R. Benjamins, "Problem-Solving Methods for Diagnosis and Their Role in Knowledge Acquisition," Int'l J. of Expert Systems: Research and Applications, vol. 2, no. 8, 1995, pp. 93--120.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... development of new applications from scratch [3,9,14] At present there exist libraries that bring together problem solving methods for a wide range of different problems, such as the CommonKADS library [5] Libraries have also been designed for specific tasks, such as, for example, for diagnosis [2], for design [7] or for planning [24] This paper presents a problem solving method for modelling the unprotocolised treatment administration task in medicine. This task has often been modelled as a planning protocol directed therapy task. This is the case with Oncocin [22] which was ....

Benjamins R. Problem-solving methods for diagnosis and their role in knowledge acquisition. Int J Expert Syst: Res Appl 1995;8(2):93 -- 120.

....Task. Such a selection can be achieved according to the current context of solving and or to some meta level decisions (e.g. time constraints or user preferences) As pointed out by different works, dynamic selection of Tasks and Methods emphasises capacities such as flexibility or robustness [2]. 2.2 Tasks and Methods as a modelling paradigm Different projects considering the C1 context have constructed operationalisation languages that propose built in definitions of Tasks and Methods (e.g. LISA [13] MML [10] or TIPS [18] If one considers context C2, what was presented in the ....

R. Benjamins, Problem-solving methods for diagnosis and their role in knowledge acquisition. International Journal of Expert Systems: Research and Applications 8(2):93-120, 1995.

....the resolution of this conflict in x3.4.3. page 13 of 73 P[1] domesticSalesDown, inflationDown P[2] foriegnSalesUp, publicConfidenceUp, inflationDown P[3] domesticSalesDown, companyProfitsDown, corporateSpendingDown, wagesRestraintUp P[4] domesticSalesDown, inflationDown, wagesRestraintUp P[5]: foriegnSalesUp, publicConfidenceUp, inflationDown, wagesRestraintUp P[6] foriegnSalesUp, companyProfitsUp, corporateSpendingUp, investorConfidenceUp Figure 10: Proofs from Figure 9 connecting OUT= finvestorConfidenceUp, wagesRestraintUp, inflationDowng back to INputs= fforiegnSalesUp, ....

....wagesRestraintUp, inflationDowng back to INputs= fforiegnSalesUp, domesticSalesDowng. company profits investor confidence foriegn sales corporate spending wages restraint inflation public confidence Figure 11: World #1 is generated from Figure 9 by combining P[2] P[5], and P[6] World #1 assumes companyProfitsUp and covers 100 of the known OUTputs. page 14 of 73 company profits foriegn sales company profits foriegn sales corporate spending wages restraint domestic inflation sales public confidence corporate spending wages restraint ....

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R. Benjamins. Problem-Solving Methods for Diagnosis and their Role in Knowledge Ac- 1375 quisition. International Journal of Expert Systems: Research & Applications, 8(2):93-- 120, 1995.

.... 1993] ffl The KADS problem solving methods for diagnosis [Wielinga et al. 1992] is very different to the assumption space exploration model proposed by the model based diagnosis community [Hamscher et al. 1992] Note that the KADS diagnosis model continues to change at a rapid rate (e.g. [Benjamins, 1995]) Knowledge developed in one context may not be usefully reusable in another. Corbridge et al. report a study in which subjects had to extract knowledge from an expert dialogue using a variety of abstract pattern tools [Corbridge et al. 1995] In that study, subjects were supplied with ....

Benjamins, V. (1995). Problem-Solving Methods for Diagnosis and their Role in Knowledge Acquisition. International Journal of Expert Systems: Research & Applications, 8(2):93--120.

....problems are necessary in order to build relatively complete and competent systems. This line of research resulted in collections of problem solving methods to be used in conjunction with domain ontologies as well as the relevant domain knowledge. See, e.g. Puppe,1993, Schreiber Wielinga,1994, Benjamins, 1995, Motta Zdrahal,1996] The idea of using domain ontologies aims at reusing part of the domain knowledge in different systems. i.e. a domain is characterised by a set of objects which are referred to by a set of terms which are deemed relevant and which can be used by different systems to handle ....

Benjamins, R. (1995) Problem solving methods for diagnosis and their role in knowledge acquisition. International Journal of Expert Systems: Research and Applications, 2(8):93--120, 1995.

