Small, H. (1973). Co-citation in the Scientific Literature: A New Measure of the Relationship Between Two Documents. J. of the American Soc. for Inform. Science, 24(4), 265--270.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....apply to collections of complete documents rather than document fragments. For example, attempts to classify documents according to their term frequency distributions or overall structure of section headings will be less e#ective when applied to document fragments. Inferences made from cocitation [15] and biblographic coupling [8] will also be less informative when they are applied to document fragments rather than documents. If the hyperlinks from a document occur in separate sections represented by separate URLs, then these cocitations may be obscured. The same is true for co occurence of ....

H. G. Small. Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents. Journal of American Society for Information Science, 24(4):265--269, 1973.

....terms of the number of references two papers have in common. He showed that a clustering based on this measure yields related groupings of papers by finding a number of papers bear a meaningful relation to each other when they have one or more references in common [1] Marshakova [2] and Small [3] independently developed coupling further by noting that if two references are cited together in a publication, then the two references are themselves related. The greater the number of times they are cited together, the greater their co citation strength. As shown in Figure 1, the major ....

Henry Small. Co-citation in scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents. In Journal of the American Society for Information Science, pages 265 269, 1973.

....and StudentB, and the home page of their university Univ. Edges between nodes represent hyperlinks from one page to another. From the fact that both are referenced (linked to) by Univ, we may infer that ProfA and ProfB are similar, and some previous algorithms are based on this co citation [10] information. We generalize this idea by observing that once we have concluded similarity between ProfA and ProfB, and considering that ProfA and ProfB reference StudentA and StudentB respectively, we can also conclude that StudentA and StudentB are similar. Continuing forth, we can infer some ....

Henry Small. Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 24:265--269, 1973.

....information about the data. For example, the web graph has been analyzed using the PageRank [13] and HITS [11] algorithms to identify web pages likely to be deemed important by the user. The citation structure of scientific papers has been analyzed to find papers related to a given paper [8, 10, 14]. These techniques have in common that they analyze graph structures for predetermined properties. Although such analyses can be very effective, coming up with a good property for analysis is often a challenge, especially when little is known about the data to begin with. Moreover, by fixing ....

....under grant IIS 9817799 and by a Junglee Stanford Graduate Fellowship. StudentC Prof1 Prof2 Univ StudentA StudentB Figure 1: Graph example. One possibility is to conclude that Prof1 and Prof2 are similar because they are both pointed to by Univ, as in the commonly used co citation metric [14]. Analogously, we may conclude that StudentB and StudentC are similar because they are both pointed to by Prof2. On the other hand, we may argue that StudentA, StudentB, and StudentC are all similar because they are pointed to by a node that is pointed to by Univ, as in the SimRank metric [8] ....

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Henry Small. Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 24:265--269, 1973.

....Here we discuss the relationships in further details and emphasize the important roles of in degrees and out degrees. If two distinct webpages p i , p j are co cited by many other webpages p k as in Fig.1, p i , p j are likely to be related in some sense. Thus co citation is a similarity measure[22], defined as the number of webpages that cocite p i , p j : and is computed as C ij = L ki L kj = L L) ij , j. The self co citation C ii is not defined and is usually set to C ii = 0. Also, L L) kk = L jk L jk = L jk = b k is the indegree of p k . This implies diag(L L) D ....

H. Small. Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents. J. Am. Soc. for Info. Sci., 24(4):265--269, 1973. 12

....based on the support and confidence. One of the earlier uses of link structure is found in the analysis of social networks [11] where network properties such as cliques, centroids, and diameters are used to analyze the collective properties of interacting agents. The fields of citation analysis [12, 13, 14] and bibliometrics [15, 16] also use citation links between the works of literature to identify the patterns in collections. Also, most of the search engines perform both link as well as text analysis to improve the quality of search results. Based on link analysis many researchers proposed ....

H.G.Small. Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two docu- ments. Journal of American Society for Information Science, 24, no. 4, pp.265-269, 1973.

....and in the first page of results for 55 percent of the papers. In addition, Rosetta showed consistently good performance for several users searching for the same information. 7. RELATED WORK The value of using citations in documents has been explored extensively in IR research. See [11] [15], and [21] for examples. However, this work has been concerned mainly with what can be inferred about the similarity of documents based on an analysis of citation networks. One intuition supporting this research is that the similarity of two documents varies directly as the number of documents ....

Small, H. Co-citation in the Scientific Literature: A New Measure of the Relationship Between Two Documents. Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 24. 265-269. 1973.

....on the support and confidence. One of the earlier uses of link structure is found in the analysis of social networks [10] where net work properties such as cliques, centroids, and diameters are used to analyze the collective properties of interacting agents. The fields of citation analysis [11, 12, 13] and bibliometrics [14, 15] also use cita tion links between the works of literature to iden tify patterns in collections. Also, most of the search engines perform both link as well as text analysis to improve the quality of search results. Based on link analysis many researchers proposed ....

H.G.Small. Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents. Journal of American Society for Information Science, 24, no. 4, pp.265-269, 1973.

....and StudentB, and the home page of their university Univ. Edges between nodes represent hyperlinks from one page to another. From the fact that both are referenced (linked to) by Univ, we may infer that ProfA and ProfB are similar, and some previous algorithms are based on this co citation [21] information. We generalize this idea by observing that once we have concluded similarity between ProfA and ProfB, and considering that ProfA and ProfB reference StudentA and StudentB respectively, we can also conclude that StudentA and StudentB are similar. Continuing forth, we can infer some ....

