [731], pp. 261--268.

....to consider how to support the development of a broad understanding of domestic interactions and technology uses and how these may be best made available to designers. Just as work oriented design has been compelled to develop a broad understanding of the social character of work and organization [17, 19, 7], then so too the IT community is now under increasing pressure to develop a broad understanding of the social character of the domestic setting [30, 39, 21] IT designers increasingly need to be aware of the social circumstances of technology usage in the domestic environment, especially of the ....

Grudin, J. (1990) "The computer reaches out: the historical continuity of interface design", Proceedings of the 1990 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 261-268, Seattle, Washington: ACM Press.

....is to take a more regarded place in systems engineering, then it is important to assess its utility within the development process. The case for ethnography The increased prominence of interactive systems has seen a movement of computer systems out into the world of work and organisation [6]. Developers of these systems have turned to ethnography to complement existing human centred methods of systems development. The incorporation in system design of a social perspective and the prominence of ethnography emerges from a growing plausibility of the diagnosis that many system problems ....

Grudin, J. The Computer Reaches Out: The Historical Continuity of Interface Design. Proceedings of ACM CHI'90 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems., ACM Press, pp 261-268.

....been centred on the notion of a human computer interface, an interactive surface through which the user controls the computer and the results of the computations are displayed. As new areas of computer use have developed, new human computer interfaces have been created to meet new demands (cf. [36]) Over time, new disciplines and research areas related to human computer interaction (HCI) have emerged, e.g. interaction design as a response to new design challenges (cf. 89] and Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) as a 4 response to the focus on single users within HCI in settings ....

Grudin, J. (1990a). The Computer Reaches Out: The Historical Continuity of Interface Design. In: CHI `90 Proceedings, pp. 261268. ACM Press.

....about actions to take and in interpreting the system s response. So, sociological perspectives have pointed out that instances of interaction between people and systems are themselves features of broader social settings, and those settings are critical to any analysis of interaction. This is what Grudin (1990) characterized as the computer reaching out as the context of interaction gradually expands to include an larger and larger frame of reference. However, the idea of context is also plays a more fundamental role in forms of social analysis common in HCI research. One of the most influential books ....

Grudin, J. 1990. The Computer Reaches Out: The Historical Continuity of Interface Design. Proc. ACM Conf. Human Factors in Computing Systems CHI'90 (Seattle, WA), 141-144. New York: ACM.

.... What are the organizational rules one has to consider Whom do I have to ask first Which document type do I have to use All this information belongs to the knowledge which is normally not or only very implicitly provided by CSCW applications, although it plays a significant role in cooperation [8]. Within the ASCW, it is the role of TOSCA to provide this information to users by the organizational information browser and to applications by an appropriate service interface. In the following we will describe the data model used for the representation of organizational information, followed by ....

Grudin, J. "The computer reaches out: The historical continuity of interface design," in J. Carrasco-Chew, J. Whiteside (eds.) CHI '90, Proc. Conf. on Comp. Human Interaction, ACM, New York, NY, 1990, pp. 261-268. 10

....are gathered, refined and communicated to the other stages. At the next section we start presenting early the stage of an interactive system development process by discussing our HCI design approach based on protagonists tasks. In that sense, our work [16] shares the ideas pointed out by Grudin [4] that since most work takes place within a social context, computer systems are to consider the social and organizational knowledge in order to support them. 3 PROTAGONISTS TASK BASED HCI DESIGN In this Section an approach to capture HCI design is presented. Myers et al. [12] defines ....

J. Grudin. The Computer Reaches Out: The Historical Continuity of Interface Design. CHI'90 Conference Proceedings, In Empowering People (J. C. Chew and J. Whiteside, eds.), pages 261--268, 1990.

.... from the hardware interface, through programming language as interface and interactive terminal as interface, to a view of the interface as a computer human dialog (GUI s are based on this model) and a growing concern with the entire use context (including the social context) as the interface (Grudin 1989). This shift in the design focus has been accompanied by a shift in system design methodologies, particularly the adoption of qualitative techniques from the social sciences (e.g. ethnography) and the use of iterative design cycles and rapid prototyping. These new methodologies focus on ....

Grudin, J. The computer reaches out: the historical continuity of interface design. In Proceedings of the CHI'89 Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems. 1989.

.... What are the organizational rules one has to consider Whom do I have to ask first Which document type do I have to use All this information belongs to the knowledge which is normally not or only very implicitly provided by CSCW applications, although it plays a significant role in cooperation [8]. Within the ASCW, it is the role of TOSCA to provide this information to users by the organizational information browser and to applications by an appropriate service interface. In the following we will describe the data model used for the representation of organizational information, followed by ....

Grudin J., "The Computer Reaches out: The Historical Continuity of Interface Design", in J. Carrasco-Chew, J. Whiteside (eds.), CHI90, Proc. Conf. on Comp. Human Interaction, ACM, 1990, pp. 261-268.

