Frank T. Vertosick and Robert H. Kelly. Immune network theory: a role for parallel distributed processing? Immunology, 66:1-7, 1989.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....great robustness, fault tolerance, dynamism and adaptability [8] These are the properties of the immune system that mainly attract researchers to try to emulate it in a computer. The rst conceptual and mathematical models of the biological immune system were developed mainly during the 1980s [19, 25, 26, 20]. There are certain computational models that emulate some speci c process of the immune system with the purpose of understanding its nature [8] For example, the model of speci c response that the immune system presents in the presence of an invader (primary response) was designed by Forrest ....

....network that works in levels. Based on this model, Perelson [20] presented a probabilistic study of the idiotypical networks. This is a very formal study where the transition phases of the idiotypical network are discussed. Jerne s model has received a lot of atention in the last few years [20, 25], and a considerable number of computational models have been derived from it for practical purposes [13, 14] 3.2 Negative selection algorithm Forrest et al. 7] developed the negative selection algorithm for detection of changes. This algorithm is based on the discrimination principle that the ....

Frank T. Vertosick and Robert H. Kelly. Immune network theory: a role for parallel distributed processing? Immunology, 66:1-7, 1989.

....metaphor for adaptive com puting systems. The principal purpose of the immune system is to be able to recognize cells within a body and categorize them as self or non self [6] Using the immune system as a model for a gener al purpose intelligent system has been proposed for some time [7]. It should be noted that this research is not an attempt to construct an explicit model of the vertebrate immune system, but to exploit some of its functionalities in designing an agent based, parallel and distributed resource allocation system. Our hypothesis is that the immune system offers a ....

F. T. Vertosick and R. H. Kelly, "Immune Network Theory: A Role for Parallel Distributed Processing?", Immunology, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1989, pp. 1--7. 7

....of the immune system is to recognize non self organisms and construct a defense [15] An artificial immune system (AIS) is a system to diagnose problems and formulate an appropriate response, possibly adaptively. Its use as a general purpose intelligent system has been proposed for some time [76]. It should be noted that this research is not an attempt to construct an explicit model of the human immune system, but to exploit some of its functionalities in designing an agent based, paral lel and distributed resource allocation system. An important functionality of the immune system is ....

....perform its functions in a distributed, loosely coupled manner. The vertebrate immune system provides these capabilities naturally, and so forms a powerful metaphor for the organization of an intelligent system. Its use as a general pur pose intelligent system has been proposed for some time [76]. Artificial immune systems (or AIS) couple pattern recognition and machine learning to pro vide intelligent and adaptive behavior [34,67] They have been used as the basis for dynamic control systems in applications as diverse as robotics [36,37,38,50] noise cancellation [35] and dynamic and ....

F. T. Vertosick and R. H. Kelly, "Immune Network Theory: A Role for Parallel Distributed Processing?", Immunology, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1989, pp. 1--7. 31

....in the fields of science and engineering. The last section will conclude with some remarks. 2 Immune System Based Models There exist several theories [22] 24] 30] and mathematical models [26] 27] to explain immunological phenomena. There is also a growing number of computer models [2] [28], 29] to simulate various components of the immune system and the overall behavior from a biological point of view. However, the natural immune system is also a source of inspiration for developing antigen (called peptides) on its surface, to bring the attention of B and T cells for ....

....mathematical, discussing more about phase transition in idiotype networks. Perelson divided phase transition in idiotopic networks to pre critical region, transition region and post critical region. Jerne s proposed immune network theory [22] received a lot of attention among the researchers [26] [28] over the last two decades and many computational aspects of this model are derived for practical use [16] 18] 20] 2.2 Negative Selection Algorithm Forrest et al. 10] developed a negative selection algorithm for change detection based on the principles of self nonself discrimination [25] ....

Frank T. Vertosick and Robert H. Kelly. Immune network theory: a role for parallel distributed processing? Immunology, 66:1--7, 1989.

.... (Darwinian) algorithms (Wilson, 1989) neural networks (Anderson Rosenfeld, 1988) and the immune system (Farmer et al. 1986) These approaches share many common abstract features and specific models of one can be applied to another (eg immune system as a parallel distributed processing network (Vertosick Kelly, 1989)) Another interesting example is that of foraging theory as applied in population biology. Rothbart (1991) presents an analysis of the work of Stephens Krebs (1986) who describe a model of an animal as an ecomomic comnsumer in which the three basic concepts of consumer choice theory (utility, ....

Vertosick, F. T. & Kelly, R. H. (1989), "Immune network theory: a role for parallel distributed processing", Immunology, 66, 1-7.

....interaction with the external environment. Although the I O behavior of lymphocytes in vivo is not known with certainty, it is most likely some simple, nonlinear function [15] Lymphocytes can be connected to external antigens (I O lymphocytes) or to each other via antiidiotypic interactions [19]. According to Vertosick and Kelly [19] the clonal expansion and affinity maturation that accompany an immune response are reminiscent of Hebbian learning. In the immune system, learning occurs through the modification of the number and affinities of the receptors. However, connections within a ....

.... Although the I O behavior of lymphocytes in vivo is not known with certainty, it is most likely some simple, nonlinear function [15] Lymphocytes can be connected to external antigens (I O lymphocytes) or to each other via antiidiotypic interactions [19] According to Vertosick and Kelly [19], the clonal expansion and affinity maturation that accompany an immune response are reminiscent of Hebbian learning. In the immune system, learning occurs through the modification of the number and affinities of the receptors. However, connections within a nervous system are deterministic, ....

Frank T. Vertosick and Robert H. Kelly. Immune network theory: a role for parallel distributed processing? Immunology, 66:1--7, 1989.

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Vertosick, F. T. & Kelly, R. H. (1989), "Immune network theory: a role for parallel distributed processing?", Immunology, 66, pp. 1-7.

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