Dipankar Dasgupta and Nii Attoh-Okine "Immunity-Based Systems: A Survey", Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE Press (1997)  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... solving technique [3,5] While principally being researched in softwaremaintenance applications, SAIS methods suggest that adoption of a control architecture based on the immune s systems compound architecture will result in a powerful, yet dynamic, multi robot control and coordination schemes [17]. For example, this technique has been successfully used to as a mechanism for mediating behaviors in behavior based AI systems and to perform a variety of fuzzy tasks (e.g. task classification, network generation, and interrelations) 18,19] 3 IDARA Architecture Design IDARA s central tenet ....

.... chosen because they provide coordination in a robust, diverse, and non deterministic manner [5] One of the principal advantages of IDARA s control model over traditional SAIS approaches is the consideration of the entire response and not just mechanisms based on cell mediated object recognition [17]. This consideration allows the system to respond quickly via a directed, but general, method and then focus its response in time as it proceeds through various levels of response. Finally, this model (unlike many SAIS approaches) can include interactions not easily linked to immune cell actions. ....

D. Dasgupta and N. Attoh-Okine. Immunity-based systems: A survey. In IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, volume 1, pp. 369-374, 1997.

....of humankind. Humans, after all, can be seen as complex biological information processing systems capable of performing complex tasks even in the presence of uncertainty and lack of information. We can consider three main information processing systems with a strong biological inspiration [3]: arti cial neural networks (inspired on neural systems) evolutionary algorithms (inspired on the mechanism of survival of the ttest ) and the arti cial immune system (inspired on our immune system) Our current discussion will concentrate on the last of these systems. From the information ....

....of learning, it uses memory and is able of associative retrieval of information in recognition and classi cation tasks. Particularly, it leads to recognize patterns, it remembers patterns that it has been shown in the past and its global behavior is an emergent property of many local interactions [3]. All these features of the immune system provide, in consequence, great robustness, fault tolerance, dynamism and adaptability [8] These are the properties of the immune system that mainly attract researchers to try to emulate it in a computer. The rst conceptual and mathematical models of the ....

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Dipankar Dasgupta and Nii Attoh-Okine. Immunity-Based Systems: A Survey. In IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Orlando, Florida, October 12-15 1997.

....called pattern instances in AI terminology) match expected patterns already known by the immune system (the immune system s knowledge being equivalent to a model) Unknown micro organisms are regarded as nonself and may be attacked. The new eld of arti cial immune systems (surveyed in [8]) uses this concept of self nonself distinction, but they have important limitations which will be discussed later. In our investigation 1 of autonomous re ective systems, we are aiming to approximate the immune system capability of self nonself distinction, although not necessarily with the same ....

D. Dasgupta and N. Attoh-Okine. Immunity-based systems: A survey. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Orlando, October 1997.

....ective capability in that they can distinguish between self and nonself , i.e. they can recognise a foreign pattern (due to a virus or bacterium) as di erent from those associated with the organism itself, even if the pattern was not previously encountered. Arti cial immune system algorithms [3] apply this principle to anomaly detection systems, where nonself may be any form of deliberate intrusion or random anomalous behaviour due to a fault. 1.1 Re ective Blindness In the literature, arti cial immune systems are not considered as complete autonomous systems. This means that ....

D. Dasgupta and N. Attoh-Okine. Immunity-based systems: A survey. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Orlando, October 1997.

....immune system. V. ARTIFICIAL IMMUNE SYSTEMS Artificial immune systems take their inspiration from the operation of the human immune system to create novel solutions to problem solving. Although still a relatively new area of research, the range and number of applications is already diverse [8][9] Computer security, virus protection, anomaly detection, process monitoring, pattern recognition, robot control, and software fault tolerance are some of the applications artificial immune systems are being applied to. One key feature links all of these applications they operate in a ....

D.Dasgupta, N.Attoh-Okine, "Immunity-Based Systems: A Survey", IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 1997

....Hypothesis whereby acquired immunity is used as a model for a new, intelligent problem solving technique. However, theses techniques are based on a very simplistic model of the acquired immune system and do not model more the more advanced learning and communications aspects of the immune system [6, 13]. While principally being researched in software agent coordination applications, the SAIS model research suggests that adoption of a control architecture based on the immune s systems compound architecture will result in a powerful, yet dynamic, multi robot control scheme. Most of the activity ....

