Way, E. C. (1991). Knowledge Representation and Metaphor. Studies in Cognitive systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Holland.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... Meta level and object level are used to express the relationship between two knowledge levels. Normally the meta level is the knowledge about the object level and the terms could be used to express the relative relationship; a meta level can be an object level of the higher meta level. Way (1994) suggests that although all the work on knowledge representation is interested in knowledge about knowledge, when meta level knowledge is explicitly discussed, it is usually referring to the concept that object level knowledge refers to domain knowledge and meta level knowledge is the knowledge ....

E. C. Way. Knowledge representation and metaphor. Intellect Books, 1994.

....as in scientific discussion people frequently use nonliteral language (tropes) Tropes are taken as a manifestation of productive or creative language use. This is one of the reasons why the cognitive sciences, including AI, are interested in theories of non literal language (cf. Indurkhya 1992) (Way, 1991)) especially in theories of metaphor and metonymy. Before we describe the field we are interested in, i.e. metonymies based on depiction, we provide some examples of metonymies in general (the metonymic expression is underlined) a) I m parking out back. b) The DRT box is empty. c) The ....

Way, C.E. (1991). Knowledge representation and metaphor. Oxford: Intellect Books.

....inference mechanisms for updating an agent s internal model must never consider the reclassi#cation of individual representations w.r.t. their object type but only w.r.t. their role type. Distinctions similar to our separation of object types and role types have been proposed by Sowa #1988#, Way #1991#, and Guarino et al. #1994#. Sowa, for example, distinguishes between natural types and role types, the latter being #subtypes of natural types in some particular pattern of relation ships #Sowa, 1988, p.120#. In the assembly tasks considered here, this particular pattern of relationships is an ....

E. C. Way: 1991. Knowledge Representation and Metaphor. Kluwer, Dordrecht.

....including paper , article , and report . A systematic interpretation of these words in terms of each other is equivalent to neutralizing the distinctions among them, and making them interchangeable in some or in all contexts. Many researchers have investigated the computation of analogies [10, 11, 12, 13, 24]. Our work is based on Holyoak and Thagard s criteria of similarity and structure. When a non literal utterance is encountered, the application will first look for classifications in which the elements occurring in the utterance may be substituted by a similar token, and check if the resulting ....

.... then stop if there are many constructs C= S A Xi that constitute valid operations, verify for which Xi there are more attributes in common with O, execute the corresponding constructs, then stop We acknowledge the existence of different approaches to analogy making and metaphor interpretation [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 24] that make use of more sophisticated algorithms. Nevertheless, our main purpose here is not natural language interpretation. Instead, we want to provide users with more flexible yet artificial means of expressing instructions to an extensible application. We assume users will not need such complex ....

Way, E.C. (1991). Knowledge Representation and Metaphor. Kluwer Academic Publishers. The Netherlands.

....and also the scientific content seems to be very good. The visual metaphor is defined as a mapping between a data model and a visual model. We argue that this definition does not reflect the basic property of the metaphor as reported by Lakoff and Johnson and other authors (Martin, 1990; Cornell Way, 1991; Carroll et al. 1988) i.e. to exploit the user knowledge of a certain realm for introducing another. Rather, this mapping formalizes the link existing between data models and visual representations as introduced in (Batini et al. 1993) and (Catarci et al. 1993) A database is typically ....

....in natural language processing, only in the recent decades has metaphor been studied as an important component of language. Recent research has shown the pervasive nature of the metaphor in everyday speech. Cornell Way points out that all sections of today s newspapers abound with metaphors (Cornell Way, 1991). A typical expression in a financial newspaper could be the economy may stall or surge ahead depending upon the financial waters it must navigate , i.e. four different metaphors are used in a short sentence. Lakoff and Johnson, in their book Metaphor we live by , provide numerous examples to ....

Cornell Way, E. (1991), Knowledge Representation and Metaphor, Kluwer Academic.

....more success at understanding metaphor in the L2 is achieved. 1. 3 A Computational Model for Understanding and Generating Japanese Metaphor There have been several implementations in natural language understanding systems which handle the metaphorical along with the literal senses of words (Way 1991; Martin 1990; Veale 1992) In these models, metaphor is not considered special. Some rely on an analysis of core meaning (Martin 1990) while others rely on context alone (Veronis and Ide 1995) The approach taken here is a core meaning plus context approach. The task in the experiment reported ....

Way, Eileen Cornell. 1991. Knowledge representation and metaphor. Boston: Kluwer.

....alters the activation dynamics between conceptual schemata. 1. Introduction Recent years have heralded the acceptance of metaphor by the natural language processing community as a deep cognitive and linguistic phenomenon (see for example Lakoff Johnson 1980; Weiner 1984; Martin 1990; Way 1991; Veale Keane 1992a,b) Metaphor is now recognised to serve a fundamental structural role in the organization of our conceptual systems, overturning the previously held view of metaphor as a deviant (and thus peripheral) rhetorical effect of language. If this revised view is at all justified, it ....

....established in comprehending a metaphor; for example, in describing bank managers as vampires, the analogue pairs CLIENT:VICTIM, BLOOD:MONEY, and GREEDY:BLOOD THIRSTY are also evoked. Gentner (1989) suggests that a model of structural analogy subsumes metaphor interpretation, while Way (1991) argues that metaphor provides the domain bridge points that make analogies possible. This paper defends the latter view, arguing that metaphor s capacity to bridge incongruent domains is central to analogic mapping. Dynamic Incrementality: If metaphor is cognitively irreducible, as persuasively ....

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Way, E. C. (1991). Knowledge Representation and Metaphor, Studies in Cognitive systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

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Way, E. C. (1991). Knowledge Representation and Metaphor. Studies in Cognitive systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Holland.

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Way, E. C. (1991). Knowledge Representation and Metaphor. Studies in Cognitive systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers.

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Way, E. C. (1991). Knowledge Representation and Metaphor, Studies in Cognitive systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

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Way,E.C.1991 Knowledge Representations and Metaphor, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

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