Gaver, W. W. 1991. Sound support for collaboration. In Second European Conference on Computer-Supported Collaborative Work.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....2) presents a condensed image of the entire document as well as all collaborators positions and text selections. The observation view (Colour Plate 1) allows users to look over the shoulder of a collaborator and see exactly what they are seeing and doing. Additionally, non speech audio cues [13] provide information about collaborators actions such as scrolling and deleting. Support for asynchronous writing. In order to support asynchronous writing we added an annotation mechanism. Users can selectively display or hide comments written by a specific author. The comments are colour coded ....

Gaver, W., Sound Support for Collaboration, Proceedings of ECSCW '91,293-308. Reprinted in [3].

.... this work is not to achieve a realistic and high fidelity audio presentation and feedback, coming along with virtual reality environments [3] In the context of group work the focus is more on usefulness in every day work situations and in combination with new forms of human computer interaction [4]. The following describes aspects of the design of future workspaces and gives a more illustrating sample scenario for a team work situation at an electronic whiteboard using a cooperative software. Then, the concepts and realization for the enhanced audio feedback are presented, followed by a ....

Gaver, W, Sound Support for Collaboration, In: Proceedings of ECSCW 91, Amsterdam, 1991

....that form spatial relationships with one another. In addition, an artifact s appearance sometimes shows traces of its history of how it came to be what it is (e.g. object wear) Acoustically, physical artifacts make characteristic sounds as they are manipulated (e.g. scratch of a pencil on paper) [9]. By seeing and hearing an artifact as it is manipulated, people can easily determine what others are doing to it. Another resource available in face to face interactions is the ability to identify the person manipulating an artifact. Knowing who produced the action provides context for making ....

....what stage they are in their task, and the state of their work area. Typical groupware support. The traditional WYSIWIS approach ensures that people stay aware of one another s activities, but is often too restrictive when people regularly move back and forth between individual and shared work [6,9]. More recent systems allow people to move and change their viewports independently, allowing them to view the objects that interest them. This is called relaxed WYSIWIS view sharing [37] Unfortunately, when people can look at different areas of the workspace, they are blinded to the actions that ....

Gaver, W. (1991). Sound Support for Collaboration, Proc. 2 nd ECSCW'91, 293-308.

....service properties, which describe the desired behaviour of the service for each user. Properties may specify the conditions under which connection requests are to be accepted or rejected (say, from specific users) or feedback mechanisms (such as audio signals used to indicate service activity (Gaver, 1991)) It is interesting to note that, as our environment has developed, it has often been the feedback mechanisms, rather than the stronger access control mechanisms, which have been used to regulate activity in the media space (Dourish, 1993) Rather than making it impossible for another user to ....

Gaver, 1991: Sound Support for Collaboration . Proc. European Conference on ComputerSupported Cooperative Work, Amsterdam, 1991.

.... synchronize the communication [Penz 93] Gestures are specially relevant to focus attention and control the flow of a conversation [Greenberg 89] This suggests the need for voice and video channels accompanying computer cooperations, as for instance in the TeamWorkStation [Ishii 91] or ARKola [Gaver 91] If no such channels are available the system should at least offer each user some awareness of others as a form of compromise. Furthermore, if computers mediate users interactions there is also a legitimate request for providing to each cooperating user awareness of what other users are ....

W. Gaver. Sound support for collaboration. In Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work -- ECSCW '91, pages 293--308, 1991.

....were informed by several additional studies. The various officeshare studies (e.g. 6] found continuous open audio to be important to creating and maintaining long term interaction patterns, and bolstered our belief that a system with these features could create a viable social space. Gaver [10], pointed out the importance of ambient audio in the workplace. Similarly, Whittaker et al. 28] concluded from their study of informal workplace communication that persistent audio and video links would support frequent, brief interactions at minimal cost. They characterized workplace ....

Gaver, W. W. Sound Support for Collaboration. Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (ECWCW'91), 1991: 293-308.