D. Dasgupta and N. Attoh-Okine. Immunity-based systems: A survey. In IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, volume 1, pp. 369-374, 1997.

....the test program. A similar approach could be applied to the investigation of the range of behaviour that an autonomous agent can carry out, before it is deployed in its environment. A related application is to the application of diversity techniques to software security. Forrest and co workers [9, 12, 13] have worked on systems which attempts to defeat computer viruses and similar security threats by creating a system which compiles the same software in a number of di erent ways, so that a virus cannot exploit the structure of the compiled program. Again this relies simply on uniform random ....

D. Dasgupta and N. Attoh-Okine. Immunity-based systems: a survey. In Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. IEEE Press, 1997.

....with a particular program that was to be tested. We generate a range of potential inputs, and monitor which parts of the program are being well tested by these inputs, then we use this data to nd examples which test other parts of the program. 2.5 Software security. Work by Forrest and others [34, 28, 21] has made use of diversity for computer security. The core concept here is that one of the major security holes in computer systems is their similarity the same software is run by many people, and so if someone can exploit a loophole in the way that software is written, they can breach the ....

....Maley for the exploration of this kind of space extend to these more complex niche spaces could provide an interesting way forward for approaching these ideas. Another area of biological simulation which might provide useful is the work that has used the immune system as its source of inspiration [21, 20]. This is discussed further below. 4 Constructing heuristics for qualitative example nding. In this section of the paper we shall discuss how we can develop heuristics for nding qualitative examples. Essentially this is a search problem we want to search the space O of objects that fall into ....

D. Dasgupta and N. Attoh-Okine. Immunity-based systems: a survey. In Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. IEEE Press, 1997.

....Council features within a constrained environment. The immune system has also been a source of interest in the design of novel pattern recognition based applications including computer virus protection [9] and computer security[5] An excellent review of immunity based systems can be found in [3]. This paper proposes that an immunological approach to the design and organisation of fault tolerant hardware may provide a novel alternative to the classical approaches of reliable system design a subject that the authors have called immunotronics (immunological electronics) first introduced ....

D. Dasgupta and N. Attoh-Okine. Immunity-Based Systems: A Survey. In IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Orlando, 1997.

....variety of foreign pathogens or organisms [11] This remarkable property is attractive to computer security researchers and artificial intelligence researchers. Based on the studies by immunologists, a growing number of computer scientists have proposed several different computer immune models [3]. The main idea of these models is distinguishing self, which is normal, from non self, which is abnormal. In this paper, with respect to network intrusion detection, we view the normal activities of monitored networks as self and their abnormal activities as non self. Many sophisticated network ....

....proposed artificial immune system, these mechanisms are embedded in three evolutionary stages: gene library evolution, negative selection and clonal selection. While the currently existing computer immune models focus on the use of a single significant stage according to their perceived purpose [3], 4] 6] the new artificial immune model proposed in this paper combines these three significant evolutionary stages into a single methodology. The overall conceptual architecture of the proposed artificial immune model is shown in Figure 2. In Figure 2, stage one indicates gene library ....

Dasgupta, D.; Attoch-Okine, N., 1997, "Immunity-Based Systems: A Survey", Proceeding of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Orlando. Available at http://www.msci.memphis.edu:80/~dasgupta/publications.html

....anti antibodies compete to bind to antibodies and the winning anti antibodies can suppress binding between antigen and antibody. The inhibition of idiotype antibody against antigen contributes to regulate an appropriate level of immune responses. Immunologist, Jern, proposed immune network theory [2], 3] based on understanding the role of the idiotype antibody. He views immune systems as a functional network of lymphocytes and the network at any moment has the dynamic state of internal interactions of antibodies and antigens. The continuous chain of differentiation by antigens and ....

....the interactions between a large number of different types of cells. Instead of employing a central co ordinator, human immune systems sustain the appropriate level of immune responses by maintaining the equilibrium status between antibody suppression and activation using idiotype antibodies [2], 3] Unique Antibody Sets: the human immune system generates various groups of antibodies to detect different antigens. Its evolution mechanism through natural selection of gene libraries and clonal selection maintains a number of different sets of antibodies. Therefore, each antibody set is ....