.... Figure 10: A theory processed by HT4. P[1] domesticSalesDown, inflationDown P[2] foriegnSalesUp, publicConfidenceUp, inflationDown P[3] domesticSalesDown, companyProfitsDown, corporateSpendingDown, wagesRestraintUp P[4] domesticSalesDown, inflationDown, wagesRestraintUp P[5]: foriegnSalesUp, publicConfidenceUp, inflationDown, wagesRestraintUp P[6] foriegnSalesUp, companyProfitsUp, corporateSpendingUp, investorConfidenceUp Figure 11: Proofs from Figure 10 connecting OUT= finvestorConfidenceUp, wagesRestraintUp, inflationDowng back to INputs= fforiegnSalesUp, ....

....(denoted base controversial assumptions or A.b) We can used A. b to find con page 15 of 56 company profits investor confidence foriegn sales corporate spending wages restraint inflation public confidence Figure 12: World #1 is generated from Figure 10 by combining P[2] P[5], and P[6] World #1 assumes companyProfitsUp and covers 100 of the known OUTputs. company profits foriegn sales company profits foriegn sales corporate spending wages restraint domestic inflation sales public confidence corporate spending wages restraint inflation ....

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R. Benjamins. Problem-Solving Methods for Diagnosis and their Role in Knowledge Acquisition. International Journal of Expert Systems: Research & Applications, 8(2):93-- 120, 1995.

....with the author of that edge; e.g. author 1 and 2. fDown cDown gDown aUp xUp yUp dUp World #2 cUp gUp eUp dUp yUp xUp World #1 bUp aUp 1 1 1 1 fDown bUp 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Figure 2: Two generated worlds from Figure 1. Edges are labeled with the author of that edge; e.g. author 1 and 2. P[1] = aUp xUp yUp dUp; P[2] aUp cUp gUp dUp; P[3] aUp cUp gUp eUp; P[4] bUp cDown gDown fDown; P[5] bUp fDown. These proofs may contain assumptions, i.e. literals that are not known FACTS. Continuing the example of Figure 1, if FACTS is the union of IN and OUT, ....

....are fcUp, cDowng (denoted base controversial assumptions or A.b) We can used A.b to find consistent belief sets called worlds W. A proof P[i] is in W[j] if that proof does not conflict with the environment ENV[j] an environment is a maximal consistent subset of A. b) In our example, ENV[1]=fcUpg and ENV[2] fcDowng 1 . Hence, W[1] fP[1] P[2] P[3] P[5]g and W[2] fP[1] P[4] P[5]g (see Figure 2) Note that while inconsistencies may be detectable within the knowledge base, each world is guaranteed to be consistent. 1 The connection of HT4 to DeKleer s ATMS system [10] is explored ....

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V.R. Benjamins. Problem-Solving Methods for Diagnosis and their Role in Knowledge Acquisition. International Journal of Expert Systems: Research & Applications, 8(2):93--120, 1995.

.... several research groups are working on knowledge engineering approaches that incorporate reusable problem solving methods (Klinker et al. 1991; Musen, 1992; Puppe 1993; Steels 1990; Wielinga et al. 1992; Chandrasekaran Johnson, 1993; Breuker Van de Velde, 1994; Schreiber et al. 1994a; Benjamins, 1995). An underlying assumption in most of these approaches is that reusable methods can be stored in libraries. Developers can retrieve, specialize, and combine these methods to from the reasoning part of a knowledge based system. The PROT G II system (Puerta et al. 1992; Eriksson et al. 1995) ....

R. Benjamins (1995): Problem-Solving Methods for Diagnosis and Their Role in Knowledge Acquisition, International Journal of Expert Systems: Research and Applications, 8(2):93---120.

....the AI field (e.g. 2, 3, 8, 22 24, 29, 64, 95, 96, 105] argue that, roughly speaking, that human knowledge is context dependent. SC is a challenge to much of current knowledge acquisition (KA) which assumes that old ontologies or problem solving methods can be reused for new applications (e.g. [4, 7, 12, 18, 25, 41,48, 49,52, 63,72, 82,83, 92,97, 98,104]) 25 This paper explores the extent of the SC challenge for reuse based KA. We begin Submitted to a special issue of the International Journal of Human Computer Studies: The Challenge of Situated Cognition for Symbolic Knowledge Based Systems Menzies: KM SC; page 2 of 28 by summarising ....

....same PSM. For example: ffl The PSM proposed by Bredeweg [11] for prediction via qualitative reas 120 oning is different to the qualitative prediction PSM proposed by Tansley Hayball [98] ffl In the literature we can see at least 8 definitions of diagnosis : three from the KADS community [7, 98, 104]; Clancey s heuristic classificationas diagnosis approach [21] Fowler s object oriented approach [46, cph3] 125 Menzies graph theoretic approach based on abduction [68] DeKleer William s approach based around a distinction between a problem solver and a assumption based truth maintenance ....

