P. Sudame, B. Badrinath. "Transformer Tunnels: A Framework for Providing Route-Specific Adaptaitons." Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, June 1998.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....architecture allows the PPFs to be implemented either as software in Java, or as datapaths in reconfigurable hardware. While several researchers in Active Networks [2] have proposed the idea of on the fly uploadable packet filters in network nodes using different architectures [5] 6][7], none of these implementations considered reconfigurable hardware as a medium to realize these uploadable filters. Indeed, all the projects currently being done on making network elements to be application reconfigurable are based on software only implementations using general purpose processors. ....

P. Sudame, B. R. Badrinath, "Transformer Tunnels: A Framework for Providing Route-specific Adaptations", In: USENIX Annual Technical Conference, 1998.

....links. Typically, these are links selected because of historically poor bandwidth capabilities or tendencies to drop packets. The purpose, in these cases, is to change the traffic (split packets, or send part of flow through different routes. These implementations are called Transformer Tunnels [3]. Whereas these tunnels do limit the active network computational liabilities to a smaller number of nodes, they do not give us the power to look at statistics from other locations in the network. A neural network agent, acting as a controller, can gather the necessary statistics and make ....

Badrinath, B.R. and Sudame, Pradeep. (1998) Transformer tunnels: A framework for providing route-specific adaptations. In The USENIX Annual Technical Conference. USENIX.

....can be done at the application layer, at the proxy with the help of APC, or a combination of the two. Our architecture provides a general framework to allow automatic insertion of FEC or compression decompression operators to adapt to the channel similar to Conductor [28] and transformer tunnels [24]. Bolot et al. in [6] 5] proposed to use FEC to protect delay sensitive audio flows when sending over a lossy packet network. Poldolsky et al. in [17] have shown that using FEC can be beneficial even when taking into account the extra traffic generated by FEC. The idea of using FEC to protect ....

P. Sudame and B. R. Badrinath. Transformer tunnels: A framework for providing route-specific adaptations. In Proc. of the USENIX Technical Conf., 1998.

.... and Discussion The research described in this paper is very closely related to several recently proposed infrastructures that aim to augment the traditional notion of a network path with injected application specific components, either only at the end points [14, 8, 11] or throughout the path [17, 10, 2, 20, 4, 1, 22, 6]. Rather than describe all such systems, we focus our attention here on the subset which offer some form of automatic support for path creation and reconfiguration. The Ninja project s Automatic Path Creation (APC) service [6] also used in the Universal Inbox infrastructure [15] can be used to ....

P. Sudame and B. Badrinath. Transformer Tunnels: A Framework for Providing Route-Specific Adaptations. In Proc. of the USENIX Technical Conf., June 1998.

.... and Discussion The research described in this paper is very closely related to several recently proposed infrastructures that aim to augment the traditional notion of a network path with injected application specific components, either only at the end points [14, 8, 11] or throughout the path [17, 10, 2, 20, 4, 1, 22, 6]. Rather than describe all such systems, we focus our attention here on the subset which offer some form of automatic support for path creation and reconfiguration. The Ninja project s Automatic Path Creation (APC) service [6] also used in the Universal Inbox infrastructure [15] can be used to ....

P. Sudame and B. Badrinath. Transformer Tunnels: A Framework for Providing Route-Specific Adaptations. In Proc. of the USENIX Technical Conf., June 1998.

....at intermediate nodes in the network can themselves be viewed in terms of two issues: whether adaptation functionality is application transparent or applicationaware, and whether the functionality is introduced at the network level or the application level. Systems such as transformer tunnels [16], protocol boosters [13] are examples of application transparent adaptation efforts that work at the network level. Such systems can cope with localized changes in network conditions but cannot adapt to behaviors that differ widely from the norm. Moreover, their transparency hinders composability ....

P. Sudame and B. Badrinath. Transformer tunnels: A framework for providing route-specific adaptations. In Proc. of the USENIX Technical Conf., June 1998.

....In the framework, a pool of one or more clusters provide services that can be instantiated by clients. Once these services are instantiated 3.3 ANs Enabling Technologies 56 (referred to as servents) clients are able to dynamically control and recon gure their operations. Sudame et al. [171] proposed transformer tunnels. Transformer tunnels are established like any other tunnels in a network. In the transformer tunnel model, services are attached at the beginning and end of the tunnel only. Example services are transcoding, reassembly and compression. This means trac is transformed ....