Dasgupta, D.; Attoch-Okine, N., 1997, "Immunity-Based Systems: A Survey", Proceeding of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Orlando, October. Available at http://www.msci.memphis.edu:80/~dasgupta/publications.html

....observe its own operation in the same way that it observes processes in the outside world. This means that the observing meta level should be a concurrent thread which monitors the object level. Examples of reflection as self monitoring in a hostile environment include immunity based approaches [3] and model based diagnosis systems [27] Work on more general execution monitoring and anomaly detection has been done by De Giacomo et al. 6] using a logicbased approach. 1.6 Sufficient Reflective Coverage We can now define the problem which must be overcome: In existing self monitoring ....

....than that of detecting unimportant faults. 2 Limits of Existing Approaches To show in detail the nature of the reflective blindness problem, and why existing methods do not solve it, I use artificial immune systems (AIS) as an example. A survey of immunesystem inspired models can be found in [3]. Typically a database of normal patterns is used to define self , which is collected in advance by running the system in isolation (in a protected environment) This database contains characteristic patterns produced by the execution of all legitimate programs and may be called the ....

D. Dasgupta and N. Attoh-Okine. "Immunity-Based Systems: A Survey". Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Orlando, October 12-15, 1997.

....learning systems, such as artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms. The immune system can also provide a useful metaphor for adaptive com puting systems. The principal purpose of the immune system is to be able to recognize cells within a body and categorize them as self or non self [6]. Using the immune system as a model for a gener al purpose intelligent system has been proposed for some time [7] It should be noted that this research is not an attempt to construct an explicit model of the vertebrate immune system, but to exploit some of its functionalities in designing an ....

D. Dasgupta, and N. Attoh--Okine, "Immunity--Based Systems: A Survey", Proceedings of the International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Orlando, Florida, October, 1997, IEEE Computer Society, pp. 369--375.

....examples of biologically inspired solu tions to computing problems. The vertebrate immune system is another example that provides an effective metaphor for the design of an adaptive computing system. The purpose of the immune system is to recognize non self organisms and construct a defense [15]. An artificial immune system (AIS) is a system to diagnose problems and formulate an appropriate response, possibly adaptively. Its use as a general purpose intelligent system has been proposed for some time [76] It should be noted that this research is not an attempt to construct an explicit ....

Dasgupta, Dipankar, and Nii Attoh--Okine. 1997. Immunity--Based Systems: A Survey. In the Proceedings of the International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics held in Orlando, Florida, October, 1997, by IEEE Computer Society, pp. 369--375. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society.

....viruses clearly make it impractical to implement on a single system. 3 CURRENT COMPUTER VIRUS IMMUNE SYSTEM RESEARCH As a source of virus fighting techniques for computers, the BIS model has recently generated considerable interest . In his survey of artificial immune system research, Dasgupta [2] cited Forrest et al. s [4, 5] and Kephart et al. s [7, 8] CVIS research. This section evaluates each approach s suitability for specific CVIS aspects. Self Nonself Determination Forrest s work concerns methods for distinguishing legitimate computer resources from those corrupted by a computer ....

Dasgupta, D. and N. Attoh-Okine. "ImmunityBased Systems: A Survey." Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics . October 1997.

....Moreover, it continually evolves such immune cells and other antibody molecules (in right proportion) in order to defend the body. These immunological mechanisms have inspired the development of several computational models [4] A brief survey of some of these models may be found elsewhere [5]. Forrest et al. 9] developed a negativeselection algorithm for change detection based on the principles of self nonself discrimination. This algorithm works on similar principles, generating detectors randomly, and eliminating the ones that detect self, so that the remaining T cells can detect ....

D. Dasgupta and N. Attoh-Okine. Immunity-based systems: A survey. In proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, pages 363--374, Orlando, Florida, October 12-15 1997.

....the natural immune system is also a source of inspiration for developing intelligent methodologies toward problem solving. A survey of the models that have been developed based on various computational aspects of the immune system and their applications to real world problems are available in [5]. 3.1 Immunity Based approach for Anomaly Detection Forrest et al. 10] developed a negative selection algorithm for change detection based on the principles of self nonself discrimination [15] by T cells. In this approach, the self is defined as the normal pattern of activity of a ....

Dipankar Dasgupta. Immunity-BasedSystems: A Survey. In Presented at the first workshop on Immunity-Based Systems (IMBS'96), Nara, Japan, December 10 1996.

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Dipankar Dasgupta and Nii Attoh-Okine "Immunity-Based Systems: A Survey", Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE Press (1997)

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D Dasgupta and N Attoh-Okine. Immunity-based systems: A survey. IEEE Int Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 1997.

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