R. Benjamins. Problem-Solving Methods for Diagnosis and their Role in Knowledge Ac- 765 quisition. International Journal of Expert Systems: Research & Applications, 8(2):93-- 120, 1995.

....tasks. In this paper, we are interested in conditions of Psms without committing ourselves to how they will be used. Several ways have been put forward to express applicability conditions. In Knowledge Engineering, examples include task features [1] assumptions [2, 8] suitability criteria [4], resources and process characteristics [14] and method ontologies [10] In dynamic reasoning, examples include applicability conditions [24, 23] additional knowledge of problem solving actions Richard Benjamins is supported by the Netherlands Computer Science Research Foundation ....

....inter relationships (Section 2.2) Section 3 presents how sorted First Order Predicate Logic (FOPL) can be used as a language to formalize assumptions. Some example formalizations are given from the select propose check revise method (SPCR) as discussed in [8, 9] Section 3. 1) and from diagnosis [3, 4] (Section 3.2) In Section 4, we conclude the paper. 2 A conceptual organization for assumptions As stated in the introduction, most work dealing with Psm assumptions considers them as an unorganized set of labels. In this section, we propose a conceptual organization to understand assumptions ....

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V. R. Benjamins. Problem-solving methods for diagnosis and their role in knowledge acquisition. International Journal of Expert Systems: Research and Applications, 8(2):93--120, 1995.

....of Psms without committing ourselves to how they will be used. Several ways have been put forward to express applicability conditions. In Knowledge Engineering, examples include task features [Aamodt et al. 1992] assumptions [Akkermans et al. 1994, Fensel, 1995] suitability criteria [Benjamins, 1995], resources and process characteristics [Pierret Golbreich, 1994] and method ontologies [Gennari et al. 1994] In dynamic reasoning, examples include applicability conditions [Vanwelkenhuysen Rademakers, 1990, van Marcke, 1990] additional knowledge of problem solving Now at Dept. of ....

....how sorted First Order Predicate Logic (FOPL) can be used as a language to formalize assumptions. Some example formalizations are given from the select propose check revise method (SPCR) as discussed in [Fensel, 1995, Fensel et al. 1995] Section 3. 1) and from diagnosis [Benjamins, 1993, Benjamins, 1995] Section 3.2) Section 3.3 illustrates some proofs, and in Section 4 we describe related work. Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper. 2 A conceptual organization for assumptions As stated in the introduction, most work dealing with Psm assumptions considers them as an unorganized set of ....

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Benjamins, V. R. (1995). Problem-solving methods for diagnosis and their role in knowledge acquisition. International Journal of Expert Systems: Research and Applications, 8(2):92.

....a request (formulated as a task to be realized) the broker has to select adequate PSMs to realize the task. In general, it will not be the case that there is one complete PSM that can be retrieved for this task. The broker thus might need to combine different PSMs that together solve the problem [Benjamins, 1995, Puerta et al. 1992, Runkel Birmingham, 1993, Klinker et al. 1991] One way of doing this is to decompose the task into subtasks and then look for PSMs to realize these subtasks, etc. Once the relevant PSMs are found, the same knowledge can then be used to compose the problem solver from its ....

....etc. Such knowledge is also captured in task ontologies [Benjamins, 1993] besides the vocabulary of the task) In IBROW3, we build on research dealing with the configuration of PSMs, which can either be performed manually [Puerta et al. 1992, Runkel Birmingham, 1993] or semi automatically [Benjamins, 1995, Barros, L. Nunes de et al. 1997, ten Teije et al. 1996, ten Teije, 1997] Adapting PSMs by relating method and domain ontologies Since PSMs are generic components, they have to be adapted to the particular domain knowledge of a customer before we obtain a knowledge system [Gennari et al. ....

Benjamins, V. R. (1995). Problem-solving methods for diagnosis and their role in knowledge acquisition. International Journal of Expert Systems: Research and Applications, 8(2):93--120.

....used. For instance, planning experts would be more interested in support related to the efficient implementation of domain concepts and procedures. However, as a side effect, domain experts and planning experts may also benefit from our analysis of planning. In previous work (Benjamins, 1994; Benjamins, 1995), we have developed a knowledge acquisition tool TinA (Tool in Acquisition) that is based on the notions of tasks, psms, assumptions, domain knowledge and strategies. TinA works by matching assumptions of psms with domain knowledge, and is able to give the following kinds of support: 1) Given a ....

