| Intel Corp. IA-32 Architecture Software Developer's Manual, 2002. URL http://developer. intel.com/design/pentium4/manuals. |
....are not tagged with a protection domain ID, and thus need to be flushed on a context switch. The idea of protected procedure entry points goes back to Multics call gates [20] which were a transparent, secure mechanism for increasing a process s privileges. Similar mechanisms exist on the x86 [38] and Itanium [34] architectures. These are tied to the hierarchical privilege model supported by these architectures. The hierarchical model has proven to be inflexible, and, with one recent exception [39] no operating system on x86 uses more than two privilege levels. The IBM System 38 ....
Intel Corp. IA-32 Architecture Software Developer's Manual, 2002. URL http://developer. intel.com/design/pentium4/manuals.
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Intel Corp. IA-32 Architecture Software Developer's Manual, 2002. URL http://developer. intel.com/design/pentium4/manuals.
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Intel Corp. IA-32 Architecture Software Developer's Manual, 2002. URL http://developer. intel.com/design/pentium4/manuals.
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