Ste91 Luc Steels. Towards a theory of emergent functionality. In JeanArcady Meyer and Steward W. Wilson, editors, From Animals to Animats. Proc. of the First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior. The MIT Press/Bradford Books, Cambridge, 1991.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....an increasing order to achieve higher and higher levels of competence. Both the layers of behaviors and the integration of the behaviors are handcoded by the developer. During the following few years after Brooks invention of the behavior based approach, a number of re searchers like L. Steels [10], P. Maes [9] R. Arkin [1] etc. developed different architectures for the behaviorbased approach to robotics. The architectures use different representations and different behavioral coordination methods. In general, simple behaviors are handcoded, and the behaviors are coordinated through ....

L. Steels. Towards a theory of emergent function- ality. In J. Meyer and S. W. Wilson, editors, From Animals to Animats: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior (SAB90), Cambridge, MA, 1991. MIT Press.

..... role of communication procedures by concept formation . cooperative forms of behavior Step 2 For example, if a system is designed to be attracted to walls and to avoid obstacles (elementary behaviors) wall following (a complex behavior) may emerge as a side effect. 16 With L. Steels [St 91] we think, however, that there must be more going on in what he appropriately calls the bootstrapping of a system into more and more complex behaviors. As pointed out earlier, it is our intention for this purpose to investigate the role of tools. An example we have been confronted with during ....

Steels, L., Towards a theory of emergent functionality, in: Meyer, J.- A./Wilson, R. (Eds), Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, MIT Press, Cambridge MA, 1991, 451-461

....a set of very simple stimuli response rules, i.e. rules that trigger a specific action depending on the sensed pattern. The intelligent behavior of these systems is reached by an effect called emergency, i.e. that the different simple rules create a complex behavior when they work together (see [20] for a deeper discussion about emergent and hierarchical systems) In these approaches, no global knowledge about the environment is represented, thus they are very well suited for unknown environments. Because of the simple reactive rules, these sys tems can react very fast to sudden changes of ....

Luc Steels. Towards a theory of emergent functionality. In Meyer and Wilson [12], pages 451--461.

....the world. Emergence. Contrary to homuncular models that look for unique elements to explain (parts of) intelligence, and in the spirit of Minsky (1985) intelligent behaviour is seen as a functionality that emerges from the interactions of primitive components among themselves and with the world (Steels, 1991). Symbolic AI has also focused on the generation of intelligent behaviour out of the combination of simpler components, although both the components and their interactions are of a very different nature. In behaviour based AI the components are task achieving, behaviour producing versus ....

Steels, L. (1991). Towards a theory of emergent functionality. In J.-A. Meyer, S.W. Wilson (eds.), From animals to animats. Proceedings of the first international conference on simulation of adaptive behavior, pp. 451--461. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

....w (0) 0.1) and high (p w (0) 0.9) p a (0) 0.15) dt 1 =897, dt 2 =1663, dt 3 =2211 (t 1 =897, t 2 =2560, t 3 =4771) f p =0.1, w min =15, w max =40, r min =0.15, r max =0.3, r r =r w =0.2) 3. CASE STUDY II : TRAIL MAKING ANTS 3.1. The Problem In another variant of the previous problem ( 8][9][10] there are a few large sources distributed in the world. The solution in this case consists in allowing a robot to lay down trails or crumbs while carrying a source sample to the home base, that another robot or itself may follow to arrive to the source quickly. A different version of the ....

Steels, L., "Towards a theory of emergent functionality", Proceedings Simulation of Adaptive Behavior 1990, 451-461.

.... might better be designed along the zoological lines of primitive animals than along the traditional lines of autocratic control (see [1] and [8] for 3 some exemplary work in this vein) Just as important, animat studies can also provide models of emergent behavior in biological systems [69]. In particular, since the robot has been designed and built by the investigator, there is at least no mystery surrounding its mechanism. We seek to extend the pioneering work of Braitenberg in two ways. First, no physical systems were ever built by him. This is an obvious omission, especially in ....