Benjamins, V. R. (1995). Problem-solving methods for diagnosis and their role in knowledge acquisition. International Journal of Expert Systems: Research and Applications, 8(2):93--120.

....stores that act as input and output of inferences. Finally, the control of a PSM describes the order of execution of the inference steps. Control knowledge can be specified in advance, if known, or can be opportunistically determined at run time depending on the dynamic problem solving situation [Ben95] Problem solving methods can be used to efficiently achieve goals of tasks through the application of domain knowledge [FS98] They can play several roles in the knowledge engineering process, such as guiding the acquisition process of domain knowledge and facilitating KBS development through ....

....that such a library will have broad coverage, since each application might need a different (coarse grained) PSM. The alternative approach is to have a library with fine grained PSMs, which are then combined together (i.e. configured) into a reasoner, either manually [PETM92] or automatically [Ben95, BHB97] 3.3.2 Organization of libraries There are several alternatives for organizing a library and each of them has consequences for indexing PSMs and for their selection. Finding the best organization principle for such libraries is still an issue of debate. In the following, we will ....

V. R. Benjamins. Problem-solving methods for diagnosis and their role in knowledge acquisition. International Journal of Expert Systems: Research and Applications, 8(2):93--120, 1995.

....a request (formulated as a task to be realized) the broker has to select adequate PSMs to realize the task. In general, it will not be the case that there is one complete PSM that can be retrieved for this task. The broker thus might need to combine different PSMs that together solve the problem Benjamins, 1995, Puerta et al. 1992, Runkel Birmingham, 1993, Klinker et al. 1991. One way of doing this is to decompose the task into subtasks and then look for PSMs to realize these subtasks, etc. Once the relevant PSMs are found, the same knowledge can then be used to compose the problem solver from the ....

....in task ontologies Benjamins, 1993, besides the vocabulary of the task Ikeda et al. 1997. In IBROW3, we build on research in Knowledge Engineering that deals with the configuration of PSMs, which can be performed manually Puerta et al. 1992, Runkel Birmingham, 1993 or semi automatically Benjamins, 1995, Barros, L. Nunes de et al. 1997, ten Teije et al. 1996, ten Teije, 1997. Adapting PSMs Since PSMs are generic components, the problem solver that is configured out of them has to be adapted to the particular domain knowledge of a customer before we obtain a knowledge system Gennari et al. ....

Benjamins, 1995 Benjamins, V. R. (1995). Problem-solving methods for diagnosis and their role in knowledge acquisition. International Journal of Expert Systems: Research and Applications, 8(2):93--120.

....existing components can be retrieved from libraries. Since our approach involves different models (conceptual, formal, design) and executable code, libraries for each of these should be considered. Several libraries exist to (automatically) support the initial construction of the conceptual model [4, 8, 5]. A library of general formal fragments can be helpful in specifying the formal model [1] In [6] we show how this formal library helps to formalise a diagnostic reasoner. Needless to say that there exist several libraries of executable code in various languages that can also serve our approach. ....

V. R. Benjamins. Problem-solving methods for diagnosis and their role in knowledge acquisition. International Journal of Expert Systems: Research and Applications, 8(2):93--120, 1995.

....such a library will have broad coverage, since each application might need a different (coarse grained) PSM. The alternative approach is to have a library with fine grained PSMs, which are then combined together (i.e. configured) into a reasoner, either manually ( 123] 137] or automatically ([14], 9] 5.2 Organisation of Libraries There are several alternatives for organising a library and each of them has consequences for indexing PSMs and for their selection. Finding the best organisation principle for such libraries is still an issue of debate. In the following, we will present ....

V.R. Benjamins, Problem-solving Methods for Diagnosis and Their Role in Knowledge Acquisition, International Journal of Expert Systems: Research and Applications, 8(2):93-120, 1995.

.... engineering frameworks such as Generic Tasks (Chandrasekaran et al. 1992) Role Limiting Methods (Marcus, 1988) CommonKADS (Schreiber et al. 1994b) the Method to Task approach (Musen, 1992) Components of Expertise (Steels, 1990) GDM (Terpstra et al. 1993) Libraries of PSMs are described in Benjamins, 1995; Breuker and van de Velde, 1994; Chandrasekaran et al. 1992; Puppe, 1993. A PSM defines how the goal of a task can be achieved. It has a competence description, inputs and outputs, and decomposes a task into subtasks and or primitive inferences. In addition, a method specifies the data flow ....

