S. A. Shafer. Using color to separate reflection components. Color Research Application, 10:210--218, 1985. Home/Search Document Not in Database Summary Related Articles Check |
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Tracking Color Objects in Real Time - Kravtchenko (1999) (2 citations) (Correct)
....why Hue is changing with Intensity, why the color cluster lies more or less in the plane, and why the cluster resembles a boomerang shape. In further sections we try to answer these question. 2.3 The Dichromatic Reflection Model The use of the Dichromatic Reflection Model suggested by S. Shafer [42] helps solve a problem associated with the illumination changes, namely, shadows and highlights, and also takes into account the color (spectral distribution) of the illuminant. Although problems with object inter reflections and spectral changes of the illuminant still have to be addressed, the ....
....vector. This may be used to estimate the color of the illuminant [47] Adding ambient light would add a single term to every pixel of the color cluster, and cause a shift of the parallelogram defined by the body and surface reflection vectors away from the origin along the vector of ambient light [42]. This may result in a shift of the whole color cluster in the RGB space. Inter reflections from surrounding objects also introduce distortion of the color cluster. Inter reflection forces pixels to drift off the dichromatic surface. Increasing the thickness of the dichromatic surface may ....
S.A. Shafer, Using Color to Separate Reflection Components, Color Res. App. 10(4), pp. 210-218, 1985
Highlight Substitution in Light Fields - Vogt, Paulus, Niemann (2002) (Correct)
....the authors are responsible for the content. Author s new address: Universitat Koblenz Landau, Institut fur Computervisualistik, Rammsweg 1, 56016 Koblenz 2. HIGHLIGHT DETECTION For di electric inhomogeneous material, a model for separating specular reflectance from diffuse reflection exists [2], the so called di chromatic reflectance model. Algorithms based on this model have been applied, e.g. to remove highlights for stereo vision [3] In [4] color gradients are used to detect highlights. Although human tissue does not fit the model of di electric inhomogeneous material, these ....
S. A. Shafer, "Using color to separate reflection components, " COLOR research and application, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 210--218, 1985.
Color Invariance - Geusebroek, van den Boomgaard.. (2001) (1 citation) (Correct)
....in the .distinction and recognition of objects. Segmentation based on color, rather than just intensity, provides a broader class of discrimination between material bound aries. Modeling the physical process of color image formation provides a clue to the object specific parameters [1] 2] 3] [4]. To reduce some of the complexity intrinsic to color images, parameters with known invariance are of prime importance. Current methods for the measurement of color invariance require a fully sampled spectrum as input data usually derived by a spectrometer. Angelopoulou et al. 5] use the spectral ....
....color model may be considered an extension of the differential geometry framework into the spatio spectral domain. In the paper we apply the spario spectral scale space to the measurement of photometric and geometric invariants. In [18] 19] the authors discuss the use of the Sharer model [4], effectively based on the older Kubelka Munk theory [20] to measure object reflectance independent of illumination color. The Kubelka Munk theory models the reflected spectrum of a colored body [21] 22] based on a materialdependent scattering and absorption function, under the assumption that ....
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S.A. Shafer, "Using Color to Separate Reflection Components," Color Resolution Applications, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 210-218, 1985.
Invariant Representation In Image Processing - Smeulders, Geusebroek, Gevers (2001) (Correct)
....about the scene or the objects in the scene, we follow the light. When we ignore the influence of the medium as well as interreflections, the main degrees of freedom are the source, the object, its surroundings and the camera. It is modeled as free parameters in the Schafer reflection model [4] as follows. The light starts at the source, where there is freedom to have 1 or more sources. Sources may be line sources or even from all directions but these cases can be seen as special cases of multiple point sources. Each source has a direction relative to the scene, a spectral composition ....
S. A. Shafer, "Using color to separate reflection components, " Color Res. Appl., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 210-- 218, 1985.
Measurement of Color Invariants - Geusebroek, Smeulders, van den.. (2000) (1 citation) (Correct)
....provides a broader class of discrimination between material boundaries. Color may seem more complex to deal with as it is affected by imaging conditions (illumination color, shadow, geometry) Modeling the physical process of color image formation provides a clue to the object specific parameters [4, 7, 17]. When dealing with color, parameters with known invariance are of prime importance. In this paper we aim at a broad range of diverse color invariant measurement from RGB cameras. Differential geometry may be considered as a framework for feature detection and segmentation of images [18, 3] ....
