Sellen, S. and Buxton, B., Using Spatial Cues to Improve Videoconferencing, Proc. CHI'92, May 3-9, 1992, pp 651-652, ACM Press.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....Boulder, Colorado, USA. Copyright 2001ACM 1 58113 294 8 01 0009. 5.00. include various attempts to arrange multiple video views into a spatially consistent framework, for example, overlaying them on a semi transparent drawing surface [7] through an arrangement of small displays and cameras [15], or larger projected displays and cameras [6] However, although such approaches may provide a greater degree of spatial consistency among participants, it is not clear that they can support presentations involving more than just a few participants, for example the larger audiences envisaged for ....

Sellen, S. and Buxton, B., Using Spatial Cues to Improve Videoconferencing, Proc. CHI'92, May 3-9, 1992, pp 651652, ACM Press

....take a very simplistic approach to gaze, using it to broadly indicate attention (e.g. 9] but ignoring the myriad other social cues gaze provides. Some interfaces do attempt to recreate meaningful gaze in a mediated environment, but these quickly become immense and baroque systems: Hydra[37], a relatively simple system, requires n (n 1) cameras and monitors (where n is the number of participants) and Lanier describes an immersive approach [26] that uses numerous cameras, fast processors and more bandwidth than is available even at high speed research hubs to facilitate a casual ....

....correct point of view; with more, it is not, at least not without more cameras. There have been a number of experimental designs made to address this problem. These fall into two categories: one can use multiple cameras and displays to extend the one to one videoconference model (e.g. Hydra [37]) or one can use a combination of three D modelling and head tracking gear to create a video driven synthetic space (e.g. tele immersion [26] With the former approach, multiple cameras and displays are placed throughout one s space. Each participant is seen in his or her individual monitor and ....

Sellen, A., Buxton, W. & Arnott, J.: Using spatial cues to improve videoconferencing. In: Proceedings of CHI '92 (1992) 651-652

.... such as Data Dentata (tele handshaking) Goldberg and Wallace 1992) InTouch (tele tactical interaction) Brave and Dahley 1997) and GestureCam (tele robotic gesturing) Kuzuoka and Ishimoda 1995) Even more closely related is work by the Ontario Telepresence Group using Video Surrogates, Hydra (Sellen, Buxton et al. 1992), and Door Access Control to explore the use of physical proxies as portals for CMC. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE PRoPs are designed from simple mobile robot bases with modifications to slow them to human walking pace and a 1.5 meter vertical pole to provide a realistic human vantage for the camera. On ....

Sellen, A., B. Buxton, et al. (1992). Using spatial cues to improve videoconferencing.

....superiomposed drawing video signal control signal Instructor s site Operator s site instructor operator Figure 2. An example configuration of the GestureCam system. Expected Advantages of the GestureCam System We anticipate the possibility of the GestureCam acting as a surrogate (Sellen Buxton, 1992) instructor. That is, we expect the GestureCam to be able to function as the instructor s head, eyes, and finger. In order to evaluate that possibility, we wished to investigate the following points: ffl Can the instructor control the GestureCam easily enough so that he she can look around and ....

Sellen, A. and Buxton, W. (1992): "Using Spatial Cues to Improve Videoconferencing ". In Proceedings of CHI'92, 1992, pp. 651--652.

....environment. Therefore, we saw discussions usually revolved around people in the classroom. Many researchers have proposed solutions to the above problems. Examples are Ishii s ClearBoard [2] which supports life sized videos for an illusion of a face to face interaction; the Hydra system [4] which establishes personal space by allocating multiple monitor, speaker and microphone sets to each participant; and Vertegaal s GAZE Group System [5] which uses eye tracking devices to support gaze awareness. Although these systems are proven to be extremely useful, they are expensive and ....

Sellen, A., and Buxton, B. Using spatial cues to improve videoconferencing. In CHI '92 (Monterey, CA, May 1992).

....and special setups since if one is looking at the monitor, one cannot (without a special setup as in the previous experiment) also be looking at the camera. In addition, for multiple participants one would need a separate camera monitor setup per participant. Such systems have been explored [26] but these are too cumbersome to be of general use. In one such system, Muhlbach et al. [21] found that eye contact, although not a critical factor in one on one conversation, was very important in multi party communication. Without eye contact there was significantly less feeling of being looked ....

Sellen, A., Buxton, W. & Arnott, J. Using spatial cues to improve videoconferencing. Proceedings of CHI '92, 651-652. 1992.