....of a PSM describes the execution order of the inferences. 2. 2 A library of problem solving methods for diagnosis The library of PSMs that we provide through the Web contains PSMs for diagnosis and has been discussed and used in Benjamins, 1993; Benjamins and Jansweijer, 1994; Orsvarn, 1995; Benjamins, 1995; Speel and Aben, 1996. The library covers many different strategies described in the literature, and is applicable to a whole range of different domains (ranging from technical to medical) The time clock used in this paper, only serves as a concrete example. For the aim of this paper, it ....

Benjamins, V. R. (1995). Problem-solving methods for diagnosis and their role in knowledge acquisition. International Journal of Expert Systems: Research and Applications, 8(2):93--120.

....is a declarative description of the input output behavior of the PSM and describes what can be achieved by the PSM. It is also called the competence of a PSM. Assumptions These describe the domain knowledge needed by the PSM to achieve its functionality. Examples of such assumptions in diagnosis (Benjamins, 1995) include the availability of a causal model or of fault models. The assumptions describe what a PSM expects in order to return the functionality it provides. Operational specification This specifies the reasoning process which delivers the specified functionality if the required knowledge is ....

Benjamins, V. R. (1995). Problem-solving methods for diagnosis and their role in knowledge acquisition.

....as so called knowledge components. Knowledge components are object of study in the knowledge engineering community and include problem solving methods and ontologies. In this paper, we are concerned with problem solving methods (PSMs) Nowadays, many PSM repositories exist at different locations [4, 24, 7, 29, 2, 31, 8, 20], which opens, in principle, the way to large scale reuse. There are, however, at least two problems that hamper widespread reuse of these problem solving components: they are neither accessible nor interoperable. In this paper, we present an approach aimed at remedying these two problems. We will ....

V. R. Benjamins. Problem-solving methods for diagnosis and their role in knowledge acquisition. International Journal of Expert Systems: Research and Applications, 8(2):93--120, 1995.

....been written to present the work to a larger community. The article is published in the International Journal of Expert Systems: Research and Applications, volume 8, number 2, pages: 93 120, 1995, and is entitled: Problem Solving Methods for Diagnosis and their Role in Knowledge Acquisition [Benjamins, 1995a] In short, the article presents a library of Psms for diagnosis [Benjamins, 1993] and then presents four experiments that demonstrate how such a library is helpful in knowledge acquisition. A key issues is formed by applicability conditions of Psms, which constitute the interface between Psms ....

....See previous. Assumption user is passive input provider See previous. 2. 8 Formalizations for diagnosis Psms The formalizations presented in this section are based on informal descriptions from literature on diagnosis and on [Benjamins, 1993, Benjamins, 1995a] In the example formalizations, we are concerned with model based diagnosis, where the cause of a fault is identified by reasoning about a model of the device. A device model consists of components with simulation rules that calculate values of output parameters of components based on inputs. ....

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Benjamins, V. R. (1995a). Problem-solving methods for diagnosis and their role in knowledge acquisition. International Journal of Expert Systems: Research and Applications, 8(2):93--120.

....showed how a PSM, originally developed for a temporal abstraction task in a clinical domain, could be reused for a linear abstraction task in a traffic domain. The main conclusion is that reuse is nontrivial but do able. Another paper gave a detailed account of how a library with reusable PSMs (Benjamins, 1995) was used in the construction of a problem solver for a real life application at Unilever (Speel Aben, 1996) Here the main conclusion was that such a library is extremely helpful. A basic question underlying the two papers mentioned above is why can we reuse a PSM Beys et al. 1996 focussed ....

Benjamins, V. R. (1995). Problem-solving methods for diagnosis and their role in knowledge acquisition. International Journal of Expert Systems: Research and Applications, 8(2):93-- 120.

....showed how a PSM, originally developed for a temporal abstraction task in a clinical domain, could be reused for a linear abstraction task in a traffic domain. The main conclusion is that reuse is nontrivial but do able. Another paper gave a detailed account of how a library with reusable PSMs (Benjamins, 1995) was used in the construction of a problem solver for a real life application at Unilever (Speel Aben, 1996) Here the main conclusion was that such a library is extremely helpful. A basic question underlying the two papers mentioned above is why can we reuse a PSM Beys et al. 1996 focussed ....

Benjamins, V. R. (1995). Problem-solving methods for diagnosis and their role in knowledge acquisition. International Journal of Expert Systems: Research and Applications, 8(2):93-- 120.