....but it could also determine and deliver the appropriate feedback. Users could request a variety of notification types, such as presenting a message on their workstations. However, the most popular notifications were more subtle. Gaver s work on auditory icons [Gav86] and the affordances of audio [Gav91b] was incorporated into RAVE, providing real world auditory cues that indicated what was going on. For example, when someone glanced at another person, Godard triggered a sound (the default was that of a door opening) as the connection was being made. Three seconds later, when the Glance was ....

Gaver, W.W., Sound support for collaboration. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, ECSCW '91 (Amsterdam, the Netherlands), pages 293--308. ACM Press, New York, 1991.

....well known. This system has been used for a number of studies resulting in discussions on, for example, control mechanisms in this kind of systems (Dourish, 1993) how privacy influences the use of, and can be handled in, media spaces (Bellotti and Sellen, 1993) ideas for supporting awareness (Gaver, 1991), and how to establish a joint frame of reference for the interaction in such systems (Gaver et al. 1993) December 1998 13 Carstensen Schmidt CSCW Some of the first systems (approaches) for asynchronous interaction were email and conferencing systems. Engelbart was one of the first to discuss ....

Gaver, William W.: "Sound Support for Collaboration," in ECSCW '91. Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, edited by L. Bannon, M. Robinson and K. Schmidt, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, 1991, pp. 293-308.

....connection being made. Three kinds of interpersonal connection are glance , v phone call and office share . Glance connections are one way, video only connections of a few seconds duration. V phone and office share connections are longer two way AV connections. For glances, audio feedback (Gaver, 1991) alerts users to onset and termination of a connection and can even announce who is making it. For the two way office connections, reciprocity acts as a form of feedback about the connection (if I see you, you see me) and, in the case of an attempted v phone connection, an audio ringing signal ....

Gaver, W. Sound Support for Collaboration. In Proceedings of ECSCW'91. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, September, 1991, pp. 293-308.

....multiple viewports, process feedthrough, action indicators, and view translations that support the needs of both individuals and groups. Keywords Groupware design and usability, workspace awareness INTRODUCTION Many kinds of collaborative work involve both individual and shared activity (e.g. [4,6,17]) In these mixed focus situations, people frequently move back and forth between individual tasks performed in relative isolation and shared work undertaken with other members of the group. Even when working apart, though, people maintain a sense of the whereabouts and activities of the rest of ....

....feedback. When mixed focus collaboration is to happen through synchronous distributed groupware, both the individual tasks and the shared activity present design requirements to the creator of the system. Unfortunately, these two sets of requirements often contradict or compete with one another [1,6,22]. Designs that are good for individual work often hinder group work, and designs that support the group often restrict the individual s interaction with the application. Groupware designers are left with a tradeoff between meeting the needs of individuals and meeting the needs of the group as a ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Gaver, W., Sound Support for Collaboration, Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 1991, 293308.

....individual control reduces the group focus inherent in strictWYSIWIS systems. Awareness in relaxed WYSIWIS systems is still important, because even when people work in a loosely coupled mode they remain connected to each other and aware of others presence, perhaps their activities and progress [8] (p. 293) Gaver recognized the importance of awareness in helping people shift from working alone to working together, even when joined on a shared task. As he says, building systems that support these transitions is important, if difficult. Dourish and Bellotti [4] apply these ideas more ....

Gaver, W. Sound Support for Collaboration. Proc. ECSCW'91 (Amsterdam, 1991), 293-308.

.... feelings [53] and to synchronize the communication [43] Gestures are specially relevant to focus attention and control the flow of a conversation [20] This suggests the need for voice and video channels accompanying computer cooperations, as for instance in the TeamWorkStation [25] or ARKola [19]. If no such channels are available the system should at least offer each user some awareness of others as a form of compromise. Furthermore, if computers mediate users interactions there is also a legitimate request for providing to each cooperating user awareness of what other users are doing ....

W. Gaver. Sound support for collaboration. In Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work -- ECSCW '91, pages 293--308, 1991.