....She 68 MACKAY Figure 3. 8 Hydra incorporates a video camera, monitor and directional microphone into a small table top unit that can act as a proxy for distant participants of a meeting compared same room and video mediated conversations, using two interfaces, including a system called Hydra [Sel92b]. Figure 3.8 shows three Hydra units, each with a small video camera, monitor and directional microphone, which act as proxies for distant meeting participants. Real and video mediated participants could react to each other as they would if all were co present in the same room. Sellen found ....

Sellen, A., Buxton, W. and Arnott, J., Using spatial cues to improve videoconferencing. Video in Conference Companion: HumanFactors in Computing Systems, CHI '92 (Monterey, CA), pages 651--652. ACM Press, New York, 1992.

....one microphone, one camera, and one video monitor in each room. Realization of direction hearing and establishing eye contact between the members in and between dislocated groups are new challenges. see also the related discussion of multiparty videoconferencing in the context of the Hydra system [24]) The problems are mainly due to limitation of the technology currently available. Of course, one would like to exploit more information about the location of each group member in the room. In addition, multipoint communication would allow participants to contribute to the discussion directly ....

Sellen, A., Buxton, B., Arnott, J. Using spatial cues to improve videoconferencing. Proceedings of the CHI'92 Conference, Monterey, CA, USA (May 3-7, 1992), 651-652. (Video description)

....privacy in a video conference tend to be unwieldy at best. This also leads onto another important issue which is that of gaze direction. Research has shown that gaze direction, gaze awareness, mutual gaze and head turning play a vital role in aiding turn taking and providing communication feedback [Sellen, 1992]. Other research has indicated the importance of understanding the viewpoints of others when engaged in collaborative design work [Shu and Flowers, 1992] However, traditional video conferencing systems do not support gaze direction: looking into the camera only serves to give the impression that ....

....support gaze direction: looking into the camera only serves to give the impression that one is looking at all the other participants simultaneously. A few video conferencing systems have been developed in such a way as to attempt to introduce support for gaze direction. Hydra is one such system [Sellen, Buxton and Arnott, 1992, Sellen, 1992] as is MAJIC [Okada et al. 1994] Hydra is a system which is composed of small units each containing a monitor, video camera, microphone and speaker. Each unit represents a participant in a conference and the units are arranged around each participant forming surrogates of the ....

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Sellen, A., Buxton, B. and Arnott, J. (1992), Using Spatial Cues to Improve Videoconferencing, Proc. CHI`92, Monterey, California, May 3-7, 1992, ACM Press, pp. 651652.

....[10] We anticipate that the integration of video and CVEs may ease some of these problems by situating video views of local physical domains within a consistent spatial environment. This approach also builds on previous attempts to support gaze direction in video conferencing (e.g. the Hydra [13] and Majic [11] systems) In contrast to these previous approaches which require the careful configuration of cameras and monitors into a mutually consistent spatial arrangement, the more software oriented approach of displaying video within CVEs may afford more dynamic configurability. Providing ....

Sellen, S. and Buxton, B., Using Spatial Cues to Improve Videoconferencing, Proc. CHI'92, May 3-9, 1992, pp 651-652, ACM Press.

....and which supports awareness and chance encounters between the occupants of physical and synthetic space. INTRODUCTION Interest in spatial approaches to CSCW has grown over recent years. Specific examples of the spatial approach include media spaces [2] spatially oriented video conferencing [12, 13, 19], collaborative virtual environments [1, 24] and tele presence systems [14] There has recently been some debate as to the relationship between these various technologies and of their underlying interpretations of shared space (e.g. the panel held at ECSCW 95) This paper aims to contribute to ....

....at whom one is gazing. Several researchers have recognised this problem and have tried to introduce support for gaze into video conferencing. For example, the Hydra system utilised an arrangement of miniature televisions on a table top to give each participant a consistent representation of gaze [19] and the MAJIC system used video projection techniques to achieve the same effect for three participant meetings [12] As a slightly different example, the Clearboard system demonstrated the integration of two video streams and a shared drawing surface into a spatially consistent environment in ....

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Sellen, S. and Buxton, B., Using Spatial Cues to Improve Videoconferencing, Proc. CHI'92, May 39, 1992, pp 651-652, ACM Press.

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Sellen, S. and Buxton, B., Using Spatial Cues to Improve Videoconferencing, Proc. CHI'92, May 3-9, 1992, pp 651-652, ACM Press.

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