Trevor, J., Rodden, T. and Blair, G. S., COLA: A Lightweight Platform for CSCW, Proc. 1993 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Milan, Kluwer, 1993.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

..... Figure 6. Cova codes for modeling an integrated review process. different from other models and systems that are developed specifically for modeling and developing cooperative work, such as the process models for software engineering , DCWPL [15] COCA [5] GroupKit [16] COLA [12] , various WfMSs, etc. As we have stated, we aim at a uniform metamodel. Obviously, process models for software engineering are domain specific. These models do capture some important elements that are useful for supporting cooperative work. However, due to their domain specific nature, many ....

J Trevor, T Rodden, G Blair. COLA: A lightweight platform for CSCW. In: Proc of European Conf on CSCW, Milan, 1993, 15-30

....the systems infrastructure level. For example, in response to the observed importance of flexibility in cooperative work, both Dourish [79] and Tolone [250, 249] used reflective meta level frameworks for building an open extensible CSCW toolkit and specification system respectively. Trevor et al. [251] developed a distributed systems platform to support the separation of policies and mechanisms so that the resulting application was not based on one particular model of work but could be tailored for many models of work. To support the role of awareness in facilitating cooperative work, other ....

Jonathan Trevor, Tom Rodden, and Gordon Blair. COLA: A lightweight platform for CSCW. In de Michelis et al. [72], pages 15--30.

....tool support is needed. A number of CSCW toolkits and environments have emerged for development of multi user interfaces, e.g. Rendezvous [Patterson et al. 1990] shared editing systems, e.g. GroupKit [Greenberg Roseman 1992] and conference systems, e.g. MMConf [Forsdick 1985] Criticism by e.g. [Trevor, Rodden and Blair 1993] argues that unfortunately many of the earlier CSCW environments: provide little or no support for representing the cooperation taking place. They and we argue that the most obvious drawback is that many earlier environments are closed applications rather than open platforms. Clearly the ....

....and hence give as an alternative our approach which is a non model environment. 13.2.1 Models of and for CSCW Many models for CSCW tend to be goal oriented. Most include some conception of an activity that has some goal. The more specific the support, the more specialised and narrow the goals. [Trevor, Rodden and Blair 1993] have classified the different models for cooperation into three classes: procedural models, activity models and frameworks. With procedural models one tries to model and capture procedures that are intended to happen while performing a certain task in, e.g. an office environment. The models ....

Trevor, J. J., Rodden, T. and Blair, G. S., COLA: A Lightweight Platform for CSCW. in Proceedings of ECSCW93, Milan, 1993.

....techniques from traditional tailorable systems and uses them to create, essentially, a specialised visual programming language for collaborative application production. COLA (Cooperative Objects in Lightweight Transactions) is a CSCW support platform based on a distributed system perspective (Trevor et al. 1995). COLA employs two primary mechanisms for achieving flexibility. The first is the use of object adaptors (Trevor et al. 1994) which allow objects to present different views and functionality, and to be handled differently from different perspectives within the system. The second, and more ....

Trevor, J., Rodden, T. and Blair, G. (1995): "COLA: A Lightweight Platform for CSCW", Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 3, pp. 197--224.

....events. For instance, a far object is able to notice a shareable piece of text; becoming closer, the object is able to read text; even closer the object may be able to cooperatively manipulate text. Interaction is defined by moving objects. # COLA. Is a system to support cooperative work [21]. COLA is based on a model which defines activities (cooperation) roles (interaction control) and events (awareness) The objectives presented in this paper are the same of COLA: support for cooperation, control and awareness. However, COLA does not address the user interface level. 8 ....

J. Trevor, T. Rodden, and G. Blair. COLA: A lightweight platform for CSCW. In Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work -- ECSCW '93, Milan, September 1993. 10

....and systems is difficult and special development tool support is needed. A number of CSCW tool kits and environments have emerged for development of multi user interfaces, e.g. Rendezvous [32] shared editing systems, e.g. GroupKit [14] and conference systems, e.g. MMConf [12] Criticism in e.g. [40] argues that unfortunately many of the earlier CSCW environments: provide little or no support for representing the cooperation taking place. They and we argue that the most obvious drawback is that many earlier environments are closed applications rather than open platforms. Clearly the ....

Trevor J.J., Rodden T. & Blair G.S., COLA: A Lightweight Platform for CSCW, In Proceedings of ECSCW93, Milan, Kluwer, (1993). Tollmar & Sundblad CoDesk

....at programming level, requiring knowledge of intricate specification models. CoSARA does not address coordination at the multiuser interface level. COLA. Is a system that supports cooperative work based on a model which defines activities (cooperation) roles (coordination) and events (awareness) [40]. COLA does not address the multiuser interface level of group interaction support. DIVA. Is an environment for group work that provides support for communication, cooperation and awareness [36] DIVA uses a virtual office abstraction, based on rooms, desks and documents types of objects. DIVA is ....

