V. Basili. The Experience Factory and its Relationship to Other Improvement Paradigms. In [146], pages 68--83, 1993.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... discussion by applying it to the following SPI frameworks: Total Quality Management (TQM) 2] The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) 14] 22] 29] ISO 9000 [20] ISO IEC 15504 (SPICE) 9] 25] 29] Quality Improvement Paradigm (QIP) Experience Factory (EF) Goal Question Metric (GQM) [4][5] SPIQ (Software Process Improvement for better Quality) 26] 1.2 Related Work There is an increasing amount of literature comparing the major SPI frameworks. Most is written in the last three years and generally covers only a small number of frameworks. A variety of comparison methods ....

Basili Victor R. The Experience Factory and its Relationship to Other Improvement Paradigms. 4th European Software Engineering Conf. (ESEC'93), Springer Verlag LNCS 517, 1993, pp 68-83.

....be used to indicate the degree of improvement. In the following, we will discuss each of the three paradigms separately. The Goal Question Metric (GQM) Approach The purpose of GQM is to obtain a consistent and coherent set of measures that are useful and related to the goals of the organization (Basili, 1993). The relation between goals and measures are depicted in Figure 12, where the possibility of a measure partially answering several questions is indicated. In order to determine these relations, the measures are defined in a top down manner: 1. Specify the goals of the organization. 2. Identify ....

....where the particular targets, purposes, and ways of interpreting measures are specified, thus reflecting the three steps required to obtain the measures: Goal Question 1 Question 2 Metric 1.1 Metric 1.2 Metric 2.1 Metric 2.2 Metric 2.3 Figure 12. Relation between goals, questions and metrics (Basili, 1993). 1. Conceptual level (Goals) A goal is defined based on its purpose, for an object, for a specific reason, with respect to a quality model, from a specific point of view, relative to an environment. 2. Operational level (Questions) Questions are selected to characterize the object under the ....

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Victor R. Basili. The Experience Factory and its Relationship to Other Improvement Paradigms. In Proc. of the Fourth European Software Engineering Conference, Springer Verlag 1993.

....tool [Fer93] RP 95] Discuss: to assist, guide, enforce, automate or monitor Need also good UI and tool interoperability. A4. The practitioners: project level planning and metrics with classic QA; little process modeling or enactment. Focus on hot spots first, cf. NASA SEL (QIP, SEF) Bas93] But project tools cannot handle process evolution A5. The organization reformers: restructured processes in a learning organization (BPR) with an experience database. Humanics : Software Engineering Process Groups (SEPGs) A6. The ideologists: SPI paradigms and concepts. Manny Lehman ....

Victor R. Basili. The Experience Factory and its Relationship to Other Improvement Paradigms. In Proc. European Software Engineering Conference (ESEC'93), Garmisch, Germany, pages 68--83. Springer Verlag LNCS 717, September 1993.

....tool [Fer93] RP 95] Discuss: to assist, guide, enforce, automate or monitor Need also good UI and tool interoperability. A4. The practitioners: project level planning and metrics with classic QA; little process modeling or enactment. Focus on hot spots first, cf. NASA SEL (QIP, SEF) Bas93] But project tools cannot handle process evolution A5. The organization reformers: restructured processes in a learning organization (BPR) with an experience database. Humanics : Software Engineering Process Groups (SEPGs) A6. The ideologists: SPI paradigms and concepts. Manny Lehman ....

....SEI guide for process modeling, with a reusable Process Asset Library. SEI teaching material. CMM email correspondence group of 500 members. Annual SPEG workshop with 900 participants. Participation in ISO SPICE effort, see next page. 4 Quality Improvement Paradigm (QIP) 4. 1 QIP survey QIP [Bas93] originates from work at NASA SEL (4.3) QIP specifies a meta process with a double loop: Characterize Set goals Choose model Execute Analyze Package Figure 5: QIP double loop. Inner loop similar to Shewhart Deming s Plan Do Check Act cycle; may take 24 30 months. Company wide Experience ....

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Victor R. Basili. The Experience Factory and its Relationship to Other Improvement Paradigms. In Proc. European Software Engineering Conference (ESEC'93), Garmisch, Germany, pages 68--83. Springer Verlag LNCS 717, September 1993.

....communication skills, the difficulty in ensuring that all team members contribute to the project, differences in students experiences and understanding, and . the difficulty in evaluating and ensuring progress and quality. Because the technologies of software engineering are human based [1], teaching and practicing teamwork and communication skills are critical for ensuring success of a project. Structuring individual accountability is essential to assuring that all members contribute to the project. One model of teaching software engineering is to work on a project with an actual ....