....fields are in [6] as the Gaussian color model. As a consequence, the differential geometry framework is extended to the spatiospectral domain. In the paper we show the geometrically invariant measurement of object color from color images. In [5] the authors discuss the use of the Shafer model [17], effectively based on the older Kubelka Munk theory [15] to measure object reflectance independent of illumination color. The Kubelka Munk theory models the reflected spectrum of a colored body, based on a material dependent scattering and absorption function. The theory has proven to be ....
S. A. Shafer. Using color to separate reflection components. Color Res. Appl., 10(4):210--218, 1985.
Convex and Non-convex Illuminant Constraints for.. - Finlayson, Schaefer (2001) (1 citation) (Correct)
....Systems University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ United Kingdom graham sys.uea.ac.uk Gerald Schaefer Department of Computing The Nottingham Trent University Nottingham NG1 4BU United Kingdom gerald.schaefer ntu.ac. uk Abstract The dichromatic reflectance model introduced by Shafer [16] predicts that the colour signals of most materials fall on a plane spanned by a vector due to the material and a vector that represents the scene illuminant. Since the illuminant is in the span of all dichromatic planes, colour constancy can be achieved by finding the intersection of two or more ....
....this context include shadows [7] interreflections [10] and specularities [14] Perhaps the best studied physics based colour constancy algorithms, and the ones which show the most (though still limited) functionality, are based on the dichromatic reflectance model. This model (proposed by Shafer [16]) describes the reflectance behaviour of inhomogeneous dielectrics. Inhomogeneous dielectrics are composed of more than one material with different refractive indices; usually there exist a vehicle dielectric material and embedded pigment particles. Examples of inhomogeneous dielectrics include ....
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S. Shafer. Using color to separate reflection components. Color Research Applications, 10(4):210--218, 1985.
Surface Reflectance Recognition and Real-World Illumination.. - Dror (Correct)
....surface color from image information under unknown illumination represents the challenging problem of color constancy, which has itself been the focus of extensive research (see Section 2. 3) Image color also facilitates the separation of specular and di#use reflections for a dielectric surface [97, 111], because for this class of materials, the di#use reflections are colored by the surface while specular reflections are not. Image motion in a video sequence provides additional information about reflectance. As either the observer or the surface moves, the changes in the observed image depend on ....
S. Shafer. Using color to separate reflection components. Color Research and Application, 10:210--218, 1985.
Highlight and Reflection-Independent Multiresolution.. - Ofek, Shilat.. (1997) (6 citations) (Correct)
....For highlight recognition and removal from a single image, polarization [5] and color space techniques were proposed [6] Polarization achieves promising results but requires photography using a special filter. The color space methods use the ideas behind Shafer s dielectric material model [7]: pixels corresponding to a dielectric material s color are concentrated near a line segment in color space, while pixels corresponding to the highlights deviate from this segment. Color space methods attempt to isolate the material color s segment. These methods do not work properly when the ....
.... light s color and intensity and the surface s bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) The BRDF can be decomposed into three major components (Figure 15) Light penetrating a dielectric material and re emerging after sub surface scattering and refraction according to Shafer s model [7]. This component is usually called ideal diffuse in the computer graphics literature and body reflection in some of the computer vision literature. Till recently, this component was considered to be LambertJan, i.e. dependent only on the cosine of the angle between the light direction and the ....
S. A. Shafer. Using color to separate reflection components. COLOR Research and Appli- cation, Vol. 10 No. 4, 1985, pp. 43 - 51.
Recognition of Surface Reflectance Properties from a.. - Dror, Adelson, Willsky (2001) (2 citations) (Correct)
.... reflectance properties even in the absence of these cues [11] although their estimates may be biased by variation in illumination [11] or surface geometry [17] In the future, we hope to improve our results by drawing on additional sources of information, including color spectral decompositions [22, 25], motion cues, and visual context. We assume in this paper that the surface under observation has homogeneous reflectance properties. While we allow arbitrary surface geometry, we assume that geometry is known in advance. Preliminary results indicate that our algorithm performs robustly even when ....