J. Trevor, T. Rodden and G. Blair. COLA: A Lightweight Platform for CSCW. In Proc. of the 3rd European Conf. on ComputerSupported Cooperative Work - ECSCW '93. Milan. Sep. 1993.

....lack realism and are more or less useless in real work situations, and then give as an alternative our approach. Many models for CSCW tend to be goal oriented. Most include some conception of an activity that has some goal. The more specific the support, the more specialised and narrow the goals. Trevor, Rodden and Blair (1993) have classified the different models for co operation into three classes: procedural models, activity models and frameworks. With procedural models one tries to model and capture procedures that are intended to happen while performing a certain task in, e.g. an office environment. Examples of ....

....et al. 1992) and DOMINO (Kreifelts et al. 1991) To give more flexibility activity models have been introduced, for example the Amigo Activity Model (Danielson 1986) Activity models focus on what and how the work is done to describe cooperative work more effectively and non statically. Trevor (1993) argue that Frameworks are the most general form of cooperative environment and are intended to go one step further than activity models by focusing on the co ordination of activities in groups or teams without a specific application or domain in mind. In reality, work is not well structured or ....

Trevor, J.J., Rodden, T. & Blair, G.S. (1993): COLA: A Lightweight Platform for CSCW. in (eds.): Proceedings of ECSCW93, Milan, 1993.

.... have explicitly addressed control aspects of CSCW applications, and others have discussed how architectures supporting CSCW must be organized (e.g. Bentley et al. 1992; Jeffay et al. 1992) Based on these discussions and ideas attempts to build basis platforms for CSCW systems exist (e.g. Trevor et al. 1993). The two times two matrix suggested by Johansen is not very useful for describing most of todays existing CSCW systems since these have different facilities falling in different boxes. We would therefore suggest to categorize the systems and platforms in a two times two matrix where one ....

Trevor, Jonathan, Tom Rodden, and Gordon Blair: "COLA: a Lightweight Platform for CSCW," in ECSCW '93. Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, 13-17 September 1993, Milan, Italy, edited by G. De Michelis, C. Simone and K. Schmidt, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1993, pp. 15-30.

....individual activities are seamlessly integrated. This have incited and inspired computer scientists to explore ways in which the production of awareness in cooperative ensembles can be supported in CSCW systems through shared object servers (e.g. Rodden and Blair, 1991; Rodden et al. 1992; Trevor et al. 1995), awareness models (e.g. Rodden, 1996; Benford and Greenhalgh, 1997; Sandor et al. 1997; Simone and Bandini, 1997) and so forth. Other areas of CSCW research can tell similar stories of how workplace studies have informed the development of CSCW technologies. For instance, ethnographic and ....

Trevor, Jonathan, Tom Rodden, and Gordon Blair: `COLA: A lightweight platform for CSCW,' Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW). An International Journal, vol. 3, no. 2, 1995, pp. 197-224.

.... and software engineering techniques have been proposed, which will sound most familiar to the Software Reusability community (but the term Reusability is never mentioned explicitly) Enhancing the facilities for end user tailorability of systems [MC 90, HK91] Toolkits [RG96] and platforms [TRB93] that support easy construction of systems with (or without) a range of features. The most succesful commercial example of a general platform is Lotus Notes. General tidiness of system design and documentation, so that the system can be adapted to changed patterns of use without undue effort ....

J. Trevor, T. Rodden and G. Blair. COLA: a Lightweight Platform for CSCW. Proc Third European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW'93), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 15--30.

....deciding on host failures, network partitions, too slow processes, etc. Implementations of systems providing the group communication paradigms have proven to give satisfactory results in LAN scale environments [5, 2, 17, 18] Groupware systems have been implemented using those facilities [23, 25]. However, in the context of Large Scale Distributed Computing Systems (LSDCS) such as those based on the Internet, current solutions are ill suited. One of the reasons is because the high variance and the unpredictability of communication delays drastically increase the probability of incorrect ....

Jonathan Trevor, Tom Rodden, and Gordon Blair. COLA: A Lightweight Platform for CSCW. In Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on CSCW (ECSCW'93), pages 15--30, September 1993.

....non conversational actions. However, cooperation is still based on message exchange. Thus, these systems only support restricted kinds of activities. 2.3. Systems for Integrated Support There are several approaches to achieve integration with the help of toolkits. The COLA platform described by Trevor et al. 1993) provides collaboration support in a separate level below the application. COLA defines a lightweight model of activities, leaving the semantical interpretation to the application. Thus, COLA provides a technical base for application interoperability, however, it does not force a semantical ....

Trevor, J., Rodden, T. and Blair, G.: 1993, COLA: A Lightweight Platform for CSCW, in G. de Michelis, C. Simone and K. Schmidt (eds), Proc. of the European Conf. on Computer Supported Cooperative Work ECSCW 93, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 15--30.

....system (Bogia 1995) however, there it is restricted to the tailoring of activity behavior schemes. 5 Related Work The approach, which is most similar to feature combination, uses object sets as modifiable representations of entities in the domain of work. This approach is described by Trevor et al. 1993) on a technical level and by Syri (1997) on the level of tailorability for the end user. In the latter approach, the object sets consist of one object representing the entity in the domain of work, several CSCW enablers which provide multi user capabilities, and one CSCW mediator which ....