....and practice techniques. The learning process in this environment is iterative, requiring well defined evaluation criteria to determine progress and quality. Another challenge to teaching software engineering relates to the evolutionary and experimental nature of the software discipline [1]. Software engineering is a young field and, as a result, standardization of techniques, e.g. those in object oriented areas, is still in progress. The software engineering course described in this paper, a two semester (32 week) course, provides students with an introduction to approaches, ....

Basili, V. R., The Experience Factory and Its Relationship to Other Quality Approaches, in Advances in Computers, M. Zelkowitz (ed.). San Diego: Academic Press, 1995.

....above they offer a portfolio of special state of the art services that range from coaching pilot projects as preparation for transfer of technology to the production of local standards on project and department level. They may give assistance for strategic innovations like process definition [Basi93, Ling94] or the implementation of metrics usage [Grad92] to gather hard facts and quantitative data. 2.2 Feedback beyond a single project Figure 1 shows a feedback cycle that is basis for most variants of QA approaches. Feedback enables learning from success and failure for future 3 challenges. ....

....this approach, Software Engineering Laboratory (SEL) at NASA, sees software as artefact and as business with both technical and managerial aspects. SE is seen as an evolutionary and experimental discipline. Following the Quality Improvement Paradigm (QIP) researchers in the experience factory [Basi93] seek to understand what is going on in a project process, identify problems and causes, study opportunities, build competency from experience, and package validated models for reuse. Measurement gives a quantitative baseline (e.g. error density pre and post release, KLOC per PM) information for ....

Basili V.R, The Experience Factory and its Relationship to other Improvement Paradigms, Proc. of ESEC'93, Springer Verlag, p.68-83, 1993.

....These methods are discussed and compared in (Heineman et al. 1994; Kontio, 1995; Rossi and Sillander, 1997) Some PE approaches emphasise learning from accumulated experience of processes in the same manner as ME. These include TAME project and Experience Factory (e.g. Basili and Rombach, 1987; Basili 1993), and NATURE (e.g. Jarke et al. 1994; Pohl, 1996) The principles in Experience Factory are: separation of responsibilities between product development and process improvement, systematic capture and accumulation of knowledge into Experience Base, continuous learning from own experience through ....

Basili, V.R. 1993. The Experience Factory and its Relationships to Other Improvement Paradigms. In: Procs. of the 4 th European Softwere Engineering Conference, Springer-Verlag.

....three broad categories: controlled methods, observational methods and historical methods, while Kitchenham refers to these categories of experimentation as formal experiments, case studies, and surveys. An example of experimentation with real projects is the experience factory proposed by Basili [Basili, 95] historical data have been applied by McGarry [McGarry, 97] among others, and formal experiments have been studied by Pfleeger [Pfleeger, 95] in the DESMET project. In this paper, we focus on formal experiments and present an in depth study of the application of experimental design to SE ....

V. R. Basili. The Experience Factory and Its Relationship to Other Quality Approaches, Academic Press Inc., Adnvances in Computers, Volume 41, 1995.

....improvement has been through analysis and synthesis of organizational experience. Information collected about a workflow in a repository of such experience can be analyzed for specific organizations to help them improve weak areas and capitalize on strengths. The Experience Factory mechanism [2] is an approach to improving software development processes. The Experience Factory packages the experiences of an organization and measures various software process and products. WISE can be used to collect valuable information related to issue resolution in a database implicitly. This ....

V. Basili. The experience factory and its relationship to other improvement paradigm. In Proceedings of the 4 th European Software Engineering Conference GarmishPartenkirchen, Germany, September 1993.

....before releasing it. If this seems to be a rather negative reason to adopt a technique, there is also a positive aspect. Because the IV V team is out of the critical path for the software development effort, they have more scope for experimentation with new techniques than the developers [1]. Hence, in some ways the IV V team can play a role as a proving ground for new techniques, and can come to be an agent of process improvement. For these reasons, we believe that IV V offers a practical route through which formal methods may be introduced into projects that would otherwise not be ....

V. Basili. The experience factory and its relationship to other improvement paradigms. In Proceedings of the 4 th European Software Engineering Conference, Garmish-Partenkirchen, Germany, September 1993.

.... differences in environmental contexts and supports in characterizing the environment to support in goal definition, reuse of products and experience, process selection, evaluation and comparison, and prediction [Basili Caldiera Rombach 94a] The Quality Improvement Paradigm as it is described in [Basili 93] identifies the following six steps (Figure 1) 1. Characterize the current project and its environment with respect to models and metrics 2. Set quantifiable goals for successful project performance and improvement 3. Choose the appropriate process model and supporting methods and tools for ....