L. Steels. Towards a theory of emergent functionality. In J.-A. Meyer and S. W. Wilson, editors, From Animals to Animats: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, pages 451--461, Cambridge, MA, 1991. Bradford Books/MIT Press.

.... influential (e.g. Kauffman 1987; Eigen 1992; Stein and Varela 1993) the notion has proved popular in such diverse fields as the study of mind and consciousness (Popper 1978; Dennett 1991; Franklin 1995) self reproducing automata and artificial life (Kauffman 1984; Langton 1986; Cariani 1991; Steels 1991; Levy 1992; Adami 1998) speech and language (Hawkins and Gell Mann 1992; Guenter and Gjaja 1996; MacWhinney 1998; Sussman, Fruchter, Hilbert, and Sirosh 1998) the theory of com 4 This description might have been questioned by Popper (1978, p. 341) who wrote Hume . attacked, somewhat ....

....have new global forms as in computational emergence, this surely means that observers have to change their model (e.g. by the creation of new descriptive terms) as in emergence relative to a model. Thus, the functionally based relative to a model view seems to me to subsume the other two. Steels (1991, p. 451) emphasises the functionally based view when he writes: Emergent functionality means that a function is not achieved directly by a component or a hierarchical system of components, but indirectly by the interaction of more primitive components among themselves and with the world [my ....

Steels, L. (1991). Towards a theory of emergent functionality. In J.-A. Meyer and S. W. Wilson (Eds.), From Animals to Animats: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, Cambridge, MA, pp. 451--461. Bradford Books/MIT Press.

....here could be supplemented with a symbolic layer. However, we believe that it is equally possible to achieve higher level intelligent robot behaviour through the interaction of independent behavioural modules, overall behaviour being emergent through this interaction (see, for instance, Steels 91, Deneubourg et al. 91] This, we believe, is a sensible next step from here. Acknowledgements The work with Alder and Cairngorm was conducted at the Department of Artificial Intelligence at the University of Edinburgh, the experiments with the R2 at 14 the Department of Psychology at ....

L. Steels, Toward a Theory of Emergent Functionality, in J.A. Meyer and S. Wilson (eds), From Animals to Animats, MIT Press, 1991.

....animation characters are human like (with emotion, desire and beliefs) but also because this is a new tendency in computer architecture. The principle of emergence states that the intelligence of the agent system emerges from the interaction of agents among themselves and with their environment [Steels, 1990]. As pointed by Rodney Brooks: It is hard to identify the seat of intelligence within any system, as intelligence is produced by the interactions of many components. Intelligence can only be determined by the total behavior of the system and how that behavior appears in relation to the ....

L. Steels, Towards a Theory of Emergent Functionality, in Proc. First Int. Conf. on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1990, pp. 451-461.

....from which analogies may be drawn. Emergent functionality is gaining importance as a research topic in artificial intelligence and a number of the ap CREATIVITY, EMERGENCE AND EVOLUTION IN DESIGN 25 proaches being tried may be applicable as starting points in the design domain (Langton, 1989; Steels, 1991). 7. Discussion Creative design involves the introduction of new variables which perturbate an existing schema or the emergence of new schemas. Computational processes for the introduction of new variables are sufficiently well developed to allow their use. Recognising and utilising emergence is ....

Steels, L. (1991). Towards a theory of emergent functionality, in J.-A. Meyer and S. W. Wilson (eds), From Animals to Animats , MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 451-461.

....but ants do not use conventional algorithms. Instead, this globally optimal structure emerges from the simple actions of the individual ants. Responsibilities. Each ant that forages for food has the same basic program, consisting of five rules that fire whenever their conditions are satisfied [Steels 1991]. 1. Avoid obstacles. Whatever an ant does, it will not aimlessly push against a wall. 2. Wander randomly, in the general direction of any nearby pheromones (scent markers that many insects generate) If it does not sense any pheromones, an ant executes Brownian motion, choosing each step from a ....