....a request (formulated as a task to be realised) the broker has to select adequate PSMs to realise the task. In general, it will not be the case that there is one complete PSM that can be retrieved for this task. The broker thus might need to combine different PSMs that together solve the problem [7, 37, 39, 32]. One way of doing this is to decompose the task into subtasks and then look for PSMs to realise these subtasks, etc. Once the relevant PSMs are found, the same knowledge can then be used to compose the problem solver from the selected submethods. In order to do so, the broker needs knowledge ....

....mutually exclusive or dependent, etc. Such knowledge is also captured in task ontologies [6] besides the vocabulary of the task [30] In IBROW3, we build on research in Knowledge Engineering that deals with the configuration of PSMs, which can be performed manually [37, 39] or semi automatically [7, 4, 45, 44]. Adapting PSMs Since PSMs are generic components, the problem solver that is configured out of them has to be adapted to the particular domain knowledge of a customer before we obtain a knowledge system [26] This adaptation process basically consists of relating the configured problem solver to ....

V. R. Benjamins, `Problem-solving methods for diagnosis and their role in knowledge acquisition', International Journal of Expert Systems: Research and Applications, 8(2), 93--120, (1995).

.... The notion of problem solving method (PSM) is present in many current knowledge engineering frameworks such as Generic Tasks [6] Role Limiting Methods [15] KADS [19] CommonKADS [20] the Method to Task approach [16] Components of Expertise [21] GDM [24] Libraries of PSMs are described in [1, 2, 6, 18]. Problem solving methods can be used to efficiently achieve goals of tasks through the application of domain knowledge [11] There are however two relations that need to be understood before PSMs can actually be used: from the PSM to the goal it is supposed to achieve, and from the PSM to the ....

....a particular PSM might only be able to find single faults. If the original task goal Section Title 2 V.R. Benjamins, D. Fensel and R. Straatman assumption name explanation Independence of hypotheses An individual hypothesis explains a set of observations regardless of the other hypothesis [1]. Non intermittency Observations do not change during diagnostic reasoning [1] Fault models complete All possible faults are represented in fault models, which allows to derive that a component is correct if none of its fault models holds (GDE [23] Rule out knowledge Knowledge that reduces the ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

V. R. Benjamins, `Problem-solving methods for diagnosis and their role in knowledge acquisition', International Journal of Expert Systems: Research and Applications, 8(2), 93--120, (1995).

....of Psms without committing ourselves to how they will be used. Several ways have been put forward to express applicability conditions. In Knowledge Engineering, examples include task features [Aamodt et al. 1992] assumptions [Akkermans et al. 1994, Fensel, 1995a] suitability criteria [Benjamins, 1995], resources and process characteristics [Pierret Golbreich, 1994] and method ontologies [Gennari et al. 1994] In dynamic reasoning, examples include applicability conditions [Vanwelkenhuysen Rademakers, 1990, van Marcke, 1990] additional knowledge of problem solving actions ....

....3 presents how sorted First Order Predicate Logic (FOPL) can be used as a language to formalize assumptions. Some example formalizations are given from the select propose check revise method (SPCR) as discussed in [Fensel, 1995a, Fensel, 1995b] Section 3. 1) and from diagnosis [Benjamins, 1993, Benjamins, 1995] Section 3.2) Section 3.3 illustrates some proofs, and in Section 4 we describe related work. Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper. 2 A conceptual organization for assumptions As stated in the introduction, most work dealing with Psm assumptions considers them as an unorganized set of ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Benjamins, V. R. (1995). Problem-solving methods for diagnosis and their role in knowledge acquisition. International Journal of Expert Systems: Research and Applications, 8(2):92.

No context found.

R. Benjamins, "Problem-Solving Methods for Diagnosis and Their Role in Knowledge Acquisition," Int'l J. of Expert Systems: Research and Applications, vol. 2, no. 8, 1995, pp. 93--120.

No context found.

V.R. Benjamins, `Problem-solving methods for diagnosis and their role in knowledge acquisition', International Journal of Expert Systems: Research & Applications, 8(2), 93--120 (1995).

No context found.

Benjamins, R. [1995], `Problem-solving methods for diagnosis and their role in knowledge acquisition', International Journal of Expert Systems: Research & Applications 8(2), 93--120.

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V.R. Benjamins, `Problem-solving methods for diagnosis and their role in knowledge acquisition', International Journal of Expert Systems: Research & Applications, 8(2), 93--120 (1995).

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