....This coincided, not surprisingly, with a general trend in the HCI literature toward developing better interfaces for non programming endusers. No longer was the HCI community primarily concerned with developing better Allison Druin University of Maryland 12 interfaces for programming (Grudin, 1990). By CHI 90, numerous papers and panels reflected this move toward embracing non technical users and bringing them into the design process. Participatory Design, Blomberg Henderson, 1990; Johnson et al. 1990; Montford et al. 1990) Heuristic Evaluation (Nielsen Molich, 1990) and Contextual ....

Grudin, J. (1990). The computer reaches out: The historical continuity of interface design. Human Factors in Computing Systems: CHI 90 (pp. 261-268). ACM Press.

....for ownership of the problem HCI is disputed territory. 2.1. Evolution of the Discipline HCI s inter disciplinary character is an inheritance of its rapid development; the changing nature of computer applications, and of the user population, have forced a continual reassessment of priorities [4]. The focus of attention, and the definition of the HCI problem , has gradually shifted from the individual user, to the user as a member of a group, working within an organisational setting. From its roots in physical and perceptual ergonomics, HCI has been subsequently claimed first by ....

....making improvements through small scale, incremental changes. Like most people when they are faced with complex decisions, and uncertain outcomes, interface designers tend to repeat examples of what they believe to be good and successful. To do otherwise may often be simply impractical; as Grudin [4] has observed The methods for arriving at informed choices are often too time consuming and imprecise. In Carroll s view, the failure of HCI s science base to feed productively into practice is a problem of information flow, and the solution lies in a more effective framework for translating ....

J. Grudin, The Computer Reaches Out: The Historical Continuity of Interface Design, in Proc. CHI'90 Human Factors and Computing Systems (1990), ACM Press, New York, 261-268.

....users develop an understanding of design guidelines through concrete cases associated with them, as demonstrated in the following section. Using Appropriate User Terminology in Interface Designs Designers and users typically have very different models of how a system should operate [Gentner, Grudin 90] Understanding user terminology well enough to provide proper cues and command names [Barnard, Grudin 88] is Figure 3: Displaying Retrieved Guidelines and Usability Cases. just one way in which developers must understand how users operate. Creating an effective interface using proper ....

J. Grudin, "The Computer Reaches Out: The Historical Continuity of Interface Design," Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI'90 Conference Proceedings (Seattle, WA), ACM, New York, pp. 261268, 1990.

....the development of new methods which analyse the collaborative, hence social, character of work and its activities. The tentative incorporation in system design of a social perspective emerges from these two trends and the insistence that the computer moves into the world of work and organisation [11]. Given this turn to the social and the need to study the real world character of work, drifting toward sociology through ethnography is almost a natural inclination. Thus, in the way that HCI has previously looked to psychology for an understanding of human 3 behaviour CSCW turns to ....

Grudin, J. 'The Computer Reaches Out: The Historical Continuity of Interface Design.' Proceedings of ACM CHI'90 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Evolution and Practice in User Interface Engineering. pp. 261-268.

....chosen to present the results of ethnographic studies to inform the development of more abstract models of work in the requirements process. The case for ethnography The increased prominence of interactive systems has seen a movement of computer systems out into the world of work and organisation (Grudin, 1990). Developers of these systems have turned to ethnography to complement existing human centred methods of systems development. The incorporation in system design of a social perspective and the prominence of ethnography emerges from a growing plausibility of the diagnosis that many system problems ....

Grudin, J.(1990) 'The Computer Reaches Out: The Historical Continuity of Interface Design.' Proceedings of ACM CHI'90 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Evolution and Practice in User Interface Engineering. pp 261-268.

....of many people. I would particularly like to thank Hal Abelson, Bob Anderson, Victoria Bellotti, Danny Bobrow, Jon Crowcroft, Gregor Kiczales and Wendy Mackay for fruitful and enlightening discussions. I am very grateful to Annette Adler, Jon Crowcroft, Laura Dekker, Marge Eldridge, Lorna Goulden, Jonathan Grudin, Gillian Ritchie, Lisa Tweedie and the anonymous reviewers for careful readings and valuable comments on earlier drafts of this paper. ....

Jonathan Grudin, "The Computer Reaches Out: The Historical Continuity of Interface Design", in Proc. ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems CHI'90, Seattle, Washington, April 1990.

....aimed at the end user. Instead, we propose that designers shift their thinking toward more generic platforms on which domain experts (but not necessarily software developers) can fashion task specific user interfaces. Other research has addressed the evolution of humancomputer interfaces [6] 11][12][13] The effects of designing for increasingly specialized activities in a context of growing expectations fits into the progressions described in these papers without being an issue upon which they focus. And finally, extensible or tailorable systems has been a major topic in the software ....

Grudin, J., 1990. The computer reaches out: The historical continuity of interface design. Proc. CHI'90, 261-268.

No context found.

Grudin, J., (1990), "The computer reaches out: the historical continuity of interface design", in Proceeding of CHI'90 Human factors in computer systems (Seattle, Washington, (April 1-April 5), ACM, New York.

No context found.

Jonathan Grudin, "The Computer Reaches Out: The Historical Continuity of Interface Design." Human Factors in Computer Systems (CHI), April (1990) 261-268.

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