Trevor, J., Rodden, T. und Blair, G.: 1993, COLA: A Lightweight Platform for CSCW, in G. de Michelis, C. Simone und K. Schmidt (Hrsg.), Proc. of the European Conf.

....by defining the different steps an activity must go through during its lifecycle. It also allows the specification of the events which can make an activity go from one step to the next. The state is usually encapsulated in objects which have the ability to react to events. ACT [29] and COLA [57] discussed later in this document are examples of systems based on this type of models. 3. Handling multimedia and synchronization: as mentioned before one aim is to hide the hardware dependencies. More than just the transmission of the data some synchronization mechanisms are needed. For ....

....program. Some implementation work is still in progress with considerations support for synchronized and nonsynchronized actions as well as for text voice and video channels. ffl COLA: Mechanisms for sharing objects using group tools. Cooperating Objects in Lightweight Activities (COLA) [57] is a platform aiming at providing programming support based on lightweight mechanisms for sharing objects. The model is based on mediating the sharing of information as opposed to other approaches which are usually based on the control of exchange of information. In an attempttoprovide generic ....

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Jonathan Trevor, Tom Rodden, and Gordon Blair. COLA: A Lightweight Platform for CSCW. In Proceedingsof the 3rd EuropeanConferenceon CSCW (ECSCW'93), pages 15--30, September 1993.

....user to be active each time, there will be a role Floor Holder or similar. Hence, users often have little control or none at all in the design of the roles and which are their capabilities, since they are hardwired to the application itself. Some examples of these tools can be found in [GROVE] [COLA] and [ALLIANCE] 4. Applications for coordinating users At the other side we find applications designed to explicitly describe user and group behaviour. These applications allows a special user to state with some language which are the procedures that should be fulfilled to accomplish some task. ....

Jonathan Trevor, Tom Rodden, Gordon Blair. (september 1993). "COLA: A Lightweight Platform for CSCW". Proceedings of ECSCW'93.

....semantics of the SOS from the behavioural semantics of the objects. They generally provide a level of indirection between object interfaces and object users as a way to dynamically impose specific cooperative functionality to otherwise cooperation unaware object behaviour. The COLA system [Trevor, 93; Trevor, 94] has shown that using object adapters gives us the following advantages: Object reusability and interoperability: Instead of including too much cooperative semantics into the objects themselves, this functionality can be imposed from outside of the object by the use of adapters. ....

Trevor, J., Rodden, T. and Blair, G. S., COLA: A Lightweight Platform for CSCW, Proc. 1993 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Milan, Kluwer, 1993.

....existing applications through the provision of flexible group mechanisms which can be used support groups of people working together. This approach is categorised as being lightweight. The COLA (Cooperating Objects in Lightweight Activities) model is such a lightweight model for supporting CSCW [Trevor, 1993] [Trevor, 1994] It focuses on a representation of cooperation which can be used to enhance existing distributed services and communication systems. This approach allows future, additional, services to develop more detailed and realistic models of cooperation. The lightweight COLA model attempts ....

....new and existing applications through the provision of flexible group mechanisms which can be used support groups of people working together. 4.3. The COLA lightweight model The COLA (Cooperating Objects in Lightweight Activities) model and platform is a lightweight model for supporting CSCW [Trevor, 1993] [Trevor, 1994] It focuses on a representation of cooperation which can be used to enhance existing distributed services and communication systems. This approach allows future, additional, services to develop more detailed and realistic models of cooperation and may also allow further study into ....

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Trevor, J., Rodden, T., Blair, G.S. (1993): "COLA: A Lightweight Platform for CSCW." in Proceedings of ECSCW'93, Sept. 13-17, Milan, Italy, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993, pp.15-30.

....the shared object service may be people, services, or applications. Each of these are clients of the service and have an associated context. This context information can be used to represent external activities surrounding the shared object store. For example, within a lightweight activity model [26] supported by the service this context is described by a triple of the form: name, role, activity condition To perform access control, the client s context must be presented to the adapter when an operation is invoked. Each adapter contains a set of rules that determines which operations are ....

....the allowable access, the higher up on the ladder a client can reach and the more operations can be used. This arrangement closely ties access to the cooperative use of objects. The access model currently provided by our shared object service is associated with a lightweight activity model [26]. Cooperative Object Presentation Object adapters can also selectively present and change the interfaces of one or more underlying objects. Operations presented by an adapter are mapped onto an underlying object interface and may filter out operations provided by an object. Unlike interfaces ....

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Trevor, J., Rodden, T. and Blair, G.S. COLA: A Lightweight Platform for CSCW. In Proceedings of ECSCW93. (Sept. 13-17, Milan, Italy), Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993, pp 15-30

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Trevor, J., T. Rodden, and G. Blair: `COLA: A lightweight platform for CSCW,' Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW). An International Journal, vol. 3, no. 2, 1995, pp. 197-224.

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