P. Sudame and B. R. Badrinath, \Transformer tunnels: A framework for providing route-specic adaptations," in The USENIX Annual Technical Conference, June 1998.

....refers to a broad class of problems that involve some sort of adaptation of content (e.g. 11, 19] where content is transformed so as to increase transfer efficiency, or is distilled to suit the capabilities of the client. Another similar use is the notion of enabling a transformer tunnel [25] over a segment of the path within which data transfer is accomplished through some alternate technique that may be better suited to the specific properties of the link(s) traversed. Proposals that we know of in this space require one end point to explicitly know of the existence of the other ....

P. Sudame and B. R. Badrinath. Transformer tunnels: A framework for providing route-specific adaptations. In USENIX Annual Technical Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, June 1998.

....adaptation, since the system provides no support for ensuring reliable deliver if some packets are dropped or permanently altered. Protocol Boosters are composable, but the system does not provide support for determining if a given set of boosters will perform well together. Transformer Tunnels [23] use IP tunneling to alter the behavior of a protocol over a troublesome link. Generally, Transformer Tunnels are used to provide protocolindependent adaptations, such as consolidation of packets, scheduling of transmissions to preserve battery power, encryption, lossless compression, and ....

P. Sudame and B. Badrinath, "Transformer Tunnels: A Framework for Providing Route-Specific Adaptations," Proceedings of the USENIX Technical Conference, June 1998.

....This refers to a broad class of problems that involve some sort of adaptation of content (e.g. 13, 23] where content is transformed so as to increase transfer efficiency, or is distilled to suit the capabilities of the client. Another similar use is the notion of enabling a transformer tunnel [30] over a segment of the path within which data transfer is accomplished through some alternate technique that may be better suited to the specific properties of the link(s) traversed. Proposals that we know of in this space require one end point to explicitly know of the existence of the other ....

P. Sudame and B. R. Badrinath. Transformer tunnels: A framework for providing route-specific adaptations. In USENIX Annual Technical Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, June 1998.

....each packet sent, consolidating small packets into larger packets before sending them over that network would be desirable. As another example, transmissions over a noisy link may benefit from adding redundant error correcting codes to the packets sent by the standard protocol. Transformer tunnels [Sudame98] and protocol boosters [Mallet97] are two technologies that have demonstrated the benefits of this approach. Transformer tunnels use IP tunneling to alter the behavior of a protocol over a troublesome link. Generally, the method is used to provide protocol level adaptations, such as consolidation ....

P. Sudame and B. Badrinath, "Transformer Tunnels: A Framework for Providing Route-Specific Adaptations, " Proceedings of the Usenix Technical Conference, June 1998.

....Trade: Latency for battery power Other Forms of Adaptation . Application layer Distill, compress, encrypt, cache . Network and transport layers Link scheduling, prioritization, FEC Snoop [Bal95] State of the Art . Daedalus [Fox98] Protocol Boosters [Mal97] Transformer Tunnels [Sud98] . Focus: Last mile Independent adaptation Beyond the Last Mile . Leaf nodes become leaf networks Home office wired nets Home office wireless nets Personal area nets . User to user services . Multi hop networks . Network server congestion Encrypt Internet Prefetch 56Kb ....

P. Sudame and B. Badrinath, "Transformer Tunnels: A Framework for Providing RouteSpecific Adaptations," Proceedings of the Usenix Technical Conference, June 1998.

....the transmission protocol. Resilience to adaptor failure in this system is only provided in the case of additive operations, which leave the initial data stream intact. Boosters of this type are limited in the types of adaptations they can provide. In a different approach, Transformer Tunnels [8] from the Dataman project provide per link adaptation by allowing pairs of nodes to create adaptive tunnels. All data flowing through a tunnel is similarly adapted. Tunnels can, therefore, be administratively deployed wherever low quality network elements exist. This approach, while extremely ....

Pradeep Sudame and B.R. Badrinath, "Transformer Tunnels: A Framework for Providing Route Specific Adaptations," Proceedings of the 1998 USENIX Annual Technical Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, June 1998.

....variability, remarking that the architecture we describe has been successfully used to address client adaptation as well. Adaptive solutions to network problems embrace many interesting variations: the various proxies built at Berkeley [FGCB98] the Odyssey system [NSN 97] transformer tunnels [SB98], active networks [TW96] and intelligent agents [TK96] While these systems have some very significant differences, all offer methods of changing the contents of the transmitted data or the methods used to send that data. All adapt to changing conditions specific to the data transmission ....