L.Steels, "Toward a Theory of Emergent Functionality." In J.A.Meyer and S.W.Wilson, eds., From Animals to Animats: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior. MIT Press, 451-461.

....in an increasing order to achieve higher and higher levels of competence. Both the layers of behaviors and the integration of the behaviors are handcoded by the developer. During the following few years after Brooks invention of the behavior based approach, a number of researchers like L. Steels [10], P. Maes [9] R. Arkin [1] etc. developed di erent architectures for the behaviorbased approach to robotics. The architectures use di erent representations and di erent behavioral coordination methods. In general, simple behaviors are handcoded, and the behaviors are coordinated through ....

L. Steels. Towards a theory of emergent functionality. In J. Meyer and S. W. Wilson, editors, From Animals to Animats: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior (SAB90), Cambridge, MA, 1991. MIT Press.

.... discovery of emergent cooperative behavior in the form of a computer program that controls a group of independently acting agents (e.g. robots or social insects such as ants) 2 The Painted Desert Problem The repetitive application of seemingly simple rules can lead to complex overall behavior (Steels 1990, 1991; Forrest 1991, Manderick and Moyson 1988, Moyson and Manderick 1990, Collins and Jefferson 1991) The study of such emergent behavior is one of the main themes of research in the field of artificial life (Langton 1991; Varela and Bourgine 1992; Meyer and Wilson 1991) The painted desert problem ....

Steels, Luc. Toward a theory of emergent functionality. In Meyer, Jean-Arcady, and Wilson, Stewart W. From Animals to Animats: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press 1991. Pages 451-461.

....Behavior based Robotics can be can be directly related to behavior oriented Artificial Intelligence [15] a field which has its origins usually dated back in the late eighties. In that time, scientists started to argue against classic AI which is using symbolic representations and methods [6, 14]. Based on his experiences with (still) common approaches to robot control, Rodney Brooks for example propagated new research questions and methods. Instead of solving abstract, formalized problems, like e.g. playing chess, he argued for working with robots. In doing so, he propagated reactive ....

Luc Steels. Towards a theory of emergent functionality. In Jean-Arcady Meyer and Steward W. Wilson, editors, From Animals to Animats. Proc. of the First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior. The MIT Press/Bradford Books, Cambridge, 1991.

.... architecture for insect like robots in which coherent behaviors emerge from subcomponents interacting in the world [2] Steels discussed emergent functionality in which a function is achieved indirectly by the interaction of more primitive components among themselves and with the world [44]. Kitano developed a massively parallel memory based approach to natural language processing [24] Despite the growing interest in ALife, the utility of these models in problem solving has not been fully explored. ALife provides a new perspective for developing effective problem solving ....

Luc Steels. Towards a theory of emergent functionality. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior - From Animals To Animats, pages 451--461. MIT Press, 1991.

....control structure, and embodiment of the system. The carrying out of proximal schemas under these constraints brings about the effects described by the distal schemas. The adaptively important environmental effects emerge here from the specific embodiment and situatedness of the acting system (Steels, 1991). In this way proximal schemas can be used as a bridge between the functional distal schemas and the low level, neural implementation. 2.1 The distal schema With the three basic parts of our real time system we can set up the following distal schema definition. The behavior specification can be ....

Steels, L. (1991). Towards a Theory of Emergent Functionality. In: From Animals to Animats. J-A. Meyer & S.W. Wilson (Eds.), Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 451-461.

....than as a well defined concept. The general idea of emergent functionality is captured by . that a function is not achieved directly by a component or a hierarchical system of components, but indirectly by the interaction of more primitive components among themselves and with the world ([Steels 1991]) There can be wanted or intended emergency. But also there are undesired interferences, which have to be suppressed or even be prevented and which we do not call emergent. So in general emergency is designed. 4.1 Programming Means We decided to use PDL [Steels 1992] as a programming language, ....

Steels L. (1991) Towards a theory of emergent functionality. In: From animals to animats, Proc. of the First International Conference on simulation of adaptive behavior (eds. J.A. Meyer and S.W. Wilson), pp. 451-461.