....(the later of which, like Cruiser, uses a spatial metaphor for situated awareness) The Portholes system [28] connecting researchers at PARC and EuroPARC, also uses networked audio video connections to support a sense of community and awareness among a spatially distributed set of users. The RAVE [37][38] environment augments a traditional mediaspace environment with non speech auditory cues to provide awareness information about current activities. Work at SunSoft includes the lightweight awareness system Montage [110] and the asymmetric conferencing tool Forum [50] 51] Forum, in ....

....one another. Video Monitoring These systems, generally characterized as mediaspaces, support awareness of the locations and actions of others through a near constant video presence (Media Space [5] Portholes [28] CAVECAT [62] 97] and others) and perhaps environmental audio cues (RAVE [37]) Some systems go beyond the simple connected office approach to provide a locality based metaphor for interaction (Cruiser [87] Jupiter [15] In these systems, awareness is regulated and filtered by copresence in a virtual space. Video based systems tend to provide excellent indications of ....

Gaver, W., "Sound Support for Collaboration." In Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (ECSCW'91).

....within a usage culture. 2 Introduction The RAVE project at EuroPARC, in common with groups at other research centres, is experimenting with the notion of a media space , the integration of computer and audio video technologies for workgroup collaboration [Stults, 1986; Buxton and Moran, 1990; Gaver et al., 1991]. Our media space links individuals through an audio and video network in addition to the more traditional computer network, and affords them flexible workstation based control of interoffice connections. By attempting to recreate some aspects of physical co presence, the media space provides an ....

....feedback to the user. This feedback was used to indicate all connections, irrespective of their origin, and was provided in the form of non speech audio cues. This form of non workstation based or environmental feedback has proved particularly effective for managing information in our environment [Gaver, 1991]. 6.2 Glance Service Post Godard Godard improved on this arrangement in four ways: 1. the notion of a glance service allowed users to distinguish between glance connections and other connections to the local video camera; FIGURE 3. Setting the allowed parameter in a glance control panel. ....

William Gaver, Sound Support for Collaboration, Proc. European Conference on ComputerSupported Collaborative Work ECSCW `91, Amsterdam, September 1991.

....of several people; one might, for example, want to meet electronically when five out of the group of eight have come in in the morning, including the group leader. In local environments, a number of CSCW systems providing awareness of other s people presence have been developed For example, Gaver [31] describes a system where connecting to and disconnecting from somebody s camera generates the sounds of a door creaking open and shutting. The Montage system [32] present the hallway model of awareness, with reciprocal and gradual video awareness. While these awareness mechanisms are ....

W. W. Gaver, "Sound support for collaboration," in Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (ECSCW'91) (L. Bannon, M. Robinson, and K. Schmidt, eds.), (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), pp. 293--308, Amsterdam, Sept. 1991.

....feedback. Several kinds of feedback can be requested by users in current instantiations of interface software, including text messages displayed on their workstations and spoken messages played over the audio network. Less obvious are auditory cues used to provide information about system state (Gaver, 1991). For example, when a glance connection is made to a camera, Godard triggers a sound (the default is that of a door opening) before the connection is actually made. When the connection is broken, another sound (typically that of a door closing) is triggered. In addition, different sounds indicate ....

....out an Email message the day before, display a message on a workstation window, or generate a synthesized speech message. Nonspeech audio cues are commonly used to inform users about the state of the audio video system; there are also a number of cues which inform users about other events (see Gaver, 1991). For example, upcoming meetings are signalled by the sound of murmuring people gathering together, followed by a gavel sound. This sound acts as a memorable stereotype of naturally occurring meeting sounds and is thus quickly learned and immediately recognizable. In addition, the sound is ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Gaver, W. W. (1991). Sound support for collaboration. In Proceedings of ECSCW'91 (Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 25-27 September 1991).

....Proceedings of the HCI 92 Conference, York, UK, September, 1992, pp. 257269. Fish, R. Kraut, R. and Root, R. 1992) Evaluating Video as a Technology for Informal Communication in Proc. ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI 92, Monterey, California, May, 1992, pp. 37 47. Gaver, W. 1991): Sound Support for Collaboration in Proc. European Conference on ComputerSupported Cooperative Work, ECSCW 91, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, September, 1991, pp. 293 308. Gaver, B. Moran, T. MacLean, A. L vstrand, L. Dourish, P. Carter K. and Buxton, B. 1992) Realising a Video ....