Pradeep Sudame, B. R. Badrinath, "Transformer Tunnels: A Framework for Providing Route-Specific Adaptations," Usenix Annual Technical Conference, June 1998.

....which gathers TCP ACKs from all the open TCP connections it serves. TCP ACKs are 40 bytes in size and are ideal candidates for gathercast. We show how gathercast improves web server performance by reducing the packet drop in the network. We have already developed the concept of transformer tunnels [36]. A transformer tunnel can be programmed to optimize a flow for a given link. In gathercast, we establish transformer tunnels over paths leading to the gatherer. We call the corresponding tree a gathercast tree or simply a gather tree. We attach an aggregation transformation function to ....

....gathercast is the first attempt to solve the generic problem of efficient aggregation of small packets. 3 Transformer Tunnels Server Client Intermediate Node Unmodified Data Transformer Tunnel Intermediate Node Unmodified Data Modified Data Figure 1: Transformer tunnel Transformer tunnels [36] provide a uniform mechanism to transform packet flows in a network. A packet flow over a network segment is modified by placing a transformer tunnel between two end nodes of the segment. Packets entering the tunnel are modified either by changing the content, or by changing the way they are ....

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Pradeep Sudame and B. R. Badrinath. Transformer tunnels: A framework for providing route-specific adaptations. In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference, pages 191--200, June 1998.

....adaptations [26,25,5] are possible. The mechanism suggested in this paper can be used to provide the required information to other hosts. 7. Future work All the adaptation mechanisms described in this paper are performed at the mobile host without any support from the network. Transformer tunnels [33] provide a mechanism that supports an environment aware network. Such a network provides adaptation at two end points of a connection: one at the base station and the other at the mobile host. For example, a mobile host can request data encryption in foreign networks. It may also request that the ....

Pradeep Sudame and B. R. Badrinath. Transformer tunnels: A framework for providing route-specific adaptations. In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference, pages 191--200, June 1998.

....protocol. However, a number of scenarios exist where the reverse mechanism of multi point to point protocol is needed. Gathercast is a mechanism by which packet flows from a large number of nodes can be gathered as the packets are routed towards the gatherer. Gathercast uses transformer tunnels [1] at routers to provide a mechanism for aggregating packets directed towards a node. Increased goodput for applications that need flow aggregation can be obtained by using any of a number of transformation functions such as recombination of small packets, compressing data, rate control, replication ....

....efficiently (increasing goodput) without having to use multiple unicasts. Gathercast, on the other hand, addresses the reverse problem: how to gather information from a large number of nodes with the objective of increasing goodput. We have already developed the concept of transformer tunnels [1]. A transformer tunnel can be programmed to optimize a flow for a given link. In gathercast, we propose to use transformer tunnels in the context of IP multicast where transformer tunnels are established over paths leading to the gatherer. We call the corresponding tree a gathercast tree or simply ....

P. Sudame and B. R. Badrinath, "Transformer tunnels: A framework for providing routespecific adaptations," in Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference, June 1998.

....which gathers TCP ACKs from all the open TCP connections it serves. TCP ACKs are 40 bytes in size and are ideal candidates for gathercast. We show how gathercast improves web server performance by reducing the packet drop in the network. We have already developed the concept of transformer tunnels [29]. A transformer tunnel can be programmed to optimize a flow for a given link. In gathercast, we establish transformer tunnels over paths leading to the gatherer. We call the corresponding tree a gathercast tree or simply a gather tree. We attach an aggregation transformation function to ....

....for feedback consolidation (as in reliable multicast) reduction in small packets generated by leaves (HTTP 1.1) and so on. However, to our knowledge, gathercast is the first attempt to solve the generic problem of e#cient aggregation of small packets. 3 Transformer Tunnels Transformer tunnels [29] provide a uniform mechanism to transform packet flows in a network. A packet flow over a network segment is modified by placing a transformer tunnel between two end nodes of the segment. Packets entering the tunnel are modified either by changing the content, or by changing the way they are ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Pradeep Sudame and B. R. Badrinath. Transformer tunnels: A framework for providing route-specific adaptations. In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference, pages 191--200, June 1998.

No context found.

P. Sudame, B. Badrinath. "Transformer Tunnels: A Framework for Providing Route-Specific Adaptaitons." Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, June 1998.

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P. Sudame, B. Badrinath. "Transformer Tunnels: A Framework for Providing Route-Specific Adaptations." Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, June 1998.

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