Basili, V.R., "The Experience Factory and it relationship to other improvement paradigms", ECEC4, LNCS #717, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1993, pp. 68-83

....quite early to more recent initiatives. The four approaches are: a Japanese approach to the industrialized software organization (Matsumoto 1981, 1987) a European approach to the generic software factory (Fernstrm 1991, 1992) a North American approach to the experience based component factory (Basili 1989, 1993; Basili et al. 1992) and, finally, a North American approach to the mature software organization (Nilsson 1990; Paulk et al. 1993a) IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTS 410 The paper is divided into two major sections. In the first section we present and interpret the four approaches. The second section is ....

....product process focus and segmentation; tailored and centralized process R D; systematic reusability; computer aided tools and integration. I.3. The experience based component factory (US) The third idea to be considered is a North American approach to the experience based component factory (Basili 1989, 1993; Basili et al. 1992) Context. The Experience based Component Factory is developed at the Software Engineering Laboratory which has existed since 1976 as a consortium between NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, University of Maryland, and Computer Science Corporation (Basili 1993) Its goals are ....

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Basili, V. R. (1993): The Experience Factory and its Relationship to Other Improvement Paradigms, 4th European Software Engineering Conference - ESEC `93. Springer-Verlag.

....framework model. The details about this feature, the data collected, and how it is analyzed and packaged, have not yet been 55 thought out in this work. They are an interesting subject for further research. While the knowledge re use concept in the framework resembles the Experience Factory idea [Basi93], some of the findings made in that field are probably applicable. As a part of the process improvement effort, it is usually desirable to be able to view and modify the process model with the same tool or system that it was originally created. Other purposes for these models would be ....

V. R. Basili. The Experience Factory and its Relationship to Other Improvement Paradigms. In Proceedings of the Fourth European Software Engineering Conference, Springer-Verlag, 1993, pp. 68-83.

....GQM goal setting Plan Execute Evaluate 8 the EB system as well. Figure 2 shows the complete GQM cycle and its steps in general, and its instantiation for CBR PEB (the first iteration) In spirit the GQM cycle is based on the Quality Improvement Paradigm (QIP) which is compatible with TQM (Basili, 1993). The single steps are described in detail in the following. Prestudy. The first phase of a GQM program has the objective of collecting information relevant to the introduction of a GQM based measurement program. This includes a description of the environment, overall project goals , and task ....

Basili, V. R. (1993). The Experience Factory and its relationship to other improvement paradigms. In Sommerville, I. and Paul, M., editors, Proceedings of the Fourth European Software Engineering Conference, pages 68--83. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Nr. 717, Springer--Verlag.

....mining, descriptive modeling, elicitation) or quality improvement approaches (like Plan Do Check Act Cycle, SEI Capability Maturity Model, Lean Enterprise Management) is beyond the scope of this paper. A comparison of the QIP EF approach with other quality improvement approaches can be found in [3]. Approaches for storing and retrieving software engineering experience can be roughly classified along the process integration dimension in the following way: Pure Object Repositories. These repositories offer only simple storage and retrieval mechanisms which are usually tailored to the specific ....

Victor R. Basili. The Experience Factory and its relationship to other quality approaches. In Marvin V. Zelkowitz, editor, Advances in Computers, vol. 41, pages 65--82. Academic Press, 1995.

....shows the sections and areas of the SFB EB that have already been defined. Currently we distinguish between two sections named organization wide section and experiment specific section. These sections are similar to the project databases and organization wide database described by Basili et al. [2, 1]. In contrast to Basili, we include the experiment specific section into our EF for reasons of document versioning and traceability of experiments in our research environment. Therefore we also include the experiment specific section into our EB. Furthermore, this supports maintaining the ....

Victor R. Basili. The Experience Factory and its relationship to other improvement paradigms. In Ian Sommerville and Manfred Paul, editors, Proceedings of the Fourth European Software Engineering Conference, pages 68--83. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Nr. 717, Springer--Verlag, 1993.

....Paradigm (QIP) by Basili et al. 4] In this approach, all kinds of knowledge, like processes or product models, are systematically collected and carefully documented to be applied as experience for later projects. The approach can be supported by the concept of the Experience Factory (EF) [2, 5]. Within an EF, experience is derived by analyzing and synthesizing knowledge that may have originated from the organization (e.g. from former projects) or externally (e.g. international standards) The gained experience is integrated into an information system called the Experience Base (EB) ....