....mediated by technology and likely to be much more pervasive, particularly because they often relate to purely unintentional invasions of privacy. Furthermore, by addressing these problems through careful design, we may reduce the potential impact of system abuse. glances, audio feedback (Gaver, 1991) alerts users to onset and termination of a connection and can even announce who is making it. For the two way office connections, reciprocity acts as a form of feedback about the connection (if I see you, you see me) and, in the case of an attempted v phone connection, an audio ringing signal ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Gaver, W. (1991): "Sound Support for Collaboration" in Proc. European Conference on ComputerSupported Cooperative Work, ECSCW'91, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, September, 1991, pp.

....users to see others work and actions as they occur, which allows them to communicate, interpret and coordinate their activities more efficiently. In addition to verbal and visual information, non speech audio information can also provide a means for shared feedback in a variety of environments [8]. 5.2 Semi Synchronous Systems In looking at different approaches to providing awareness of individual and group activities in shared workspace systems, a correlation emerges between synchronous collaboration and passive, workspace based group feedback. It is worth considering whether this ....

William Gaver, "Sound Support for Collaboration", Proc. ECSCW'91 European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (Amsterdam, September 1991).

.... The principal deficiency of these audio as device models is the lack of resource sharing, i.e. only a single application has access to the audio device until this application explicitly relinquishes control (a kind of cooperative multitasking) System sounds and other background sounds [65] are difficult to implement this way. An audio API (or engine) should allow sharing of the single speaker by several applications by either mixing at different volumes or priority preemption. External applications like VU meters [66] recorders or automatic gain control should be attachable to the ....

W. W. Gaver, "Sound support for collaboration," in Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (ECSCW'91) (L. Bannon, M. Robinson, and K. Schmidt, eds.), (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), pp. 293--308, Sept. 1991.

....collaboration is the investigation of media space technology. A media space is formed by the combination of audio, video and computer networking technologies to provide a flexible, dynamic interconnection environment for collaborative work groups. Our RAVE media space (Buxton and Moran (1990) Gaver et al. (1991)) is one of a number of systems which have been used in investigations into issues of workgroup support and collaboration (e.g. Root (1988) Stults (1989) Abel et al. (1990) Mantei et al. (1991) At its most basic, the media space provides a means for setting up multi media communication ....

....parameter specifies a behaviour which should take place when the video connection is broken; 3. the Inform parameter specifies a way that the system should inform the user of the identity of the individual making the connection. Typically, this feedback takes the form of non speech audio cues (Gaver, 1991), or, less often, pop up messages on the workstation screen. Thus, the before action might generate the sound of an opening door, and the after action may sound like the door closing again. Since these actions are stored individually for each user in a particular agent process, a user has complete ....

Gaver, W. (1991): "Sound Support for Collaboration", in Proc. European Conference on ComputerSupported Cooperative Work ECSCW '91, Amsterdam, September 1991.

No context found.

Gaver, W. W. 1991. Sound support for collaboration. In Second European Conference on Computer-Supported Collaborative Work.

No context found.

Gaver, W., Sound Support for Collaboration, In: Proceedings of ECSCW 91, Amsterdam, 1991.

No context found.

Gaver, W. W.: `Sound support for collaboration,' in L. Bannon, M. Robinson and K. Schmidt (eds.): ECSCW '91. Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, Amsterdam, 24-27 September 1991, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1991, pp. 293-308.

No context found.

Gaver, W. W. (1991). Sound Support for Collaboration. In Proceedings of the Second Annual European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. Amsterdam: Morgan Kaufmann.

No context found.

Gaver, W. W. (1991): "Sound Support for Collaboration," Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Supported Collaborative Work, 1991.

Online articles have much greater impact   More about CiteSeer.IST   Add search form to your site   Submit documents   Feedback  

CiteSeer.IST - Copyright Penn State and NEC