....in Information Retrieval and recommender systems, among other areas. Bibliometrics studies the citation patterns of scientific papers (or other publications) and relationships between papers are inferred from their cross citations. Most noteworthy from this field are the methods of co citation [21] and bibliographic coupling [9] In the co citation scheme, similarity between two papers p and q is based on the number of papers which cite both p and q. In bibliographic coupling, similarity is based on the number of papers cited by both p The recursive nature of our algorithm, and thus its ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Henry Small. Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 24:265--269, 1973.

....to search related information in the Web. Next. after explaining , we present the proposed algorithm. 4.1 Cocite The fields of citation analysis [13] and bibliometrics [24] also use citation links between works of literature to identify patterns in collections. Co citation [20] and bibliographic coupling [15] are two of the more fundamental measures used to characterize the similarity between documents. The first measures the number of citations in common between two documents, while the second measures the number of documents that cite both of two documents under ....

....the target page, by dealing with only links we can establish association among pages based on the existence of common children (or URLs) That is, we can establish association among pages through number of common children. We call this relationship as in bibliographical terms if two documents [20] refer a collection of common references, we say, they cocite them. We formally define the relationship in the context of Web environment as below. Figure 2(i) depicts the cocite relationship between pages p and q with qn = 3. Definition 7 Cocite Let u and v are ....

Small, H.G. Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents. Journal of American Society for Information Science, 24, no. 4, pp.265-269, 1973.

....of link analysis to improve the quality of search results as well as mine communities on the Web. 1] proposes that there are two kinds of pages in search results: Hub and authority. # # # # # # #####3 37 ### Fig. 1. Potential hub pages and authority pages in search results Co citation [21] and bibliographic coupling [20] are two more fundamental measures to be used to characterize the similarity between two documents. Cocitation measures the number of citations (out links) in common between two documents and coupling measures the number of document (in links) that cites both of ....

H. Small, Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents, J. American Soc. Info. Sci., 24(1973), pp 265-269

....relationship to search related information in the Web. Next. after explaining , we present the proposed algorithm. 3 4.1 Cocite The fields of citation analysis [10] and bibliometrics [22] also use citation links between works of literature to identify patterns in collections. Co citation [18] and bibliographic coupling [12] are two of the more fundamental measures used to characterize the similarity between documents. The first measures the number of citations in common between two documents, while the second measures the number of documents that cite both of two documents under ....

....the target page, by dealing with only links we can establish association among pages based on the existence of common children (or URLs) That is, we can establish association among pages through number of common children. We call this relationship as in bibliographical terms if two documents [18] refer a collection of common references, we say, they cocite them. We formally define the relationship in the context of Web environment as below. Figure 2(i) depicts the cocite relationship between pages p and q with = 3. Definition 6 Cocite Let u and v are pages. Then, ....

Small, H.G. Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents. Journal of American Society for Information Science, 24, no. 4, pp.265-269, 1973.

....relationships for web pages. However, these relationships can be extended to nodes (communities, for instance) of any type. 4.1 Cocite The fields of citation analysis [13] and bibliometrics [25] also use citation links between works of literature to identify patterns in collections. Co citation [20] and bibliographic coupling [15] are two of the more fundamental measures used to characterize the similarity between documents. The first measures the number of citations in common between two documents, while the second measures the number of documents that cite both of two documents under ....

....with only links we can establish an association among pages based on the existence of common children (or URLs) That is, we can establish the association among the pages through the number of common children. We call this relationship 99 as in bibliographical terms if two documents [20] refer a collection of common references, we say, they cocite them. We formally define the 4 relationship in the context of Web environment as below. Figure 2(i) depicts the cocite relationship between the pages 1 and 2 with 9 k 9 = 3. Definition 6 Cocite Let 9# be ....

Small, H.G. Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents. Journal of American Society for Information Science, 24, no. 4, pp.265-269, 1973.

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H. Small, "Co-citation in the Scientific Literature: A New Measure of the Relationship between Two Documents," Journal of the American Society of Information Science 24, 265-269 (1973); I. V. Marshakova, "System of Document Connections Based on References, " Nauchno-Teknicheskaia Informatsiia, 2, 3-8 (1973). 17. 607

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Small, H. (1973). Co-citation in the Scientific Literature: A New Measure of the Relationship Between Two Documents. J. of the American Soc. for Inform. Science, 24(4), 265--270.

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H. Small. Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between documents. J. American Soc. Info. Sci., 24:265--269, 1973.

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H. Small, "Co-citation in the Scientific Literature: A New Measure of the Relationship Between Two Documents," Journal of the American Society of Information Science, 24, pp. 265-269, 1973.

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H. Small, "Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents." J. American Soc. Info. Sci., 24(1973), 265-269.

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H. Small. Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 24:265--269, 1973.

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H. Small. Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents. J. Amer. Soc. Info. Sci., 24:265--269, 1973.

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Small, H.: Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents Journal of American Society for Information Science, 24, 4, (1973) 265-269

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H. G. Small. Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents. Journal of American Society for Information Science, 24(4):265--269, 1973.

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H. Small. Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 24:265--269, 1973.

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Small H G. Co-citation in the scientific literature; a new measure of the relationship between two documents. Journal of the A mencan Society for In. formation Science 24:265-9, 1973.

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Small H. Co-citation in the scientific literature; a new measure of the re- lationshi! between two documents. J. ,4met. Soc. Inform. Sci. 24(4):' 265-69, 1973.

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