.... reuse of all kinds of knowledge in software development is the basis for an organizational improvement approach, e.g. the Quality Improvement Paradigm (QIP) 1] It can be embedded into a framework for building software competencies and transferring them to projects, the Experience Factory (EF) [2]. The QIP approach using the EF framework has been applied [13] to several case studies and controlled experiments in the domain of real time house automation systems in the context of the Sonderforschungsbereich 501 (SFB 501) a long term strategic research activity. Its goal is to develop and ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Victor R. Basili. The Experience Factory and its relationship to other improvement paradigms. In Ian Sommerville and Manfred Paul, editors, Proceedings of the Fourth European Software Engineering Conference, pages 68--83. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Nr. 717, Springer--Verlag, 1993.

....of measurement plan . Deal with the complexity of measurement programs . Stimulate a structured discussion about measurement 3. Process for Goal oriented Measurement Goal oriented measurement is performed through six major steps which are briefly described below. For more details, see [GHW95, Bas95] The process steps will be used as reference points throughout the paper so that the guidelines we provide can be mapped back into this measurement process. Step 1: Characterize the environment. Identify relevant characteristics of the organization and of the project(s) to be measured. Typical ....

V. Basili "The Experience Factory and its Relationship to other Quality Approaches" , Advances in Computers, Vol.41, Academic Press, 1995. Edited by M. Zelkowitz.

....8. Related Work Presently, the literature on software process addresses evolution through the two perspectives of process evolution and process model evolution but there is little work done so far trying to unify both approaches. On one hand normative meta processes like CMM or QIP [9] focus on the process evolution aspects. They pay attention to guidance and planning of process improvement impacting directly the Evolution View Composed Model Properties View Composed Model composition composition verification Visible Hidden Project Manager Figure 7: Using properties to ....

V. R. Basili. "The Experience Factory and its relationship to other improvement paradigms." In I. Sommerville and M. Paul, editors, Proceedings of the 4th European Software Engineering Conference, pages 68--83. Lecture Notes in Computer ScienceNr. 717, Springer-Verlag, 1993.

....of the study, as a relevant part of the knowledge is in the developers minds. This knowledge can be elicited in many ways (e.g. structured interviews, questionnaires) which can be rigorous and repeatable. The experience gathered and distilled on previous projects through the experience factory [3], 4] 7] is an invaluable asset of the software organization. Ideally, it provides the organization with a variety of information relevant to the way an organization develops software, e.g. quantitative prediction models, lessons learned from past projects, measurement tools and procedures, or ....

V.R. Basili, "The Experience Factory and its Relationship to Other Improvement Paradigms," Proc. Fourth European Software Eng. Conf. (ESEC), Sept. 1993.

....for the development team member to get. Figure 1. Experience Factory structure The subject of this paper is a system for supporting experience management in a multinational software improvement consultancy called Q Labs. This Experience Management System (EMS) is based on the Experience Factory [1,2,3] concept proposed by Basili et al. 2 UNDERLYING CONCEPTS This section discusses some of the underlying concepts behind the Experience Management System and tries to place it in the state of art. Knowledge and Experience Management Tiwana [15] defines knowledge management (KM) as the ....

....by themselves about the organization s experience classification schema and its available body of knowledge. The Experience Factory The Experience Factory is an organizational infrastructure whose goal is to produce, store, and reuse experiences gained in a software development organization [1,2,3]. The Experience Factory organizes a software development enterprise into two distinct organizations, each specializing in its own primary goals. The Project Organization focuses on delivering the software product and the Experience Factory focuses on learning from experience and improving ....

Basili, Victor R. The Experience Factory and its Relationship to Other Improvement Paradigms . 4th European Software Engineering Conference (ESEC), Garmish-Partenkirchen, Germany. The Proceedings appeared as the Springer-Verlag Lecture Notes in Computer Sciences Series 717, September 1993.

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V. Basili. The Experience Factory and its Relationship to Other Improvement Paradigms. In [146], pages 68--83, 1993.

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Basili Victor R. The Experience Factory and its Relationship to Other Improvement Paradigms,4th European Software Engineering Conference (ESEC'93), LNCS 517, 1993, pp 68-83, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany.

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V. R. Basili, The Experience Factory and its Relationship to Other Improvement Paradigms in Software Engineering --- ESEC'93, pp. 68--83, Springer LNCS 717, Heidelberg, 1993.

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BASILI, V. 1993. The experience factory and its relationship to other improvement paradigms. In Proceedings of the European Software Engineering Conference (ESEC-93) (Garmish, Germany).

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