David Leake (1993). Learning Adaptation Strategies by Introspective Reasoning about Memory Search. In David Leake, editor, Proceedings AAAI-93 Case-Based Reasoning Workshop, vol- ume WS-93-01, pages 57--63, Menlo Park, CA. ftp://ftp.cs.indiana.edu/pub/leake/INDEX.html, AAAI Press.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....knowledge for new problems. One approach to overcome the necessary knowledge engineering effort is the automatic learning of adaptation knowledge. Until now there are only few investigations in learning adaptation knowledge. Some approaches for learning adaptation knowledge can be found in DIAL (David Leake, 1993; Leake, 1995b; Leake, 1995a) or CHEF (Hammond, 1986; Hammond, 1989) These systems use knowledge intensive derivational analogy approaches (Carbonell, 1986; Veloso and Carbonell, 1993) to learn adaptation knowledge. Knowledge intensive means that these approaches require a lot of background and ....

David Leake (1993). Learning Adaptation Strategies by Introspective Reasoning about Memory Search. In David Leake, editor, Proceedings AAAI-93 Case-Based Reasoning Workshop, vol- ume WS-93-01, pages 57--63, Menlo Park, CA. ftp://ftp.cs.indiana.edu/pub/leake/INDEX.html, AAAI Press.

....of these issues should be the topic of further research. Finally we close with a short discussion and an outlook to further work. 1 Introduction Until now there are only few investigations in learning adaptation knowledge. Some approaches for learning adaptation knowledge can be found in DIAL (David Leake, 1993; Leake, 1995b; Leake, 1995a) or CHEF (Hammond, 1986; Hammond, 1989) These systems use knowledge intensive derivational analogy approaches (Carbonell, 1986; Veloso and Carbonell, 1993) to learn adaptation knowledge. Knowledge intensive means that these approaches require a lot of background and ....

David Leake (1993). Learning Adaptation Strategies by Introspective Reasoning about Memory Search. In David Leake, editor, Proceedings AAAI-93 Case-Based Reasoning Workshop, volume WS-93-01, pages 57--63, Menlo Park, CA. ftp://ftp.cs.indiana.edu/pub/leake/INDEX.html, AAAI Press.

....are undesirable, as is lack of movement; in other applications, any other suitable performance metric could be used instead. In traditional case based reasoning systems, case adaptation is carried out using a rule based system which utilizes a hand coded set of adaptation rules (e.g. 24] but cf. [32]) SINS, in contrast, uses a kind of reinforcement learning method to provide the functionality necessary for case adaptation. The issues underlying the integration of multiple learning strategies into a single multistrategy learning system is discussed in more detail in [48] One difference ....

D.B. Leake, Learning Adaptation Strategies by Introspective Reasoning about Memory Search, in: Proceedings of the AAAI-93 Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning (AAAI Press, Menlo Park, CA, 1993) 57--63.

.... have indirectly presented adaptation as a problem of knowledge transfer in Analogical Reasoning (Reasoning based on examples) 3] 21] 6] and other important contributions have been made about different facets of adaptation such as : ffl Memory Search oriented adaptation by David Leake [16, 2] ffl Adaptability driven adaptation by Padraig Cunningham, Barry Smith and Mark Keane [22] 23] Trinity College, Dublin) ffl Adaptation guided by constraints expressions by Ian Smith and Boi Faltings [24] 13] etc. Our proposal is based on an analysis of these previous works and on our proper ....

....If they are not independent these substitutions have to be considered as only one big substitution at the higher level. The complexity of such a substitution can be important [24] but can, in turn be considered as a new problem solving situation, and adaptation cases can be used to make it easier[11, 16]. The A unifying framework for Adaptation in Case Based Reasoning2 A. Mille, B. Fuchs and O. Herbeaux substitution methods depend of the type of item, and has to be applied in order to reduce a function which evaluates the level of discrepancy between the Source Item with the context of the ....

David B. LEAKE, `Learning adaptation strategies by introspective reasoning about memory search', in AAAI93 Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning, pp. 57--63, (1993).

....application, and the differences between current and past cases. The complexity of adaptation implies the acquisition of adaptation knowledge. Thus, the knowledge acquisition problem that sometimes justify the use of the CBR paradigm is raising again. The use of learning techniques as sketched in [5] allows to learn adaptation using a CBR process. We think that learning is the only way to cope with adaptation because this enhances the quality and the flexibility of the process. The approach of B. Smyth ( 10] 11] avoids complex adaptations by an attempt to evaluate the cost of the ....

David B. Leake, `Learning adaptation strategies by introspective reasoning about memory search', in Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Case based reasoning, ed., AAAI Press, pp. 57--63, MenloPark, CA, (1993).

.... approach is applied to plans, we refer to it as case based planning (Hammond 1989) Metacognitive strategies have been used in previous case based reasoning approaches (Cox 1995; Fox Leake 1995; Kennedy 1995; Leake 1995; Oehlmann 1995; Oehlmann et al. 1994; Oehlmann et al. 1995) In addition, Leake (1993) and Oehlmann et al. 1993) have employed case based planning approaches to perform case adaptation. However, these earlier examples of adaptation planning do not use metacognitive strategies such as selection and monitoring. Therefore we have developed an approach to plan adaptation which ....