S. Shafer. Using color to separate reflection components. Color Research and Application, 10:210--218, 1985.
Bildverarbeitung in der Endoskopie des Bauchraums - Vogt, Klimowicz, Paulus.. (2001) (Correct)
....eine groe Rolle. 3 Methoden Aus der Bildverarbeitung sind Techniken zur Bildverbesserung seit Jahren bekannt. Es stellt sich die Frage, welche dieser Methoden bei endoskopischen Bildern sinnvoll eingesetzt werden konnen und dem Arzt eine verbesserte Sicht bieten. Das dichromatische Modell [1] lasst sich auch fur die Erkennung von Glanzlichtern bestimmter Oberflachentypen anwenden [2, 3, 4] Die Voraussetzungen fur dieses Modell sind im Falle von endoskopischen Bildern nicht erfullt. Dieses Reflexionsmodell wurde jedoch erfolgreich auf Gewebebildern angewandt, wie in [2] fur Bilder des ....
S. A. Shafer. Using color to separate reflection components. COLOR research and application, 10(4):210--218, 1985.
Detection and Classification of Hyper-Spectral Edges - Stokman, Gevers (1999) (1 citation) (Correct)
....of an infinitesimal surface patch. Using N narrow band filters with spectral sensitivities given by f 1 ( f N ( to obtain an image of the surface patch illuminated by a spectral power distribution of the incident light denoted by e( the measured sensor values are given according to Shafer [6] as: Cn = m b ( n# s) Z fn ( e( c b ( d m s ( n# s# v) Z fn ( e( c s ( d (1) for Cn giving the nth sensor response. Further, c b ( and c s ( are the albedo and Fresnel reflectance respectively. denotes the wavelength, n is the surface patch normal, s is the direction of the ....
Steven A. Shafer. Using color to separate reflection components. Color Research Applications, 10(4):210--218, Winter 1985.
Color Invariant Snakes - Gevers, Smeulders (1998) (Correct)
....an infinitesimal surface patch. Using the red, green and blue sensors with spectral sensitivities given by ## ###, ## ### and ## ### respectively, to obtain an image of the surface patch illuminated by a SPD of the incident light denoted by ####,the measured sensor values will be given by Shafer [5]: # # # # #### ### # # ## ######## # ##### ## # #### ### ### # # ## ######## # ##### (6) for # # ### ## ## giving the #th sensor response. Further, # # ### and # # ### are the albedo and Fresnel reflectance respectively. # denotes the wavelength, ## is the surface patch normal, ## is the ....
Shafer, S. A., Using Color to Separate Reflection Components, COLOR Res. Appl., 10(4), pp 210-218, 1985.
Recognition of Surface Reflectance Properties from a Single.. - Ron Dror Edward (2001) (2 citations) (Correct)
....image corresponding to the surface itself. We have found that humans can estimate certain surface reflectance properties even in the absence of these cues [12] In the future, we hope to improve our results by drawing on additional sources of information, including color spectral decompositions [22, 25], motion cues, and visual context. We assume in this paper that the surface under observation has homogeneous reflectance properties. While we allow arbitrary surface geometry, we assume that geometry is known in advance. Preliminary results indicate that our algorithm performs robustly even when ....
S. Shafer. Using color to separate reflection components. Color Research and Application, 10:210--218, 1985.
Estimation of the Illuminant Colour from Human Skin Colour - Störring, Andersen, Granum (2000) (1 citation) (Correct)
....its application 1 to skin colour will be presented, and the proposed method will be explained. 2.1. Modelling skin colour image formation The light reflected from a surface is composed of its reflectance and the light it is exposed with. This is often modelled by the Dichromatic Reflection Model [11], which describes the reflected light L( for dielectric objects as an additive mixture of the light LS reflected from the material s surface (interface or surface reflection) and the light LB reflected from the material s body (body, diffuse, or matte reflection) L( mS ( LS ( mB ....
S. A. Shafer. Using color to separate reflection components. COLOR Research and Application, 10(4):210--218, 1985.
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S.A. Shafer, "Using Color to Separate Reflection Components", COLOR research and application, Vol. 10, No. 4, Winter 1985, pp. 210-218, Also available as technical report TR-136, Computer Science Department, University of Rochester, NY, April 1984
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S.A. Shafer, "Using Color to Separate Reflection Components", COLOR research and application,Vol. 10No. 4Winter 1985, pp. 210-218, also available as technical report TR 136, University of Rochester, NY, April 1984
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