....at all on my componential analysis. 15, p29] Brooks [7] 8] has demonstrated how each of these whole agent capacities may be achieved by a layer in a control architecture, connected to the sensors and motors of the system and working semi independently of each other. Also see [36] 30] [47]. Contrast this to the normal modular decomposition [23] in which only the sensory and motor modules are connected to the outside world, with all other modules communicating between themselves using representations. However, given a behavioural decomposition and a corresponding layered control ....

L. Steels. Towards a theory of emergent functionality. In Meyer and Wilson [40].

....incrementally through asynchronous interactions of a society of agents, have been gaining ground. These approaches investigate and exploit implications of evolutionary principles for computation [14] 5] 2] Systems that incorporate evolutionary approaches have been developed by, for example [13] [1] and [4] where global system functionality emerges from interaction of its subcomponents. Building upon these ideas, we have developed a computational framework to perform goal directed search efficiently. We present the approach and experimentally demonstrate that it outperforms direct ....

Luc Steels. "Towards a Theory of Emergent Functionality", Proc. First Int. Conf. on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, MIT Press, 1990, pp. 451-461.

....a set of very simple stimuli response rules, i.e. rules that trigger a specific action depending on the sensed pattern. The intelligent behavior of these systems is reached by an effect called emergency, i.e. that the different simple rules create a complex behavior when they work together (see [19] for a deeper discussion about emergent and hierarchical systems) In these approaches, no global knowledge about the environment is represented, thus they are very well suited for unknown environments. Because of the simple reactive rules, these systems can react very fast to sudden changes of ....

Luc Steels. Towards a theory of emergent functionality. In Meyer and Wilson [11], pages 451--461.

....behaviours and are an example of an environmental cue. Collective tasks can be designed to allow the environment, in which the robots work, to provide the cue that invokes the group behaviour. For example, a group of building cleaning robots, designed to keep the outside surface of 1 See[24] for an excellent discussion of emergent properties. 2 A precursor to Collective Intelligence. Second International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, pages 460 468, 1992. 4 buildings clean, would begin their activity at dusk by depositing photosensitive chemicals on the outside ....

Luc Steels. Towards a theory of emergent functionality. In First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, pages 451--461. MIT Press, 1990.

....AI. It is also the research theme that has the most connections to other areas of Artificial Life. 35 4.1 Emergence can be defined in terms of the need for new descriptive categories. Many researchers in the Alife community have attempted to define emergence (see for example [36] 59] 24] [111], 8] For the present purposes, we will define emergence from two viewpoints: that of the observer and that of the components of the system. From the viewpoint of an observer, we call a sequence of events a behavior if a certain regularity becomes apparent. This regularity is expressed in ....

....surprise. Moreover it is not necessary that the two descriptions (the emergent behavior and the behavior of the individual components) are at different levels, although that is not excluded. Emergence can also be defined from the viewpoint of the components implicated 36 in the emergent behavior [111]. We can make a distinction between controlled and uncontrolled variables. A controlled variable can be directly influenced by a system. For example, a robot can directly control its forward speed, although maybe not with full accuracy. An uncontrolled variable changes due to actions of the system ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Steels, L. (1991b) Towards a theory of emergent functionality. In: Meyer, JA. , and S.W. Wilson (1991) From Animals to Animats. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior. MIT Press/ Bradford Books. Cambridge Ma. p. p. 451-461. 83

No context found.

Ste91 Luc Steels. Towards a theory of emergent functionality. In JeanArcady Meyer and Steward W. Wilson, editors, From Animals to Animats. Proc. of the First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior. The MIT Press/Bradford Books, Cambridge, 1991.

No context found.

Luc Steels, Towards a Theory of Emergent Functionality, in

No context found.

L. Steels. Towards a theory of emergent functionality. In [SAB90].

First 50 documents

Online articles have much greater impact   More about CiteSeer.IST   Add search form to your site   Submit documents   Feedback  

CiteSeer.IST - Copyright Penn State and NEC