Leake, D. 1993. Learning Adaptation Strategies by Introspective Reasoning about Memory Search. Proceedings of the AAAI-93 Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning, 57--69. Menlo Park, Calif.: AAAI Press.

....on issues of how learning goals arise, how they affect learner decisions of when and what to learn, and how they guide the learning process. It is increasingly evident that investigation of goal driven learning can benefit from bringing these perspectives together in a multidisciplinary effort (Leake Ram, 1993). The central idea underlying goal driven learning is that because the value of learning depends on how well the learning contributes to achieving the learner s goals, the learning process should be guided by reasoning about the information that is needed to serve those goals. The effectiveness of ....

.... Ram, Cox, Narayanan, to appear) A reasoner may need to modify the underlying representational vocabulary if its vocabulary is found to be inadequate (e.g. Schlimmer, 1987; Wrobel, 1988) In some situations, a reasoner might also need to add to its repertoire of reasoning strategies (e.g. Leake, 1993). When a reasoning failure is detected, the reasoning trace is analyzed, in a process called credit blame assignment, to find the source of the failure (Freed Collins, this volume; Hammond, 1989; Krulwich, this volume; Minsky, 1963; Ram Cox, 1994; Weintraub, 1991) Blame assignment may be ....

Leake, D.B. (1993). Learning Adaptation Strategies by Introspective Reasoning about Memory Search. In D.B.

....expertise embodied in their libraries of problem solving cases with increased expertise at the case based reasoning process itself. This effort applies introspective reasoning and learning methods to improve memory organization retrieval criteria (Fox Leake, 1994, 1995) and case adaptation (Leake, 1993, 1994) After sketching some psychological perspective on case based reasoning as a model of expertise we summarize ongoing research on how a casebased reasoner can acquire expertise at case adaptation as a natural part of its case adaptation process. 2 CASES AND EXPERTISE Reasoning from ....

.... process transforms queries (Kolodner, 1984) using an introspective planning process involving internal mental operators (Hunter, 1990) describing how to search for information, such as to find a cause for an actor s state, search for an action performed by the actor that could cause that state (Leake, 1993, 1994) The memory search process operationalizes (Mostow, 1983) chains of abstract adaptation rules: it provides the information needed to effectively apply them to concrete problems. Because explanation based generalization is crucially concerned with the problem of operationalization (DeJong ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Leake, D. (1993). Learning adaptation strategies by introspective reasoning about memory search. In Proceedings of the AAAI-93 Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning, pp. 57--63 Washington, DC.

.... Leake, D. ed. 1996, Case Based Reasoning: Experiences, Lessons, and Future Directions. Menlo Park: AAAI Press MIT Press, 1996. Chapter 1 CBR in Context: The Present and Future David B. Leake 1 Reasoning from Remindings A father taking his two year old son on a walk reaches an intersection and asks ....

Leake, D. 1993a. Learning adaptation strategies by introspective reasoning about memory search.

....on issues of how learning goals arise, how they affect learner decisions of when and what to learn, and how they guide the learning process. It is increasingly evident that investigation of goal driven learning can benefit from bringing these perspectives together in a multidisciplinary effort (Leake Ram, 1993). The central idea underlying goal driven learning is that, because the value of learning depends on how well the learning contributes to achieving the learner s goals, the learning process should be guided by reasoning about the information that is needed to serve those goals. The effectiveness ....

.... 7; Ram, Cox, Narayanan chapter 18) A reasoner may need to modify the underlying representational vocabulary if its vocabulary is found to be inadequate (e.g. Schlimmer, 1987; Wrobel, 1988) In some situations, a reasoner might also need to add to its repertoire of reasoning strategies (e.g. Leake, 1993). When a reasoning failure is detected, the reasoning trace is analyzed, in a process called credit blame assignment, to find the source of the failure (Birnbaum, Collins, Freed Krulwich, 1990; Hammond, 1989; Minsky, 1963; Ram Cox, 1994 chapter 7; Weintraub, 1991) Blame assignment may be ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Leake, D.B. (1993). Learning Adaptation Strategies by Introspective Reasoning about Memory Search. In D.B. Leake, editor, Proceedings of the AAAI-93 Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning, pages 57--63, AAAI Press, Menlo Park, CA.

....an adaptation rule can be a difficult part of the case adaptation process. We can view the problem of finding the information needed to adapt cases as a problem in operationalizing (Mostow, 1983) abstract structural transformations by gathering the domain specific information needed to apply them Leake (1993). The need to search memory for information to operationalize abstract adaptation rules arises not only during case adaptation for explanation, as in the previous example, but for any task being solved by case based reasoning. For example, in case based planning, one problem that can arise in ....

....goals: In order to search for the information needed to adapt a case, a reasoner must be able to describe the goal of its search. This section discusses how our model identifies the type of information it needs for an adaptation problem in order to represent it as an explicit knowledge goal (Leake Ram, 1993; Ram, 1987) a goal to acquire a particular type of knowledge to guide the later information search process. The only input information required is the standard type of input that case based reasoning systems provide to their adaptation components: a description of the problem that ....

Leake, D. (1993). Learning adaptation strategies by introspective reasoning about memory search. In Proceedings of the AAAI-93 Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning, pp. 57--63 Washington, DC. AAAI. AAAI Press technical report WS-93-01.

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